Extent Of Damage Research Articles

698 Animal Model of a Common HFE Mutation Modifies Recovery Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

INTRODUCTION: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease with a one-year mortality rate of 45%. In the setting of an ICH, the breakdown of blood releases iron into the brain parenchyma. This excess iron contributes to stroke-induced neurodegeneration as it creates a cytotoxic environment through increased oxidative stress. Genetic variations in iron metabolism such as the H63D HFE mutation have been shown to modify disease progression in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, but have not been studied in ICH. METHODS: An autologous blood infusion model was utilized to create an ICH in the right caudate of H67D (human homolog of the H63D HFE mutation) and WT mice. Motor recovery was assessed using latency to fall from rotarod. 3-days post-ICH, the extent of neurodegeneration and mitochondrial damage in glial cells in the perihematomal area were measured using Fluorojade-B (FJB) and Cytochrome-C (CytC) immunofluorescent staining respectively. Levels of key regulatory proteins in the antioxidant and iron storage systems (Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1) were evaluated using immunoblotting. RESULTS: H67D mice demonstrated significantly increased motor recovery at two- and three-days post-ICH compared to WT. H67D mice displayed significantly decreased degenerated neurons and CytC+ glial cells in the perihematomal region compared to WT. Furthermore, levels of Nrf2, GPX4, and FTH1 were significantly increased in the ICH-affected hemisphere of H67D mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the H67D HFE mutation modifies ICH recovery through significant improvements in motor recovery and decreases in damaged cells in the perihematomal region. The mechanism appears to be an upregulation of the endogenous antioxidant systems. These data suggest that a study determining the impact of HFE mutations on clinical outcomes in ICH is warranted. Given the prevalence of the H63D HFE mutation in humans, the impact of this mutation on ICH could be highly significant.

Host-parasite interaction in severe and uncomplicated malaria infection in ghanaian children.

During malarial infection, both parasites and host red blood cells (RBCs) come under severe oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals. The host system responds in protecting the RBCs against the oxidative damage caused by these free radicals by producing antioxidants. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant enzyme; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and cytokine interactions with parasitaemia in Ghanaian children with severe and uncomplicated malaria. One hundred and fifty participants aged 0-12 years were administered with structured questionnaires. Active case finding approach was used in participating hospitals to identify and interview cases before treatment was applied. Blood samples were taken from each participant and used to quantify malaria parasitaemia, measure haematological parameters and SOD activity. Cytokine levels were measured by commercial ELISA kits. DNA comet assay was used to evaluate the extent of parasite DNA damage due to oxidative stress. Seventy - Nine (79) and Twenty- Six (26) participants who were positive with malaria parasites were categorized as severe (56.75 × 103 ± 57.69 parasites/µl) and uncomplicated malaria (5.87 × 103 ± 2.87 parasites/µl) respectively, showing significant difference in parasitaemia (p < 0.0001). Significant negative correlation was found between parasitaemia and SOD activity levels among severe malaria study participants (p = 0.0428). Difference in cytokine levels (IL-10) amongst the control, uncomplicated and severe malaria groups was significant (p < 0.0001). The IFN-γ/IL-10 /TNF-α/IL-10 ratio differed significantly between the malaria infected and non- malaria infected study participants. DNA comet assay revealed damage to Plasmodium parasite DNA. Critical roles played by SOD activity and cytokines as anti-parasitic defense during P. falciparum malaria infection in children were established.

