Daldinia Eschscholtzii Research Articles

Combination on endophytic fungal as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Abstract. Syamsia S, Idhan A, Firmansyah AP, Noerfitryani N, Rahim I, Kesaulya H, Armus R. 2021. Combination on endophytic fungal as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Biodiversitas 22: 1194-1202. Endophytic fungi are known to stimulate plant growth by producing secondary metabolites, including phytohormones (IAA and Gibberellins), siderophore, phosphate-solubilizing metabolites. In this study, a total of six endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from local rice plants and showed different abilities in producing secondary metabolites, during single isolates testing. These six isolates were then combined to obtain 15 combinations for analysis, to determine the best combination for application as a plant growth promoter. Subsequently, each combination was tested for phytohormones (IAA, gibberellins) and siderophore (quantitatively)-producing activity, phosphate-solubilizing ability, and the effect on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) plant growth. F13 showed activity in producing IAA and produced the highest gibberellin levels, while F1 exhibited the highest phosphate-solubilizing activity. In addition, F11 (Na-salicylate) and F1 (catechol) showed the highest siderophore activity, while a combination of F6, F8, F9, and F12 successfully increased plant height growth. Also, F4 increased the root growth, while the fresh weight of cucumber was increased by F8 treatment, under controlled conditions. Molecular analysis showed the tested isolates have close similarity to Daldinia eschscholtzii, Sarocladium oryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Penicillium allahabadense, and Aspergillus foetidus. The combination of endophyte fungal isolates showed potential as plant growth promoters, however, further testing on several plant types is required before the combination is to be widely applied.

Novel endophytic fungi with fungicidal metabolites suppress sclerotium disease

This study is aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Stemona root (Stemona tuberosa) against causative agent of southern stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii. The dual assay results showed that out of 110 fungal endophytes, Diaporthe phaseolorum BUP3/1 and Macrophomina phaseolina BUP2/3, isolated from Jerusalem artichoke and Daldinia eschscholtzii 2NTYL11 and Trichoderma erinaceum ST-KKU2, isolated from Stemona root and ginger could effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii at 76.00, 41.20, 66.67 and 63.63%, respectively. The β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase activities of all endophytic fungi was determined which reached the maximum after 2 and 7 days of incubation, respectively. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation showed that T. erinaceum ST-KKU2 has predatory mechanism aginst S. rolfsii via coiling and invasion. Interestingly, our endophytic fungi T. erinaceum ST-KKU2 and D. eschscholtzii 2NTYL11 were the first species in their genera to produce polyketides group as 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PAP) and 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (DHMB), respectively, to control S. rolfsii. Moreover, the antagonistic mechanisms of all endophytes were determined in vivo under greenhouse condition. The endophytic fungi, T. erinaceum ST-KKU2 and D. eschscholtzii 2NTYL11 also showed high level of reduction of southern stem rot disease by 58.14% under pot experiment. Such effects were also higher than the effects of other endophytic fungi isolated from Jerusalem artichoke when tested under greenhouse condition. Our experiments showed the fungal endophytes isolated have potential for further development as a biocontrol agent in the future.

2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Isolated From an Endophytic Fungus, Daldinia eschscholtzii, Reduces Virulence and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the top three gram-negative bacteria according to the WHO’s critical priority list of pathogens against which newer antibiotics are urgently needed and considered a global threat due to multiple drug resistance. This situation demands unconventional antimicrobial strategies such as the inhibition of quorum sensing to alleviate the manifestation of classical resistance mechanisms. Here, we report that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DBP), isolated from an endophytic fungus, Daldinia eschscholtzii, inhibits the quorum-sensing properties of P. aeruginosa. We have found that treating P. aeruginosa with 2,4-DBP substantially reduced the secretion of virulence factors as well as biofilm, and its associated factors that are controlled by quorum sensing, in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitantly, 2,4-DBP also significantly reduced the expression of quorum sensing-related genes, i.e., lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR significantly. Importantly, 2,4-DBP restricted the adhesion and invasion of P. aeruginosa to the A549 lung alveolar carcinoma cells. In addition, bactericidal assay with 2,4-DBP exhibited synergism with ampicillin to kill P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, our computational studies predicted that 2,4-DBP could bind to the P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing receptors LasR and RhlR. Collectively, these data suggest that 2,4-DBP can be exploited as a standalone drug or in combination with antibiotic(s) as an anti-virulence and anti-biofilm agent to combat the multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa infection.

