Extent Of Damage Research Articles

Retrospective Analysis of COVID-19 Impact on Social + Emotional Development in Children of Low-Income Communities from Head Start

Background:Geminus Head Start is a federal program that works with children under five years old from low-income communities to promote school readiness. The organization in Northwest Indiana provided anecdotal data on delayed social and emotional development of children during the pandemic. Studies have shown that adverse childhood development can have a severe psychological and physiological impact on health outcomes into adulthood. However, there has been a lack of research on quantifying the extent of damage from the pandemic on our Head Start children, who mainly identify as Black/African American.
 Methods:Geminus Head Start provided demographic data including race, postal codes and DECA for over 4650 students from 2019-2023. DECA, Devereux Early Childhood Assessment, is used by educators to evaluate children’s social emotional competence for early intervention. In this study, we are investigating the DECA categories, including initiative, self control, and attachment/relationships. We analyzed DECA scores via ANOVA along with listening into the teacher focus groups.
 Results:Students had increased attachment/relationship scores from the 2019-2020 school year to the 2020-2021 school year (36.69 to 44.59). However, following COVID-19 to the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 school years, these scores dropped to 23.51. When looking at the second protective factor, self regulation, the opposite trend was found. The scores went from 18.79 in 2019-2020 down to 14.68 in 2020-2021 and eventually up to 23.51 in 2021-2022.
 Conclusion:Like most institutions, the pandemic has created a time of isolation and instability for our children and their families. In particular, these children have not been able to access adequate conditions to develop emotional and social maturity. Lacking this development can lead to several negative health outcomes as it may impact mental health and the ability to create healthy supportive networks.

Antibacterial mechanism of inosine against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris.

Inosine could potentially become a novel antibacterial agent against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris as low doses of inosine can prevent its contamination. However, until now the antibacterial mechanism of inosine targeting A. acidoterrestris is still unknown. In this study, to unravel the mechanism of inosine against A. acidoterrestris puzzle, the effects of inosine on bacterial surface hydrophobicity, intracellular protein content, cell membrane damage extent, and permeability of the A. acidoterrestris were investigated. The results showed that inosine can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of A. acidoterrestris by destroying the integrity of cell membrane and increasing its permeability, causing the leakage of intracellular nutrients. Furthermore, the interaction networks of inosine target proteins were analyzed. The interaction networks further revealed that damage to bacterial cell membranes might be relevant to inosine's effect on bacterial DNA replication and cell energy metabolism through regulating nucleotide synthesis and metabolism and the activity of translation initiation factors. Finally, the antibacterial mechanism of inosine against A. acidoterrestris was proposed.

A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a key contributor to global morbidity that lacks effective treatments. Microbial infections are common in TBI patients, and their presence could modify the physiological response to TBI. It is estimated that one-third of the human population is incurably infected with the feline-borne parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which can invade the central nervous system and result in chronic low-grade neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity—all of which are also important pathophysiological processes in TBI. Considering the large number of TBI patients that have a pre-existing T. gondii infection prior to injury, and the potential mechanistic synergies between the conditions, this study investigated how a pre-existing T. gondii infection modified TBI outcomes across acute, sub-acute and chronic recovery in male and female mice. Gene expression analysis of brain tissue found that neuroinflammation and immune cell markers were amplified in the combined T. gondii + TBI setting in both males and females as early as 2-h post-injury. Glutamatergic, neurotoxic, and oxidative stress markers were altered in a sex-specific manner in T. gondii + TBI mice. Structural MRI found that male, but not female, T. gondii + TBI mice had a significantly larger lesion size compared to their uninfected counterparts at 18-weeks post-injury. Similarly, diffusion MRI revealed that T. gondii + TBI mice had exacerbated white matter tract abnormalities, particularly in male mice. These novel findings indicate that a pre-existing T. gondii infection affects the pathophysiological aftermath of TBI in a sex-dependent manner, and may be an important modifier to consider in the care and prognostication of TBI patients.