Repression of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is associated with lowered double minutes and reduced tumor progression

ABSTRACT Double minutes (DMs), extrachromosomal gene fragments found within certain tumors, have been noted to carry onco- and drug resistance genes contributing to tumor pathogenesis and progression. After screening for SUMO-related molecule expression within various tumor sample and cell line databases, we found that SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 has been associated with genome instability and tumor cell DM counts, which was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Karyotyping determined DM counts post-UBC9 knockdown or SUMOylation inhibitor 2-D08, while RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to measure DM-carried gene expression in vitro. In vivo, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified micronucleus (MN) expulsion. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were then used to determine DNA damage extent, and a reporter plasmid system was constructed to detect changes in homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways. Our research has shown that UBC9 inhibition is able to attenuate DM formation and lower DM-carried gene expression, in turn reducing tumor growth and malignant phenotype, via MN efflux of DMs and lowering NHEJ activity to increase DNA damage. These findings thus reveal a relationship between heightened UBC9 activity, increased DM counts, and tumor progression, providing a potential approach for targeted therapies, via UBC9 inhibition.

Acquired hypothalamic obesity: A clinical overview and update.

Hypothalamic obesity (HO) is a rare and complex disorder that confers substantial morbidity and excess mortality. HO is a unique subtype of obesity characterized by impairment in the key brain pathways that regulate energy intake and expenditure, autonomic nervous system function, and peripheral hormonal signalling. HO often occurs in the context of hypothalamic syndrome, a constellation of symptoms that follow from disruption of hypothalamic functions, for example, temperature regulation, sleep-wake circadian control, and energy balance. Genetic forms of HO, including the monogenic obesity syndromes, often impact central leptin-melanocortin pathways. Acquired forms of HO occur as a result of tumours impacting the hypothalamus, such as craniopharyngioma, surgery or radiation to treat those tumours, or other forms of hypothalamic damage, such as brain injury impacting the region. Risk for severe obesity following hypothalamic injury is increased with larger extent of hypothalamic damage or lesions that contain the medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei that support melanocortin signalling pathways. Structural damage in these hypothalamic nuclei often leads to hyperphagia, central insulin and leptin resistance, decreased sympathetic activity, low energy expenditure, and increased energy storage in adipose tissue, the collective effect of which is rapid weight gain. Individuals with hyperphagia are perpetually hungry. They do not experience fullness at the end of a meal, nor do they feel satiated after meals, leading them to consume larger and more frequent meals. To date, most efforts to treat HO have been disappointing and met with limited, if any, long-term success. However, new treatments based on the distinct pathophysiology of disturbed energy homeostasis in acquired HO may hold promise for the future.

General Surgeon’s Challenge: Primary Reconstruction of High-Velocity Facial Trauma

Background: Facial wounds are often seen in the emergency department. Whether isolated or associated with cranial injuries or poly-trauma, they can have a significant impact on the patient’s facial aesthetics and consequently, their eminent psychological states.Case presentation: A 63-year-old man was referred to our emergency department with an extensive facial injury, which occurred when a grinder disc for working with metal broke, while he was working at home and hit him with high velocity in the face. The patient was hemodynamically stable with a disfiguring, profusely bleeding wound of the maxilla and mandible. One tooth in the lower jaw had been broken and one was missing. The wound was closed with synthetic, resorbable, interrupted sutures in two layers (the inner layer was buccal mucosa, and the other layer was only the skin).Discussion and conclusion: The extent of damage to soft tissue depends on the type and velocity of the object. Proper wound treatment is necessary, including thorough irrigation, removal of foreign bodies, tension-free closure, reconstruction of anatomical landmarks and correct follow-up. Wound healing starts shortly after the initial tissue trauma, and can take up to several months to complete. Disorder in hemostasis and uncontrolled inflammation can lead to an unfavorable outcome. Facial injuries are treated by general surgeons in only 0.5% of cases, with plastic surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and otolaryngologists/head and neck surgeons being the most common specialties. Anatomic, diagnostic, and handling considerations should be analyzed to achieve the best results and minimize late post traumatic deformities. Complex facial reconstruction is possible when treated by an experienced general surgeon.

