Dairy Protein Intake Research Articles

Dairy product consumption, eating habits, sedentary behaviour and physical activity association with bone mineral density among adolescent boys: a cross-sectional observational study

BackgroundDuring childhood and adolescence, skeletal microarchitecture and bone mineral density (BMD) undergo significant changes. Peak bone mass is built and its level significantly affects the condition of bones in later years of life. Understanding the modifiable factors that improve bone parameters at an early age is necessary to early prevent osteoporosis. To identify these modifiable factors we analysed the relationship between dairy product consumption, eating habits, sedentary behaviour, and level of physical activity with BMD in 115 young boys (14–17 years).MethodsBone parameters were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using paediatric specific software to compile the data. Dairy product consumption and eating habits were assessed by means of a dietary interview. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity was assessed in a face-to-face interview conducted using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data collection on total physical activity level was performed by collecting information on the number of days and the duration of vigorous and moderate intensity (MVPA) and average daily time spent in sitting (SIT time).ResultsThe strongest relationships with BMD in distal part of forearm were found for moderate plus vigorous activity, sit time, and intake of dairy products, intake of calcium, protein, vitamin D, phosphorus from diet. Relationships between BMD, bone mineral content (BMC) in the distal and proximal part of the forearm and PA, sit time and eating parameters were evaluated using the multiple forward stepwise regression. The presented model explained 48–67% (adjusted R2 = 0.48–0.67; p < 0.001) of the variance in bone parameters. The predictor of interactions of three variables: protein intake (g/person/day), vitamin D intake (µg/day) and phosphorus intake (mg/day) was significant for BMD dis (adjusted R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001). The predictor of interactions of two variables: SIT time (h/day) and dairy products (n/day) was significant for BMD prox (adjusted R2 = 0.48; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the predictor of interactions dairy products (n/day), protein intake (g/person/day) and phosphorus intake (mg/day) was significant for BMC prox and dis (adjusted R2 = 0.63–0.67; p < 0.001).ConclusionsHigh physical activity and optimal eating habits especially adequate intake of important dietary components for bone health such as calcium, protein, vitamin D and phosphorus affect the mineralization of forearm bones.

Assessing the Impact of Multilevel Comprehensive Programming on SNAP-Ed Participant Behaviors.

To examine differences in dietary, physical activity, and food selection behaviors of Utah SNAP-Ed participants who had varied breadth of engagement with various components of multilevel programming. SNAP-Ed participants received a survey approximately 1 year after participating in nutrition classes. The survey measured diet, physical activity, and food selection behaviors and breadth of engagement with components of SNAP-Ed programming. Components of programming included nutrition education for adults and youth, nudge programs in food pantries and corner stores, farmers' market booths, social marketing campaign materials, and social media platforms. Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed differences in behaviors between varying breadths of program engagement. Among the 124 respondents, certain dietary behaviors improved with increased breadth of program engagement including intake of vegetables, low-fat dairy, and lean protein. Food selection behaviors including using MyPlate and preparing healthy foods on a budget, also improved with increased engagement. Physical activity was not impacted by additional breadth of exposure. Findings suggest that multilevel comprehensive programming may enhance the impact of SNAP-Ed education for certain behaviors. Additional research is warranted on the impact of SNAP-Ed multilevel programming on targeted behaviors and health outcomes.

Associations of intakes of total protein, protein from dairy sources, and dietary calcium with risks of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer: a prospective analysis in UK Biobank