A Statistical Analysis of Ship Accidents (1990–2020) Focusing on Collision, Grounding, Hull Failure, and Resulting Hull Damage

In this work, over a thousand maritime casualty reports were reviewed in order to fully investigate and assess selected 213 marine accidents concerning the collision, grounding, and hull failure of ships, which occurred during the time period of 1990–2020, worldwide. Ship type and vessels’ main characteristics, as well as the cause of accidents, were categorized and analyzed statistically. The statistical software IBM SPSS© Statistics v.29 was employed for the investigation of a possible association between the above set criteria. Furthermore, the location and the extent of hull damage was extracted for all incidents, providing valuable insights into the resulting consequences for vessel integrity. These data are essential for estimating the accident’s impact on the viability of the ship, crew, and cargo. According to the main results obtained, significant correlations are deduced regarding the analyzed parameters. In collision accidents, these include the ship type, the location of the damage, visibility and age of the ship, the impact of the accident, and the type of casualty. In the case of grounding incidents, correlations emerge involving the type of ships, day/night period, the width of the resulting damage, the type of casualty, and the cause of accidents.

Evaluating the Effects of Pulsed Electrical Stimulation on the Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Medulla Oblongata Tissues.

The development of remote surgery hinges on comprehending the mechanical properties of the tissue at the surgical site. Understanding the mechanical behavior of the medulla oblongata tissue is instrumental for precisely determining the remote surgery implementation site. Additionally, exploring this tissue's response under electric fields can inform the creation of electrical stimulation therapy regimens. This could potentially reduce the extent of medulla oblongata tissue damage from mechanical compression. Various types of pulsed electric fields were integrated into a custom-built indentation device for this study. Experimental findings suggested that applying pulsed electric fields amplified the shear modulus of the medulla oblongata tissue. In the electric field, the elasticity and viscosity of the tissue increased. The most significant influence was noted from the low-frequency pulsed electric field, while the burst pulsed electric field had a minimal impact. At the microstructural scale, the application of an electric field led to the concentration of myelin in areas distant from the surface layer in the medulla oblongata, and the orderly structure of proteoglycans became disordered. The alterations observed in the myelin and proteoglycans under an electric field were considered to be the fundamental causes of the changes in the mechanical behavior of the medulla oblongata tissue. Moreover, cell polarization and extracellular matrix cavitation were observed, with transmission electron microscopy results pointing to laminar separation within the myelin at the ultrastructure scale. This study thoroughly explored the impact of electric field application on the mechanical behavior and microstructure of the medulla oblongata tissue, delving into the underlying mechanisms. This investigation delved into the changes and mechanisms in the mechanical behavior and microstructure of medulla oblongata tissue under the influence of electric fields. Furthermore, this study could serve as a reference for the development of electrical stimulation regimens in the central nervous system. The acquired mechanical behavior data could provide valuable baseline information to aid in the evolution of remote surgery techniques involving the medulla oblongata tissue.

Role of microglia in stroke.

Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.

Burr constitution analysis in ultrasonic-assisted drilling of CFRP/nano-graphene via experimental and data-driven methodologies

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was undertaken to analyze the impact of various factors on thrust force and burr damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates during drilling operations. The factors examined included the incorporation of nano-graphene, the application of ultrasonic vibration, the type of cutting tool, and the feed rate. Statistical and machine learning techniques were employed to analyze the data, and image processing was utilized to illustrate the extent of burr damage surrounding the drilled holes. The developed model exhibited satisfactory prediction accuracy with minimal error rates. Statistical analysis revealed that the feed rate exerted the greatest influence on thrust force and facilitated the burr generation. Likewise, the addition of nano-graphene resulted in an increased thrust force due to improved rupture limits, consequently leading to cleaner holes with minimal burr damage. Furthermore, the implementation of ultrasonic vibration and the use of high-cobalt cutting tools were found to enhance drilling performance by reducing thrust force and minimizing the burr formation. The best hole quality was achieved at the lowest feed rate, in combination with a cutting tool containing 8% cobalt and the utilization of ultrasonic vibration.

Integrated sand management: modeling of sand erosion in a mature oil field in Malaysia

Sand production can lead to various problems, including erosion in production flow lines that may lead to total production loss for extended periods and costly workover operations. The extent of erosive damage is determined by many factors, among which the flow and sand rates are the most significant. Three main issues must be addressed to ensure an efficient production operation: Sand erosion estimation, Sand monitoring (settling and deposition), and maintaining optimum production rates. If sand production exceeds certain levels, i.e., allowable sand rate, the erosion in the production network becomes problematic. Sand production has been problematic in some wells in Reservoir X. Core, and historical production data was used to build a comprehensive model using Schlumberger PIPESIM™ hydraulic modelling. The software allows for detailed modelling of the production network by which erosion rate, erosion hotspots, and deposition of the produced sand can be quantitatively analyzed. Considering an allowable erosion rate of 0.3 mm/year, the model outcomes indicate that sand erosion is critical in wells J-1, J-2, and L-2. The next step was identifying the hotspots where the produced sand is deposited in the abovementioned wells. The modelling results indicated that sand deposition is primarily severe in the teeline between the platforms. Moreover, the gas-oil ratio was identified as the most influential factor in the sand deposition. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the allowable flow rates and maximum (technical) allowable sand production and erosion rates to find optimum production rates from reservoir X.