Fungi associated with sick trees of Pinus patula in Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, Mexico

The diseases found in Pinus patula, a species present in the forest area of Puebla, Mexico cause foliage loss and damage to trees and we consider that fungi could be involved. The objective of the current investigation was to study the nutrients of the soil and the fungi associated with the lesions on the needles of Pinus patula in Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, Mexico. It was found that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soils associated with pine, as well as the organic matter, were poor. In addition, we performed chemical, physical and biological analyses on soils from the study site. We isolated forty-five fungi from the lesions on the needles. The identification of twelve of them was both morphological and molecular by sequence analysis of the ITS1-ITS2 gene. The identified fungi included Alternaria alternata, Annulohypoxylon stygium, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Curvularia lunata, Curvularia pseudobrachyspora, Curvularia spicifera, Curvularia trifolii, Daldinia eschscholtzii, Daldinia sp. Diplodia sapinea, Lophodermium indianum and Myrmaecium rubricosum. We concluded that P. patula is affected by nutritional deficiency as well as by the presence of phytopathogenic fungi.

Daldinia eschscholtzii: an endophytic fungus isolated from Psidium guajava as an alternative source of bioactive secondary metabolites

Daldinia eschscholtzii: an endophytic fungus isolated from Psidium guajava as an alternative source of bioactive secondary metabolites

Uses and importance of wild fungi: traditional knowledge from the Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

BackgroundWild mushrooms constitute an important non-timber forest product that provides diverse substances and services, especially food and income for local communities from many parts of the world. This study presents original ethnomycological documentation from the dense rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.MethodsEthnomycological surveys were made within local communities near the biosphere reserve of Yangambi and the Yoko forest reserve. The interviews involved 160 informants from six different ethnic communities (Bakumu, Turumbu, Topoke, Lokele, Ngelema, and Ngando). Specific reported use (RU), the relative importance (RI), and the cultural significance (CS) of wild edible fungi were calculated using quantitative data from enquiries.ResultsThe people from Tshopo use 73 species of wild mushrooms either for food (68 species), as medicine (9 species), in a recreational context (2 species), or related to myths and beliefs (7 species). Women are more involved in harvesting and are the main holders of cultural aspects related to fungi. The results show that knowledge of useful mushrooms differs between ethnic groups. The Ngando people have the highest ethnomycological expertise, which is expressed in their extensive cultural and practical use of fungi. Pleurotus tuber-regium is the most important species (MCSI = 1.9 and p value < 2.2e−16) as it is being used for food, as a medicine, and more. Daldinia eschscholtzii is the most important (MUI = 0.86 and p value < 2.2e−16) for medicinal applications, while Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia cornea, A. delicata, Marasmius buzungolo, and Lentinus squarrosulus are mostly appreciated for food. The latter five species are all wood-decaying saprotrophs.ConclusionDespite the presence of edible ectomycorrhizal taxa in the dense rainforests of Tshopo, local people only seem to have an interest in saprotrophic taxa. Some mushroom pickers deliberately cut down host trees to promote the development of saprotrophic taxa. Inducing forest degradation is considered beneficial as it promotes the development of saprotrophic taxa. The domestication of locally appreciated saprotrophic lignicolous fungi is proposed as a mitigating measure against fellings.

One new cytochalasin metabolite isolated from a mangrove-derived fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii HJ001

One new cytochalasin metabolite [11]-cytochalasa-5(6),13-diene-1,21-dione-7,18-dihydroxy-16,18-dimethyl-10-phenyl-(7S*,13E,16S*,18R*) (1), together with three known compounds (2–4) were obtained from the EtOAc extract of the endophytic fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii HJ001 isolated from the mangrove Brguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala collected in the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Wild-Growing Mushrooms from Southwest China.