Multi-attribute decision making for deep learning-based typhoon disaster assessment

Emergency rescue decisions in case of a typhoon disaster can be considered multi-attribute decision-making problems. Considering the need for the timeliness and authenticity of decision-making information sources after such a disaster, this study proposed using learning methods to process real-time online data and interval-valued neutrosophic numbers (NNs) to express the classification results. Using Typhoon Hagupit as an example, a trained text classification model was used to classify real-time data (online comments), following which the classification results were used as weights to convert these data into interval-valued NNs. Finally, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method was adopted to rank the extent of damage caused by the typhoon in each region; the sorting results were consistent with the official statistical data, proving the effectiveness of the proposed method. A detailed sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the optimal parameter settings of the classification model. Furthermore, the proposed method was compared with existing methods in terms of data conversion and deep learning efficiency; the results confirmed the superior capabilities of the proposed method. Notably, the proposed method can provide support to disaster management professionals in their post-disaster emergency relief work.

Improving the Estimation of Rice Crop Damage from Flooding Events Using Open-Source Satellite Data and UAV Image Data

Having an additional tool for swiftly determining the extent of flood damage to crops with confidence is beneficial. This study focuses on estimating rice crop damage caused by flooding in Candaba, Pampanga, using open-source satellite data. By analyzing the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measurements from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data, a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative for agricultural monitoring is explored. This study comprises two stages: establishing a correlation between clear sky observations and NDVI measurements, and employing a combination of S2 NDVI and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) NDVI to estimate crop damage. The integration of SAR and optical satellite data overcomes cloud cover challenges during typhoon events. The accuracy of standing crop estimation reached up to 99.2%, while crop damage estimation reached up to 99.7%. UAVs equipped with multispectral cameras prove effective for small-scale monitoring, while satellite imagery offers a valuable alternative for larger areas. The strong correlation between UAV and satellite-derived NDVI measurements highlights the significance of open-source satellite data in accurately estimating rice crop damage, providing a swift and reliable tool for assessing flood damage in agricultural monitoring.

Unveiling the Impact of Nandrolone Decanoate on Kidney and Heart of Rattus Norvegicus

Background: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) like Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) for enhancing physical performance and muscle growth is prevalent among athletes and non-athletes. However, the adverse effects of AAS on organ systems, particularly the kidney and heart, have been a growing concern within the medical and scientific community. Previous studies have highlighted the potential nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of these substances, necessitating further research to elucidate the extent of organ damage. Objective: This study aims to investigate the histopathological effects of ND on the kidney and heart tissues of Rattus norvegicus and to draw comparisons with control groups to assess the severity of organ damage. Methods: A total of 15 Rattus norvegicus were divided into three groups: a control group, an olive oil group (positive control), and a steroid group (ND treated). The animals were housed under controlled conditions with a 12-hour light/dark cycle at 23±2°C. The steroid and olive oil groups received 50mg/ml intramuscular injections of ND and olive oil, respectively, twice weekly for six weeks. Following treatment, the animals were euthanized, and their kidney and heart tissues were extracted for histological examination. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, processed, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) for microscopic evaluation. Results: Histological analysis revealed significant alterations in the ND-treated group compared to controls. Kidney tissues from the ND group exhibited tubular dilation, epithelial degeneration, and necrosis with a noticeable increase in Bowman's space and vascular congestion. Quantitatively, tubular atrophy and degeneration were observed in 80% of the ND-treated animals, compared to none in the control and olive oil groups. Heart tissues in the ND group showed evidence of myocardial fibrosis and necrosis, with myocardial fibrosis observed in 70% of the steroid-treated animals, significantly higher than the control groups. Conclusion: The administration of Nandrolone Decanoate in Rattus norvegicus significantly impacts kidney and heart histology, underscoring the potential health risks associated with AAS use. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence on the nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of steroids, emphasizing the need for caution and further research in human healthcare to develop safer therapeutic alternatives.