Effect of Sublethal Dose of Ethion on Selected Biochemical Parameters in the Pancreas of Albino Rat

Ethion is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide that was specifically developed as an effective solution for controlling insects, mites, and eggs on both plants and animals. Its primary application is as an insecticide, acaricide, and ovicide. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ethion on protein metabolism in the pancreas of Albino rats by assessing its sublethal effects. During the course of the experiment, adult male Albino rats of the Wistar strain were given ethion orally. The dosage administered was 1/5th of the LD50 value, which equates to 42mg/kg of their body weight. The rats were subjected to this treatment for a duration of 30 days, with a 48-hour interval between each administration. The rats were randomly divided into four groups for the experiment. The first group of rats served as the control, receiving no ethion treatment. The second group of animals was treated with ethion for a duration of 10 days. The third and fourth groups of rats were administered ethion for 20 and 30 days, respectively. In groups administered with ethion, the levels of total proteins exhibited a decrease. However, all the parameters analyzed in this study demonstrated an overall increase. Notably, the increase observed in the 30-day administered group was more prominent compared to the groups administered for 20 and 10 days. Ethion exposure led to severe alterations in all the parameters studied in Albino rats during the present investigation. Histopathological studies were conducted to evaluate the extent of damage caused. Examination of the pancreas in Albino rats exposed to Ethion revealed various histological observations. These included Cloudy Swelling with Granulated Cytoplasm (CSGC), Denatured nucleus (DN), Hemorrhage (H), and Congestion (C). The study findings indicate that the administration of Ethion has negative consequences on pancreatic functions, resulting in impairments to its normal physiological functioning. The study suggests that Ethion's toxic impact is manifested by disrupting various aspects of protein metabolism within the pancreas of Albino rats.

Independência funcional, aspectos clínicos e fatores sociodemográficos em pacientes na fase aguda do Acidente Vascular Cerebral: uma análise de associação

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the association of functional independence with clinical aspects of neurological impairment, the location and extent of neuronal damage and sociodemographic factors in patients in the acute phase of stroke. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study in 90 adult and older patients affected by ischemic stroke, admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of the vascular event. Sociodemographic factors and clinical aspects data were collected from electronic medical records and/or interviews in order to depict the patients'profile, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and Functional Independence Measure. Results Neurological impairment, according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, was associated with functioning in the first 24 hours after the stroke. Furthermore, the presence of arterial hypertension, age, inactive work, smoking and extent of neuronal damage were associated with functional dependence, but did not remain in the final model of this study. Conclusion Functional dependence is associated with arterial hypertension, age, inactive work, smoking, extent of neuronal damage, and degree of neurological impairment in the first 24 hours after the vascular event. Furthermore, a higher level of neurological impairment was independently associated with increased levels of functional dependence.

A Physics‐Informed Neural Network for the Nonlinear Damage Identification in a Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier Using Seismic Responses

The condition assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers after an earthquake using measured responses is important for ensuring the safety of road and railway users. The problem is nonlinear, and the locations and extents of damages are various. However, previous research works focused on linear structural identification or model updating assuming a limited number of nonlinear materials for reasonable estimates. Leveraging the ability of deep learning (DL) for robustly estimating a large number of unknown parameters, this study proposes an ALL nonlinear spring multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) damage identification algorithm based on a physics‐informed neural network (PINN). The algorithm is applied to a stacked bilinear rotational spring and damper model of a pier. The number of unknown parameters reaches about 50. The errors of estimated elastic stiffnesses, damping coefficients, and ductility factors (DFs) using simulated responses added with noises are 0.4%, 0.6%, and 3.1%, respectively. Using full‐scale RC bridge pier shaking table experiments, the algorithm revealed the distributions of elastic stiffnesses and DFs along the pier height and their deteriorations. The effects of different types of local damages are quantitatively evaluated and visualized on the distributions.

Dynamics of dimorphic workers of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Blattodea: Termitidae) during nest repair.