BackgroundEvidence concerning intakes of protein or sources of dairy protein and risks of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers is inconclusive.MethodsUsing a subsample of UK Biobank participants who completed ≥2 (maximum of 5) 24-h dietary assessments, we estimated intakes of total protein, protein from total dairy products, milk, and cheese, and dietary calcium in 114,217 participants. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression.ResultsAfter a median of 9.4 years of follow-up, 1193 colorectal, 2024 female breast, and 2422 prostate cancer cases were identified. There were inverse associations of total dairy protein, protein from milk, and dietary calcium intakes with colorectal cancer incidence (HRQ4 vs Q1:0.80, 95% CI: 0.67–0.94; 0.79, 0.67–0.94; 0.71, 0.58–0.86, respectively). We also observed positive associations of milk protein and dietary calcium with prostate cancer risk (HRQ4 vs Q1:1.12, 1.00–1.26 and 1.16, 1.01–1.33, respectively). No significant associations were observed between intake of dairy protein and breast cancer risk. When insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations measured at recruitment were added to the multivariable-adjusted models, associations remained largely unchanged. Analyses were also similar when looking at total grams of dairy products, milk, and cheese.ConclusionFurther research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationships of dairy products with cancer risk and the potential roles of dietary protein and calcium.

Dietary protein intake and mortality among survivors of liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundLiver cirrhosis is a worldwide burden and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, including increased mortality. The beneficial effects of dietary modifications in reducing morbidity and mortality are inevitable.AimThe current study aimed to evaluate the potential association of dietary protein intake with the cirrhosis-related mortality.MethodsIn this cohort study, 121 ambulatory cirrhotic patients with at least 6 months of cirrhosis diagnosis were followed-up for 48 months. A 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary intake assessment. Total dietary protein was classified as dairy, vegetable and animal protein. We estimated crude and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), applying Cox proportional hazard analyses.ResultsAfter full adjustment for confounders, analyses showed that total (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.2–1.1, p trend = 0.045) and dairy (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.13–1.1, p trend = 0.046) protein intake was associated with a 62% lower risk of cirrhosis-related mortality. While a higher intake of animal protein was associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of mortality in patients (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.7–8.2, p trend = 0.035). Higher intake of vegetable protein was inversely but not significantly associated with mortality risk.ConclusionA comprehensive evaluation of the associations of dietary protein intake with cirrhosis-related mortality indicated that a higher intakes of total and dairy protein and a lower intakes of animal protein are associated with a reduced risk of mortality in cirrhotic patients.

Dynamic Metabolic Signatures of Choline and Carnitine across Healthy Pregnancy and in Cord Blood: Association with Maternal Dietary Protein

BackgroundIn pregnancy, choline is deemed an essential nutrient and carnitine needs are increased, but amounts remain undefined. ObjectivesWe aimed to measure choline and total dietary protein and dairy protein intake from food and supplements across pregnancy and the response to intake by profiling choline and carnitine metabolites across pregnancy and in cord blood. MethodsAn exploratory analysis of choline and protein intake from 3-d diet records and measures of 36 serum choline and carnitine metabolites in early (12–17 wk) and late (36–38 wk) pregnancy was conducted in participants from the Be Healthy in Pregnancy study randomized to high dairy protein+walking exercise or usual care. Metabolites were measured in fasted maternal and cord serum using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Mixed ANOVA adjusted for body mass index was performed for comparison of metabolites across pregnancy and between intervention and control. ResultsIn 104 participants, the median (Q1, Q3) total choline intake was 347 (263, 427) mg/d in early and 322 (270, 437) mg/d in late pregnancy. Only ∼20% of participants achieved the recommended adequate intake (450 mg/d) and ∼10% consumed supplemental choline (8–200 mg/d). Serum-free choline (μmol/L) was higher in late compared with early pregnancy [12.9 (11.4, 15.1) compared with 9.68 (8.25, 10.61), P < 0.001], but choline downstream metabolites were similar across pregnancy. Serum carnitine [10.3 (9.01, 12.2) compared with 15.9 (14.1, 17.9) μmol/L, P < 0.001] and acetylcarnitine [2.35 (1.92, 2.68) compared with 3.0 (2.56, 3.59), P < 0.001] were significantly lower in late pregnancy. High cord:maternal serum metabolite ratios were found in most measured metabolites. ConclusionsDespite inadequate choline intake, serum-free choline was elevated in late pregnancy and enriched in cord blood compared with maternal serum. Serum carnitine declined in late pregnancy despite a high protein diet. The higher cord:maternal concentrations in choline and carnitine metabolites suggest active uptake in late pregnancy, reflecting the importance of these circulating metabolites in fetal development.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01689961.