Current clinical findings of acute neurological syndromes after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Neuro-COVID, a condition marked by persistent symptoms post-COVID-19 infection, notably affects various organs, with a particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS). Despite scant evidence of SARS-CoV-2 invasion in the CNS, the increasing incidence of Neuro-COVID cases indicates the onset of acute neurological symptoms early in infection. The Omicron variant, distinguished by heightened neurotropism, penetrates the CNS via the olfactory bulb. This direct invasion induces inflammation and neuronal damage, emphasizing the need for vigilance regarding potential neurological complications. Our multicenter study represents a groundbreaking revelation, documenting the definite presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a significant proportion of Neuro-COVID patients. Furthermore, notable differences emerged between RNA-CSF-positive and negative patients, encompassing aspects such as blood-brain barrier integrity, extent of neuronal damage, and the activation status of inflammation. Despite inherent limitations, this research provides pivotal insights into the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the CNS, underscoring the necessity for ongoing research to fully comprehend the virus's enduring effects on the CNS. The findings underscore the urgency of continuous investigation Neuro-COVID to unravel the complexities of this relationship, and pivotal in addressing the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on neurological health.

Parabiosis Discriminates the Circulating, Endothelial, and Parenchymal Contributions of Endogenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator to Stroke.

Intravenous injection of alteplase, a recombinant tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) as a thrombolytic agent has revolutionized ischemic stroke management. However, tPA is a more complex enzyme than expected, being for instance able to promote thrombolysis, but at the same time, also able to influence neuronal survival and to affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Accordingly, the respective impact of endogenous tPA expressed/present in the brain parenchyma versus in the circulation during stroke remains debated. To address this issue, we used mice with constitutive deletion of tPA (tPANull [tPA-deficient mice]) or conditional deletion of endothelial tPA (VECad [vascular endothelial-Cadherin-Cre-recombinase]-Cre∆tPA). We also developed parabioses between tPANull and wild-type mice (tPAWT), anticipating that a tPAWT donor would restore levels of tPA to normal ones, in the circulation but not in the brain parenchyma of a tPANull recipient. Stroke outcomes were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging in a thrombo-embolic or a thrombotic stroke model, induced by local thrombin injection or FeCl3 application on the endothelium, respectively. First, our data show that endothelial tPA, released into the circulation after stroke onset, plays an overall beneficial role following thrombo-embolic stroke. Accordingly, after 24 hours, tPANull/tPANull parabionts displayed less spontaneous recanalization and reperfusion and larger infarcts compared with tPAWT/tPAWT littermates. However, when associated to tPAWT littermates, tPANull mice had similar perfusion deficits, but less severe brain infarcts. In the thrombotic stroke model, homo- and hetero-typic parabionts did not differ in the extent of brain damages and did not differentially recanalize and reperfuse. Together, our data reveal that during thromboembolic stroke, endogenous circulating tPA from endothelial cells sustains a spontaneous recanalization and reperfusion of the tissue, thus, limiting the extension of ischemic lesions. In this context, the impact of endogenous parenchymal tPA is limited.

What is known, unknown, and needed to be known about damage caused by wild pigs

AbstractDamage assessments provide evidence for initiating and evaluating management programs that protect natural resources and human livelihoods against invasive species. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) cause extensive damage in their native and non-native ranges, but the extent of current damage and efficacy of management of the damage (i.e., population control of wild pigs, exclusion fencing, etc.) remains poorly described. We conducted a systematic review of physical damage caused by wild pigs to summarize what is known and identify knowledge gaps for damage assessment. Wild pig damage assessments have been overwhelmingly qualitative (84% of studies) and measured differently across studies, which prevents the determination of typical damage amounts to a particular resource and comparison across studies. Key priorities going forward are to standardize damage assessments quantitatively and measure population density (or index of such) of wild pigs concurrently with damage assessments to determine the relationship between damage and population levels. We provide a framework for inferring damage in new areas and assessing the benefits of management—to evaluate and optimize landscape-scale management programs. Overall, we recommend future studies strive for: (1) report the amount of damages in a standardized fashion (e.g., area damaged/area surveyed), (2) evaluate and report the amount of damage relative to the density of wild pigs, and (3) when reporting economic costs of damages incurred and management actions, describe the economic valuation method used along with the year of reference for the valuation. Capturing these elements are necessary steps to predict the benefits of management for an area with particular profile of resources and wild pig density, even in areas where damage assessments are not available. Meeting these criteria with allow for more generalizable results that can inform managers across the nearly global distribution of wild pigs.