To better understand the medicinal and nutritional value of mushrooms, we studied the fatty acid (FA) compositions and DPPH scavenging abilities of 11 mushrooms from Southwest China. The crude fat (CF) contents were examined initially, then 3 methods of FA methyl esterification were compared to identify which acid treatment was the most appropriate method. Then methyl esterification methods for 12 CFs were performed with acid treatment and the FA compositions were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that tetradecanoic acid (14:0), hexadecenoic acid (16:1), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), octadecadienoic acid (18:2), octadecenoic acid (18:1), octadecanoic acid (18:0), docosanoic acid (22:0), and tetracosanoic acid (24:0) were detected in all the samples, with large amounts of hexadecanoic acid (16:0), octadecadienoic acid (18:2), octadecenoic acid (18:1), and octadecanoic acid (18:0). Daldinia eschscholtzii and Sarcodon imbricatus had the highest ratio value of unsaturated FAs to saturated FAs (4.33 and 3.03, respectively). The DPPH scavenging ability of 12 CFs was also tested. The free radical scavenging rates of the CFs were almost < 10% at a concentration of 0.10 mg/mL, except that of S. imbricatus, which reached 81.25%, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.054 mg/mL. This strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability of S. imbricatus may be related to α-hydroxy FA.

DemaDb: an integrated dematiaceous fungal genomes database.

Many species of dematiaceous fungi are associated with allergic reactions and potentially fatal diseases in human, especially in tropical climates. Over the past 10 years, we have isolated more than 400 dematiaceous fungi from various clinical samples. In this study, DemaDb, an integrated database was designed to support the integration and analysis of dematiaceous fungal genomes. A total of 92 072 putative genes and 6527 pathways that identified in eight dematiaceous fungi (Bipolaris papendorfii UM 226, Daldinia eschscholtzii UM 1400, D. eschscholtzii UM 1020, Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis UM 256, Ochroconis mirabilis UM 578, Cladosporium sphaerospermum UM 843, Herpotrichiellaceae sp. UM 238 and Pleosporales sp. UM 1110) were deposited in DemaDb. DemaDb includes functional annotations for all predicted gene models in all genomes, such as Gene Ontology, EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Pfam and InterProScan. All predicted protein models were further functionally annotated to Carbohydrate-Active enzymes, peptidases, secondary metabolites and virulence factors. DemaDb Genome Browser enables users to browse and visualize entire genomes with annotation data including gene prediction, structure, orientation and custom feature tracks. The Pathway Browser based on the KEGG pathway database allows users to look into molecular interaction and reaction networks for all KEGG annotated genes. The availability of downloadable files containing assembly, nucleic acid, as well as protein data allows the direct retrieval for further downstream works. DemaDb is a useful resource for fungal research community especially those involved in genome-scale analysis, functional genomics, genetics and disease studies of dematiaceous fungi.Database URL: http://fungaldb.um.edu.my

Genome analysis of Daldinia eschscholtzii strains UM 1400 and UM 1020, wood-decaying fungi isolated from human hosts.

BackgroundDaldinia eschscholtzii is a wood-inhabiting fungus that causes wood decay under certain conditions. It has a broad host range and produces a large repertoire of potentially bioactive compounds. However, there is no extensive genome analysis on this fungal species.ResultsTwo fungal isolates (UM 1400 and UM 1020) from human specimens were identified as Daldinia eschscholtzii by morphological features and ITS-based phylogenetic analysis. Both genomes were similar in size with 10,822 predicted genes in UM 1400 (35.8 Mb) and 11,120 predicted genes in UM 1020 (35.5 Mb). A total of 751 gene families were shared among both UM isolates, including gene families associated with fungus-host interactions. In the CAZyme comparative analysis, both genomes were found to contain arrays of CAZyme related to plant cell wall degradation. Genes encoding secreted peptidases were found in the genomes, which encode for the peptidases involved in the degradation of structural proteins in plant cell wall. In addition, arrays of secondary metabolite backbone genes were identified in both genomes, indicating of their potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. Both genomes also contained an abundance of gene encoding signaling components, with three proposed MAPK cascades involved in cell wall integrity, osmoregulation, and mating/filamentation. Besides genomic evidence for degrading capability, both isolates also harbored an array of genes encoding stress response proteins that are potentially significant for adaptation to living in the hostile environments.ConclusionsOur genomic studies provide further information for the biological understanding of the D. eschscholtzii and suggest that these wood-decaying fungi are also equipped for adaptation to adverse environments in the human host.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2200-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A new hydronaphthalenone from the mangrove-derived Daldinia eschscholtzii PSU-STD57

One new hydronaphthalenone derivative (1) was isolated from the broth extract of the endophytic fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii PSU-STD57 together with five known compounds, isosclerone (2), 8-methoxy-1-naphthol, 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene, 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl-1-butan-1-one and tyrosol. The structures were assigned by spectroscopic methods. All the compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Microsporum gypseum.