Quantity and Source of Protein during Complementary Feeding and Infant Growth: Evidence from a Population Facing Double Burden of Malnutrition.

Background: While high protein intake during infancy may increase obesity risk, low qualities and quantities of protein contribute to undernutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the amount and source of protein on infant growth during complementary feeding (CF) in a country where under- and overnutrition co-exist as the so-called the double burden of malnutrition. Methods: A multicenter, prospective cohort was conducted. Healthy term infants were enrolled with dietary and anthropometric assessments at 6, 9 and 12 months (M). Blood samples were collected at 12M for IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin analyses. Results: A total of 145 infants were enrolled (49.7% female). Animal source foods (ASFs) were the main protein source and showed a positive, dose–response relationship with weight-for-age, weight-for-length and BMI z-scores after adjusting for potential confounders. However, dairy protein had a greater impact on those parameters than non-dairy ASFs, while plant-based protein had no effect. These findings were supported by higher levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin following a higher intake of dairy protein. None of the protein sources were associated with linear growth. Conclusions: This study showed the distinctive impact of different protein sources during CF on infant growth. A high intake of dairy protein, mainly from infant formula, had a greater impact on weight gain and growth-related hormones.

Non-Dairy Animal Protein Consumption Is Positively Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Israeli Adolescents.

Protein consumption apparently plays a role in weight control. This cross-sectional study examined the association of protein consumption in Israeli adolescents with overweight/obesity. 7th–12th grade students participating in a national school-based survey (2015–2016) completed self-administered questionnaires, including a food frequency questionnaire, and height and weight measurements (n = 3443, 48% males, 15.2 ± 1.6 years). WHO growth standards served to define weight status. Intakes of total protein and protein source were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses evaluated associations with overweight/obesity (BMI z-score ≥ 1), adjusting for possible covariates. Total protein intake (median (IQR)) was 62.5 (45.5, 85.7) g/d, accounting for 12.0 (10.5, 13.6) percent of daily energy. Of participants, 31.4% were overweight/obese. In multivariable models, overweight/obesity was positively associated with incremental increases of 10 g/d in total protein intake (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12, p < 0.01), total animal protein intake (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10, p = 0.026), and non-dairy animal protein intake (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11, p = 0.029). No associations were found with plant or dairy protein intake. These associations remained when protein intake was reported as a percentage of daily energy and when overweight and obesity were analyzed individually. High daily protein intakes, principally from non-dairy animal sources, were positively associated with overweight/obesity in adolescents. Additional studies are needed to establish causality of these findings.

Vitamin D supplementation and increased dairy protein intake do not affect muscle strength or physical function in healthy 6-8-year-old children: the D-pro randomized trial.

PurposeTo investigate separate and combined effects of vitamin D supplementation during the extended winter and increased dairy protein intake on muscle strength and physical function in children, and furthermore to explore potential sex differences.MethodsIn a 2 × 2-factorial, randomized winter trial, 183 healthy, 6–8-year-old children received blinded tablets with 20 µg/day vitamin D3 or placebo, and substituted 260 g/day dairy with yogurts with high (HP, 10 g protein/100 g) or normal protein content (NP, 3.5 g protein/100 g) for 24 weeks during winter at 55° N. We measured maximal isometric handgrip and leg press strength, and physical function by jump tests and a 30 s sit-to-stand test. Physical activity was measured by 7-day accelerometry.ResultsBaseline (mean ± SD) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 80.8 ± 17.2 nmol/L, which increased to 88.7 ± 17.6 nmol/L with vitamin D supplementation and decreased to 48.4 ± 19.2 nmol/L with placebo. Baseline protein intake was 15.5 ± 2.4 E%, which increased to 18.4 ± 3.4 E% with HP and was unchanged with NP. We found no separate or combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and/or increased dairy protein intake on muscle strength or physical function (all P > 0.20). There was an interaction on the sit-to-stand test (Pvitamin×yogurt = 0.02), which however disappeared after adjusting for physical activity (P = 0.16). Further, vitamin D supplementation increased leg press strength relatively more in girls compared to boys (mean [95% CI] 158 [17, 299] N; Pvitamin×sex = 0.047).ConclusionOverall, vitamin D and dairy protein supplementation during the extended winter did not affect muscle strength or physical function in healthy children. Potential sex differences of vitamin D supplementation should be investigated further.Registered at clinicaltrials.govNCT0395673.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02912-0.