The impact of the disaster on the residents of the city of Derna, Libya, psychologically, behaviorally, and intellectually

"The current research aims to determine whether disasters have an impact on the residents of the city of Derna in Libya psychologically, behaviorally, and intellectually. It also aims to investigate whether there are differences in the psychological, behavioral, and intellectual impact of disasters based on variables such as gender, age, extent of material damage, loss of a family member, and place of residence. The researcher followed a descriptive-analytical approach, and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher used two tools for collecting information and data: interviews and observations. The research community consisted of all residents of the city of Derna in eastern Libya, totaling 175,297. The sample consisted of 411 individuals, including 231 males and 180 females, selected using non-random sampling methods (purposive, quota, and accidental). The researcher arrived at a number of results, the most important being that disasters have psychological, behavioral, and intellectual effects that are evident among the research sample, such as acute psychological depression, aggressive behaviors, and difficulty in thinking. Additionally, there were differences between males and females in their response to disasters in favor of females due to the nature of females being emotionally sensitive and physically weaker. Furthermore, differences were also found among the research sample in the impact of disasters based on age, with children being more affected and more prone to behavioral disorders and psychological diseases, followed by the elderly over 60 years old. The rest of the age groups were less affected compared to children and the elderly. The research results also indicated that those who lost one or more family members and had their homes and properties damaged were more affected and sadder compared to other sample individuals whose properties were not damaged and who did not lose anyone. Finally, the results showed differences in the impact of disasters on the residents of the city of Derna in Libya psychologically, behaviorally, and intellectually based on their place of residence. The impact was greater on those living in the city center and on Sea Street because they suffered greater damage compared to those living in the east and west of the city.

The relationship between repeated impacts and CAI strength of sandwich structure considering different impactor shape in individual impact

Sandwich structures are susceptible to repeated impact loads, and each individual impact is not nearly identical to the previous one, especially for repeated impacts under different impactor shapes such as hail impact. Therefore, the repeated impact behavior using different impactor shape in individual impact of polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam sandwich structure is studied and discussed through experiments and finite element (FE) simulations in this paper. The representative mechanical characteristics such as impact responses, damage modes, and energy absorption are investigated until penetration occurs, and the mechanism of impact damage accumulation between impact events with different impactor shapes is revealed. Besides, the compression after impact (CAI) strength is utilized to assess the residual strength of sandwich structure under repeated impacts. It indicates when the contact area between the specimen and impactor is larger, it can result in a higher impact force, a shorter contact duration, and potentially reduce the extent of damage. The matrix damage is the main damage mode, and the proportions of matrix tension and compression are nearly constant, with a ratio of approximately 2:1. In addition, the proportion of the impact energy absorbed by foam core increases as the number of impacts increases. When the impact energy is low, the CAI strength is sensitive to the number of impacts, the shape of impactor, and the sequence of impactors, but the similar phenomenon does not occur at higher impact energy. The present study provided a series of experimental and numerical results, which could be utilized as design reference guidance in the designing of composite sandwich structures.

Acoustic Emission, A Non-Destructive Technique - An Overview

Abstract: With increasing number of structures approaching their design life, it became very important for the designers and operators to develop innovative Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the process of monitoring or assessing the condition of a structure in order to gather information on its current state by tracking variables like vibration, strain, stress and other physical phenomena, responses and conditions. It seeks to assist in nondestructive evaluations aimed to detect location and extent of damage, calculate the remaining life of an asset and predict upcoming accidents. Acoustic Emission technique is a passive monitoring approach based on the detection of elastic waves in structural components generated by damages, such as the initiation and propagation of cracks, the failure of steel wires, and the failure of bonds. Its primary goal is to detect, locate, and assess the intensity of damage in a non-invasive way, both when the structure is in-service and during load tests. Its application in SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) started much later compared to other fields, such as the aerospace industry. The interest has increased because elastic waves generated by damages propagate throughout the structure; therefore, it is possible to remotely detect damages in areas that are not easily accessible to visual inspections and direct measurements