Termite nest repairs are considered a defensive conduct as they reduce the colony's exposure to the external environment. Repair activities are carried out by worker castes that can be polymorphic, representing a relationship between polymorphism and divisions of functions that can enhance task completion. Repairs are influenced by the extent of damage, nest volume, and the population dynamics of the building species, which regulate the recruitment of individuals for this activity. Our objective was to verify the performances (recruitment for repair) of dimorphic workers of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri, 1901) during the damage repair activities performed on the external walls of termite nests of different sizes. We found a significant difference in the presence of dimorphic workers that performed repairs, with greater recruitment of the small morphotype, and observed an alternation of morphotypes between initial and final repair activities, with no influence of morphotype on the replacement pattern. Our results also showed that the total number of recruited workers decreased with increasing nest volume. These results help to better understand the social organization of a Nasutitermitinae termite species and the strategies adopted to protect its colonies.

Small rodent communities and their associated damage to wheat-groundnut agriculture systems.

Rodents can cause significant damage to wheat-groundnut crops in developing countries, as well as to stored produce and infrastructure, affecting food security and income of small-holder farmers. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) are important cash crops for local farmers in Pakistan. Field experiments were performed to assess the extent of rodent damage to wheat-groundnut crops throughout their growth stages (i.e, germination, flowering/peg formation and maturity) in the agro-ecological zones of Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. We used a quadrat method to record the number of damaged crop plants. On the basis of the trapping data four rodent species were captured from wheat-groundnut cropping systems which were responsible for causing damage, i.e., lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) was the main species, followed by the short-tailed mole rat (Nesokia indica), the Indian gerbil (Tatera indica) and the bush rat (Golunda ellioti). In both crops, the maximum damage was recorded at crop maturity (10.7 and 14.4%, respectively). The lowest reported damage to wheat and groundnuts was at the germination stage (3.5% and 6.0%, respectively). The lower damage reported at germination could be due to availability of non-crop vegetation at field borders that may be a potential factor influencing damage. Our findings clearly show the considerable amount of damage caused by rodents to wheat-groundnut at maturity across all the agro-ecological zones of Pothwar and indicated that the small mammal composition was more related to maturity stage/season of crops, when the availability of food and climatic condition were favorable and having security under crop shelter. More detailed studies are needed to fully understand the population and breeding ecology of the relevant rodent pest species in relation to damage patterns to optimize management beyond individual structural measures.

Dental problems in children with autism: a 5-year study.

Caries experience of children and complex clinical circumstances are an actual challenge for any healthcare professional. To investigate the early childhood caries (ECC) in autistic and non autistic children (≤4 years of age) evaluating the amount of dental damage and the treatments carried out in both groups. Data regarding the oral health status of 40 patients (≤4 years of age) were assembled. The sample group was constituted of 20 autistic children (12 males with a mean age of 2.5 years and 8 females with a mean age of 3.2 years) whereas 20 patients without the autistic spectrum represented the control group (11 males with a mean age of 3 and 9 females with a mean age of 3.3 years). There were no significant differences between the two groups as regards both the extent of dental damage and the treatments carried out. About the frequency, in the autistic group, the most frequent caries were the white spots and enamel proximal lesions (2.2%), followed by only white spots (1.2%) and brown-black cavities and root stumps (0.6%). In the control group, the brown-black cavities and root stumps represented the most frequent findings (2.2%), followed by white spots and enamel proximal lesions (1.4%) and white spots (0.4%). Regarding the treatments, the most repeated management of dental damage among autistic patients was composite restorations (2.2%) while in nonautistic patients were tooth extractions (2%).

Dynamic Quality and Advertising Decisions Considering Product Recalls in Supply Chain

Under the trend of economic globalization and lean production, how to cope with the costs in the supply chain is a core issue to be considered in the operation and management of enterprises. In this paper, we construct a supply chain system consisting of a supplier and a manufacturer who buys components from the supplier to produce finished products and then sells them to consumers. Considering the potential product recalls and the existence of cost-sharing contracts among supply chain members, we constructed game models for the non-cooperative and cooperative scenarios respectively, and explored how supply chain members adjusted their advertising media and quality investments to cope with the product recalls in both scenarios; we also explored the coordinating effects of the cost-sharing contracts on the supply chain through the comparisons of the two scenarios. The study finds that: Manufacturers can effectively incentivize suppliers to invest more in primary quality and improve product quality through cost-sharing contracts. The effectiveness of cost-sharing contracts in coordinating the supply chain is affected by the likelihood of recalls and the extent of recall damage, and cooperation can only be achieved when both are relatively small.