Effects of high dairy protein intake and vitamin D supplementation on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in 6–8-y-old children—the D-pro trial

Increasing evidence suggests that prevention of lifestyle diseases should begin early. Dairy protein and vitamin D can affect body composition and cardiometabolic markers, yet evidence among well-nourished children is sparse. We investigated combined and separate effects of high dairy protein intake and vitamin D on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in children. In a 2×2-factorial, randomized trial, 200 white, Danish, 6-8-y-old children substituted 260g/d dairy in their diet with high-protein (HP; 10g protein/100g) or normal-protein (NP; 3.5g protein/100g) yogurt and received blinded tablets with 20µg/d vitamin D3 or placebo for 24 wk during winter. We measured body composition (by DXA), blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and lipids. In total, 184 children (92%) completed the study. Baseline median (25th-75th percentile) dairy protein intake was median: 3.7 (25th-75th percentile: 2.5-5.1) energy percentage (E%) and increased to median: 7.2 (25th-75th percentile: 4.7-8.8) E% and median: 4.2 (25th-75th percentile: 3.1-5.3) E% with HP and NP. Mean±SD serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration changed from 81 ± 17 to 89 ± 18nmol/L and 48 ± 13nmol/L with vitamin D and placebo, respectively. There were no combined effects of dairy protein and vitamin D, except for plasma glucose, with the largest increase in the NP-vitamin D group (Pinteraction=0.005). There were smaller increases in fat mass index (P = 0.04) with HP than with NP, and the same pattern was seen for insulin, HOMA-IR, and C-peptide (all P = 0.06). LDL cholesterol was reduced with vitamin D compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Fat-free mass and blood pressure were unaffected. High compared with normal dairy protein intake hampered an increase in fat mass index. Vitamin D supplementation counteracted the winter decline in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the increase in LDL cholesterol observed with placebo. This study adds to the sparse evidence on dairy protein in well-nourished children and supports a vitamin D intake of ∼20µg/d during winter. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03956732.

Protein intake and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses' Health Study

BackgroundThere is evidence that an overall healthy diet is associated with lower risk of frailty. However, the effect of diet composition, specifically the role of protein intake on frailty, is mostly unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of protein, including total, plant, animal, and dairy protein, in relation to frailty incidence in a large cohort of older women.MethodsWe analysed data from 85 871 women aged ≥60 participating in the Nurses' Health Study. Intake of protein was measured nine times during follow‐up from 1980 until 2010. Frailty was defined as having at least three of the following five criteria from the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses and Loss of Weight (FRAIL) scale: fatigue, low strength, reduced aerobic capacity, having ≥5 illnesses, and weight loss of ≥5%. The occurrence of frailty was assessed every 4 years from 1992 up to 2014.ResultsDuring follow‐up, we identified 13 279 incident cases of frailty. Women with a higher intake of plant protein had a lower risk of developing frailty after adjustment for all relevant confounders [relative risks across quintiles of consumption: 1.00, 0.94, 0.89, 0.86, and 0.86; P‐trend < 0.001]. In contrast, those with a higher intake of animal protein intake had a higher risk of frailty [relative risks across quintiles of consumption: 1.00, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, and 1.07; P‐trend 0.04]. The intake of total and dairy protein showed no significant association with frailty in the full model. Substituting 5% of energy from plant protein intake at the expense of animal protein, dairy protein, or non‐dairy animal protein was associated with 38% (29%, 47%), 32% (21%, 42%), and 42% (33%, 50%) reduced risk of frailty.ConclusionsA higher intake of plant protein, but not animal or dairy protein, was associated with a lower risk of frailty. Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially non‐dairy animal protein, was associated with lower risk of frailty.