A Medical Record-based Pilot Study on the Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide versus Nailfold Capillaroscopy as an Early Marker for Lung Involvement in Connective Tissue Disease-related Interstitial Lung Diseases

Abstract Background: Connective tissue disease (CTD)-related interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are one of the most common ILDs which affect relatively younger populations and can lead to extensive lung damage and fibrosis. Early detection and initiation of anti-inflammatory therapy can curtail the extent of lung damage. The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is a well-established early marker of ILD. While most of the studies have shown specific nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) findings in patients with CTD-ILD, none of them has evaluated the relation between diffusion impairment and nailfold capillary changes. The present study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between DLCO and NFC as markers for lung involvement in CTD-ILDs. Materials and Methods: This was a medical record-based observational study wherein the medical records of 100 diagnosed patients of CTD-ILD attending the pulmonology and rheumatology outpatient department were screened. Data concerning NFC, spirometry, and DLCO were collected and analyzed. Results: In our study of 100 patients, the minimum age was 29 years, and the maximum age was 78 years. A majority of patients in the study were found to be males (58%) and were suffering from CTD-ILD for a duration ranging from 2 to 5 years (58%). Eighty-nine percentage had a functional impairment on spirometry in the form of reduced forced vital capacity, and 61% had impaired DLCO. Nailfold capillary abnormalities were observed in all but one patient. The most common abnormal finding was a loss of capillary density (95% of patients) and a decrease in the intercapillary distance (94% of patients). A significant correlation was seen between diffusion impairment and abnormal nailfold capillary length. However, there was no significant correlation between DLCO and overall nailfold capillary abnormalities. Conclusion: The study concludes that NFC cannot be used as a tool to monitor diffusion impairment of the lungs in CTD-ILD. DLCO is a better assessment method compared to NFC changes as an indicator of lung involvement in CTD-ILD.

Tribological properties of graphene-reinforced polyurethane bearing material

For water-lubricated stern tube bearing in ships, bearing material with low friction can prevent severe damage on the shaft surface when lubrication failure occurs, and hence improve operation reliability of the whole propeller system. In this work, 0.25–5 wt% of solid lubricant graphene platelets were blended with commonly used bearing matrix thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via melting injection, and tribological performance of TPU composites were investigated at a set of applied loads and sliding speeds which mimics the actual operating conditions. Graphene inclusion at a low content (< 0.5 wt%) reduced friction and wear compared to neat TPU, while maintaining mechanical properties. Graphene-induced tribofilm is formed and it is believed to offer low shear strength at the sliding surfaces while also regulating the size of wear particles. Since more platelets are exfoliated due to the greater extent of surface damage under high loads, it presents a pressure-dependent anti-friction ability. Higher concentration of graphene led to further friction reduction but deteriorated both the strength and ductility of materials due to the agglomeration. Results from Raman spectroscopies show that graphene-reinforced TPU composites underwent no chemical changes but mechanical deformation during rubbing, and this resulted in wear particles and tribofilm, containing graphene platelets with modified structure.

High-Pressure Paint Gun Injury of the Thumb: A Case of Reconstruction Using a Reverse Thenar Perforator-Based Island Flap

Hand injuries due to high-pressure paint gun devices are rare but may lead to serious outcomes. The authors describe a case of a high-pressure injury of the thumb that was managed promptly and later reconstructed successfully with minimal functional deficit. A 39-year-old man with a high-pressure paint gun injury of the right thumb was referred. Though the external wound was small, X-ray and computed tomography images showed extensive spread of paint inside. The paint was removed through a wide skin incision. After 6 weeks, the surgical wound had completely healed, except for a defect around the interphalangeal joint with bone exposure. A reverse thenar perforator-based island flap based on the princeps pollicis artery was elevated and moved to the defect. After defect reconstruction, the patient recovered pinch and grasp function through physiotherapy. High-pressure paint gun injuries of the thumb can lead to significant functional deficits of the hand. A small skin lesion may cause the actual extent of damage to be underestimated, as extensive penetration of paint can cause severe damage to the soft tissues. Thus, immediate surgical removal of the paint and coverage of the remnant wounds with an appropriate flap are necessary.