Determination of Distributional Characteristics and Efficacy of Hand Radiographic Damage in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using a Novel Damage Assessment Method

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the distribution characteristics of radiological damage to the hand of rheumatoid arthritis patients and evaluate its effectiveness using a new damage assessment method.Methods: Hand radiographs of a total of 127 rheumatoid arthritis patients were evaluated. We simplified the pre-existing van der Heijde modified total sharp score to assess the extent of bone damage. We selected 36 joints in both hands as regions of interest in our own way, and the erosion and joint space narrowing were scored.Results: When the erosion and joint space narrowing score values of each joint of the hand were added together, the joint space narrowing score was higher than the overall erosion score. We can see that the scaphoid,lunate,radius and ulnar joints have higher erosion scores, and the 4th proximal interphalangeal (PIP), Scaphoid, Lunate, and Radius joints have higher joint space narrowing scores than other joints. These damage assessment results were similar to the results from the previous damage assessment model.Conclusions: The joint space narrowing score is higher than the erosion score, suggesting that joint space narrowing precedes erosion. When checking the hand X-ray of rheumatoid arthritis patients, it is necessary to carefully check the scaphoid,lunate,radius and ulnar and 4th PIP joints, which relatively high radiographic damage scores. Also, the damage assessment model used in this study is relatively simple and does not show difference in analysis results from existing assessment models, so it can be considered for application in follow-up research.

Impact of Disaster on Household Expenditures Using a Difference-in-Difference Analysis

This study investigates the impact of the 2012 typhoon on household consumption expenditures in South Korea using a difference-indifferences model. We analyzed the changes in household consumption expenditures based on the extent and severity of disaster damage. Additionally, how these impacts vary depending on the employment status of the household head and the household’s income quartile was explored. The findings indicate that households experiencing disaster damage tend to reduce their consumption expenditures compared to unaffected households. Notably, households in the lowest income quintile and those with heads engaged in temporary or self-employment experience more significant declines. These research findings provide valuable insights for shaping future policies aimed at supporting household recovery and effectively directing post-disaster assistance resources.

EXPERIENCE OF USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN CORNEAL INJURIES

Background. Eye trauma is one of the most common causes of monocular visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Modern classification divides eye trauma into two groups: open (penetrating) and closed (non-penetrating) eye trauma. During the diagnostic phase, it is important to thoroughly examine and establish the correct diagnosis according to the existing classification, which affects the further patient management and treatment outcomes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for real-time imaging of eye tissues with high resolution. In our study, we present our experience in using optical coherence tomography in cases of traumatic corneal injuries as an additional method for assessing the depth and extent of damage and monitoring corneal erosion healing.
 Aim. To utilize optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment of the eye for the diagnosis and assessment of corneal wound healing processes.
 Materials and Methods. The research involved 46 patients with non-penetrating corneal injuries who were observed at the clinics of Bogomolets National Medical University. A control group consisting of 15 healthy patients was also included in the study. Data collection included patient demographic information, occupation, mechanism and duration of the trauma, the presence of recurrences, and the period of seeking medical assistance. All patients underwent visual acuity assessment, biomicroscopy, evaluation of the conjunctiva and corneal condition, and fluorescein testing. Using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) of the anterior segment, we monitored corneal thickness and the size of the epithelial defect before and after treatment.
 Results. In optical coherence tomography of traumatic corneal erosion, in most cases, a defect in the epithelium of irregular shape with uneven edges, an irregular mixed anterior surface of the stroma, non-uniform reflectivity of the stroma, and corneal thinning were visualized. After treatment, the results corresponded to corneal epithelialization: thick intact epithelium, hyperreflective stroma, and a demarcation line confirming the wound healing process. After treatment, the corneal thickness was restored to (529 ± 144 μm), which is comparable to the thickness of a healthy cornea.
 Conclusion. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an informative supplementary diagnostic method for corneal injuries, allowing for the assessment of corneal morphology, including the condition of the basal membrane, corneal thickness, and epithelialization. Based on these findings, we can predict the course of corneal trauma and its potential consequences, enabling us to adjust treatment strategies to prevent the development of fibrosis and minimize the long-term effects of the injury.