Association between dairy protein and body composition in middle-aged and older women: A community-based, 12-year, prospective cohort study

Changes in body composition during aging include decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass. Women with low muscle mass with abdominal obesity (LMAO), in particular, could be at higher risk of morbidities and mortality than those with either sarcopenia or obesity alone. Dairy products, which contain whey protein and all essential amino acids, could have a beneficial role in preserving muscle mass and reducing obesity. We aimed to analyze the association between dairy protein and the development of LMAO in women using a large-scale, community-based prospective cohort. Our analysis included 4251 women from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants were categorized into three groups by the tertile of dairy protein intake, which was assessed using a semi-quantitative 103-food item food frequency questionnaire. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was estimated using the anthropometric equation. Low muscle mass (LM) was defined as a muscle mass of less than 15kg in women. Abdominal obesity (AO) was defined as a weight to height ratio of 0.58 or greater. LMAO was defined as LM in combination with AO. Multiple Cox hazard regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between dairy protein intake and incident LMAO. During follow-up (mean, 9.6 years), 280 women newly developed LMAO. According to Cox proportional regression models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for incident LMAO in the middle and highest tertiles were 0.89 (0.74-1.06) and 0.71 (0.59-0.86), compared with lowest tertile, after adjusting for confounding variables. These findings indicate that high dairy protein intake is inversely related with LMAO development in Korean women. Dairy protein intake could be effective in preventing incident LMAO.

Effects of vitamin D and high dairy protein intake on bone mineralization and linear growth in 6- to 8-year-old children: the D-pro randomized trial

Vitamin D and dairy protein may stimulate bone mineralization and linear growth in children, but previous studies show inconsistent results and have not examined their combined effects. To investigate combined and separate effects of vitamin D supplementation and high-protein (HP) compared with normal-protein (NP) yogurt intake on children's bone mineralization and linear growth. In a 2×2-factorial trial, 200 healthy, 6- to 8-year-old, Danish, children with light skin (55°N) were randomized to 20µg/d vitamin D3 or placebo and to substitute 260g/d dairy with HP (10g protein/100g) or NP (3.5g protein/100g) yogurt for 24 weeks during an extended winter. Outcomes were total body less head (TBLH) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, height, and biomarkers of bone turnover and growth. The primary outcome was TBLH BMD. In total, 184 children (92%) completed the study. The baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 80.8±17.2nmol/L, which increased by 7.2±14.1nmol/L and decreased by 32.3±17.5nmol/L with vitamin D and placebo, respectively. The baseline protein intake was 15.4±2.4 energy percentage (E%), which increased to 18.3±3.4 E% with HP. There were no vitamin D-yogurt interactions and no main effects of either intervention on TBLH BMD. However, vitamin D supplementation increased lumbar spine BMD and TBLH BMC compared to placebo, whereas HP groups showed lower increments in lumbar spine BMD, TBLH BMC and BA, and plasma osteocalcin compared to NP groups. Height, growth factors, and parathyroid hormone levels were unaffected. Although there were no effects on whole-body BMD, vitamin D increased bone mass and spinal BMD, whereas high compared with normal dairy protein intake had smaller incremental effects on these outcomes. This supports a recommended vitamin D intake of around 20µg/d during winter but not use of HP dairy products for improved bone mineralization among healthy, well-nourished children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03956732.