Landslides and other earth movements damage detection at Mountain Village: A case at Garawastu

Many countries have abundant natural resource but, on the other hand, also have the potential to experience land damage, which can result in natural catastrophes including landslides, floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Potential land damage can impact the destruction of public facilities and hamper development; socio-economic conditions will stop when land damage occurs. This research aims to find and analyze possible land damage caused by land movement in the Cipari Hamlet area, Garawastu Village. Compiling a map of potential soil damage is the main focus of research because it can help understand the spatial distribution and extent of damage. Apart from using qualitative methods, field observations were also conducted to determine the coordinates of residents' houses affected by land damage by ground movement. Primary information and secondary information are the two categories of data. Original data comprises damage coordinates, UTM GEOMaps software, location maps, ArcGIS software, and documentation. Secondary data consists of maps and data, rainfall data from 2013 to 2022, and explanations of the results from ArcGIS software. Cipari Hamlet, Garawastu Village, experienced high rainfall, 3500-4000 mm. The slope in Cipari Hamlet ranges from 0-140, which is very flat to steep hills. Risks with a low level of damage get 17 points, risks with a medium level of damage are 9 points, and risks with a high level of damage get 9 points. Damage in the Cipari hamlet did not occur due to landslides because the index value for the Cipari hamlet was at a moderate point.

Advanced exploitation of unmerged reflection data during processing and refinement with autoPROC and BUSTER.

The validation of structural models obtained by macromolecular X-ray crystallography against experimental diffraction data, whether before deposition into the PDB or after, is typically carried out exclusively against the merged data that are eventually archived along with the atomic coordinates. It is shown here that the availability of unmerged reflection data enables valuable additional analyses to be performed that yield improvements in the final models, and tools are presented to implement them, together with examples of the results to which they give access. The first example is the automatic identification and removal of image ranges affected by loss of crystal centering or by excessive decay of the diffraction pattern as a result of radiation damage. The second example is the `reflection-auditing' process, whereby individual merged data items showing especially poor agreement with model predictions during refinement are investigated thanks to the specific metadata (such as image number and detector position) that are available for the corresponding unmerged data, potentially revealing previously undiagnosed instrumental, experimental or processing problems. The third example is the calculation of so-called F(early) - F(late) maps from carefully selected subsets of unmerged amplitude data, which can not only highlight the location and extent of radiation damage but can also provide guidance towards suitable fine-grained parametrizations to model the localized effects of such damage.

Relationship between early treatment and extent of neurological damage in stroke patients

Stroke is a disease that has a high mortality and disability rate, stroke sufferers need fast and precise treatment, especially at the golden time where it is the best time to deal with stroke. This study aims to determine the relationship between initial treatment and the extent of neurological damage to stroke patients. This researcher also uses quantitative methods with a cross-sectional approach. Meanwhile, sampling is carried out using non-probability sampling techniques, the type of total sampling with independent variables is the initial handling of stroke at home and the dependent variable, namely neurological damage that occurs. The results showed that the initial treatment carried out at home by the family was not related to the neurological damage of stroke patients. The initial treatment of stroke was only related to the stiffness experienced by respondents. Meanwhile, the initial treatment of stroke is not related to feeling bad, visual impairment, dizziness, confusion, balance disturbance, headache, paralysis, loss of taste, impaired field of view, difficulty forming words, unable to speak, impaired perception, impaired orientation, and level of consciousness.