Study of the Effect of Cadmium Chloride on Some Marker Liver Enzymes of Experimental Animals

Introduction. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most powerful and dangerous pollutants. Cd exposure is associated with multiple organ damage in both animals and humans. The mechanism of Cd toxicity is the disruption of the body’s antioxidant system (AOS), which leads to transformation of the functional integrity of the liver. The extent of target organ damage can be examined by measuring concentrations of key indicators of hepatocellular injury. The purpose of the work is to evaluate changes in the activity of enzyme markers of hepatotoxicity in the blood serum of laboratory animals after oral exposure to an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) under the conditions of a subchronic experimental model with a period of remission. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 40 white outbred rats. Animals of three experimental groups were intragastrically administered a pollutant in various dosages for 3 months. The duration of the remission stage was 1 month. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined in the blood serum of animals. Results. When CdCl2 was administered to animals at a dose of 1 μg/kg, an increase in AST activity was observed by 45.9% relative to the control (p=0.006). An increase in the concentration of ALT and LDH is shown. A dose-dependent decrease in the level of alkaline phosphatase was revealed in three groups of animals by 24.7%, 37.5% and 55.4%, respectively (p=0.002). The noted trends indicate pathological processes occurring in hepatocytes. Conclusion. In the course of this study, it was found that under the conditions of a subchronic model of the experiment with a period of remission, cadmium, having a pronounced hepatoxic effect, induces liver damage in experimental animals.

Возрождение объектов исторического наследия на Северном Кавказе в условиях урбанизации

Introduction. The Caucasus attracts tourists with its historical heritage, but many monuments are under threat of destruction due to lack of funding. To preserve the heritage and develop the region, a strategy is needed to create a tourism cluster that will contribute to economic growth and the creation of new jobs. Many countries have used their historical monuments to develop tourism and the economy. In Europe and Asia, projects to reconstruct ancient cities and temples have led to an increase in the flow of tourists. The Caucasus has a unique heritage and can become a successful example. Restoring monuments not only preserves history, but also invests in the future of the region, its economy and cultural diversity. Materials and methods. The authors of this study analyzed a number of legislative initiatives, and also analyzed scientific and literary sources in the field of tourism and monument conservation. In addition to this, they conducted practical research using modern methods of physical and mechanical testing of materials and structures. These studies included quality control methods, as well as the use of modern mathematical tools for summarizing and processing experimental and statistical data. In addition to conducting their own research, the authors also took into account the results of previous scientific research and the experience of successful practices in the field of tourism and restoration of monuments. During the analysis of legislative initiatives, they took into account recent changes in legislation relating to the protection of cultural heritage and stimulation of tourism activities. The combined analysis approach included both theoretical and practical aspects, which contributed to a deeper understanding of issues related to tourism and restoration of monuments. This multifaceted approach also provided more accurate and objective results, supported by evidence and analysis. Results. The work provides an overview of the current state of monuments in the Caucasus region and examines their general characteristics. The essence of tourism as a key factor influencing the development of historically significant territories is analyzed. In this context, current trends in the field of tourism that have an impact on the preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage of the region are also considered. The role of tourism in the development of historical monuments of the Caucasus is undoubtedly high. The tourism potential of this region is based on its rich cultural heritage, which includes architectural masterpieces, ancient monuments and numerous archaeological finds. Discussion. Modern research shows that tourism contributes not only to the preservation, but also to the active restoration of objects of historical significance. Scientific and technical solutions play a key role in the process of restoration and maintenance of cultural monuments of the Caucasus. The use of advanced technologies also includes the use of remote monitoring methods, which allow us to constantly monitor the condition of monuments and quickly respond to any changes. This contributes to more effective and sustainable management of the cultural heritage of the Caucasus, preserving it for future generations. In general, the integration of tourism, scientific and technical solutions into the management and restoration of cultural monuments of the Caucasus region is an important aspect of modern practice, contributing to the preservation of the rich historical heritage of this unique region. Conclusion. Fundamental methods and methodologies were developed for organizing and carrying out work on the preservation and restoration of monuments of historical and cultural heritage. In this context, a scale for assessing damage and destruction has been developed, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the extent of damage and select appropriate methods of restoration measures. Based on current trends in the field of restoration and repair of cultural objects, the study included additional data obtained from the latest research and practical developments in this field. New approaches to repair and restoration requirements have been proposed taking into account modern standards and technologies. Resume. As a result of the research, effective repair and restoration compounds were identified, intended for use in various conditions and taking into account the specifics of specific historical and cultural monuments. These compounds meet the high requirements for preserving the authenticity of objects while ensuring the long-term stability of the restored structures. Suggestions for practical applications and future research directions. The research results can be useful in the repair, restoration and restoration of cultural heritage sites (towers, castles, historical monuments) both in the North Caucasus and beyond.