Dairy protein intake is inversely related to development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is closely related to metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Dairy protein, rich in casein and whey protein, could help to reduce metabolic diseases. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. We analyzed data for 5171 adults aged 40-69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.(KoGES) Participants were separated as men, women aged ≥50 years, and women aged <50 years and then divided into tertiles based on dairy protein intake. NAFLD was defined as NAFLD liver fat score >-0.640. Scores were calculated as 1.18 × metabolic syndrome (Yes: 1, No: 0)+0.45 × diabetes mellitus (Yes: 2, No: 0)+0.15 × serum insulin+0.04 × AST-0.94 × (AST/ALT)-2.89. Cox proportional hazards spline curves were drawn to visualize dose-response relationships between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. Multiple Cox hazard regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. The Cox proportional hazards spline curves revealed a negative linear relationship between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. The cumulative incidence of NAFLD significantly decreased with increasing tertiles of dairy protein intake in men and women aged ≥50 years. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for NAFLD in the middle and highest tertiles, compared to the lowest tertile, were 0.80 (0.67-0.96) and 0.71 (0.57-0.88) in men, 0.89 (0.72-1.09) and 0.72 (0.56-0.92) in women aged ≥50 years, and 1.01 (0.80-1.27) and 0.91 (0.67-1.24) in women aged <50 years, respectively. We found that higher dairy protein intake was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of incident NAFLD in men and women aged ≥50 years. Consumption of milk and other dairy products could help prevent the development of NAFLD.

Total Protein Usual Intake Is Associated With Reduced Risk of All-Cause and Heart Disease Mortality in US Adults

ObjectivesStudies have linked animal protein intake with an increased risk in mortality from all-causes and certain chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease. The objective of the current analysis was to examine associations between usual intake of total and animal protein from various sources and all-cause, cancer, and heart disease-related mortality risk. MethodsData for adults (≥19 y; N = 54,830) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and NHANES 1999–2014 were linked with mortality data through 2015. Individual protein usual intakes were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Hazard ratio (HR) models were fit for mortality types (all cause, cancer, heart disease) and measures of total and animal protein usual intake. Multivariable analysis further adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, waist circumference, smoking status, education level, chronic condition status (i.e., based on cancer, myocardial infarct, and diabetes/diabetes medication reported), weight loss attempts, and % kcal from total fat. ResultsTotal protein usual intake was associated with 10% and 13% lowered risk of mortality from all-causes [HR = 0.90; CI: 0.82–0.99; P = 0.003] and heart disease [HR = 0.87; CI: 0.72–1.05; P = 0.05], respectively. No associations were observed between total protein intake and cancer mortality risk [HR = 0.98; CI: 0.80–1.21; P = 0.84]. No associations were seen between animal protein intake and mortality risk from all-causes [Quartile trend HR = 0.97; confidence intervals (CI): 0.91–1.04; P = 0.32], cancer [HR = 1.08; CI: 0.95–1.23; P = 0.13] and heart disease [HR = 0.98; CI: 0.85–1.13; P = 0.73]. No associations were seen between total dairy protein intake and all-cause and cancer mortality risk, however, there was an 11% reduced risk in heart disease mortality [HR = 0.89; CI: 0.80–1.00; P = 0.008]. No significant associations were seen between total red meat (beef, pork, lamb) protein usual intake and all-cause, cancer, and heart disease-related mortality risk. ConclusionsThese results contradict previous findings that have linked animal protein intake to increased mortality risk from all-causes, cancer and heart disease. Further, total protein consumption may help lower all-cause and heart disease-related mortality risk in adults. Funding SourcesFunded by the Beef Checkoff.

Role of Bioactive Peptide Sequences in the Potential Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Metabolic Health.

For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health benefits and are a well-recognized source of bioactive compounds. A number of dairy protein-derived peptide sequences with the ability to modulate functions related to the control of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis have been isolated and characterized. Their being active in vivo may be questionable mainly due to expected low bioavailability after ingestion, and hence their real contribution to the metabolic impact of dairy protein intake needs to be discussed. Some reports suggest that the differential effects of dairy proteins—in particular whey proteins—on mechanisms underlying energy balance and glucose-homeostasis may be attributed to their unique amino acid composition and hence the release of free amino acid mixtures enriched in essential amino acids (i.e., branched-chain-amino acids) upon digestion. Actually, the research reports reviewed in this article suggest that, among a number of dairy protein-derived peptides isolated and characterized as bioactive compounds in vitro, some peptides can be active in vivo post-oral administration through a local action in the gut, or, alternatively, a systemic action on specific molecular targets after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, these studies highlight the importance of the enteroendocrine system in the cross talk between food proteins and the neuroendocrine network regulating energy balance.

Daily and meal-based assessment of dairy and corresponding protein intake in Switzerland: results from the National Nutrition Survey menuCH

PurposeDairy contributes to daily protein and provides important minerals and vitamins. Using data of the National Nutrition Survey in Switzerland (menuCH), we aimed to describe intakes of dairy and its subcategories, to compare daily and per-meal dairy protein with total protein intake, and to investigate associations between energy-standardized dairy intake and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric factors.MethodsFrom two 24-h dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, and a lifestyle questionnaire from a representative sample (n = 2057, 18–75 years), we calculated daily and energy-standardized means and standard error of the means for dairy, its subcategories (milk, yoghurt and cheese), and compared daily and per-meal dairy protein with total protein intake. Associations were investigated between dairy intake (g/1000 kcal) and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric factors by multivariable linear regression.ResultsDairy intake provided 16.3 g/day protein with cheese contributing highest amounts (9.9 g/day). Dairy protein intake was highest at dinner (6.3 g/day) followed by breakfast, lunch and snacks (4.3, 3.3 and 2.4 g/day, respectively). Per meal, total protein reached the amounts suggested for improving protein synthesis only at dinner and lunch (33.1 and 28.3 g/day, respectively). Energy-standardized dairy intake was 20.7 g/1000 kcal higher for women than men (95% CI 13.2; 28.1), 24.3 g/1000 kcal lower in the French than German-speaking region (95% CI − 32.4; − 16.1), and also significantly associated with nationality, household type and smoking status.ConclusionThis first description of dairy consumption is an important basis for developing meal-specific recommendations, aimed to optimize dairy and protein intake especially for older adults.

Effect of Dairy Protein Intake on Muscle Mass among Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study.

This cohort study aimed to identify the associations of dairy protein intake with the risk of developing a low muscle mass during a 12-year follow-up period, using data from 4412 middle-aged Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study participants with a normal baseline muscle mass. Dairy protein intake at baseline was assessed using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), defined as the weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, was measured biennially using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, 395 subjects developed a low SMI (%) during an average follow-up of 141 (19–152) months. The average consumption of milk and other dairy products was 73.6 and 104.1 g/day, respectively. In men, a higher dairy protein intake was associated with a decreased risk of developing a low SMI (tertile 3 [T3] vs. T1, HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.94; p for trend = 0.029). In a stratified analysis according to a total protein intake, this association was stronger in the lower-protein intake group (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.99; p for trend = 0.036) but not detected in the higher-protein intake group. Men who consumed milk ≥1 time/day had a significantly lower risk of developing a low SMI (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98; p for trend = 0.023). No significant associations were observed in women. In summary, dairy consumption appears to be beneficial for decreasing the risk of developing a low muscle mass in middle-aged Korean men.

The Effects of Dairy Product and Dairy Protein Intake on Inflammation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Objectives Chronic inflammation is associated with obesity and chronic disease risk. Intake of dairy foods is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, the impact of dairy intake on inflammation is not well established. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the effect of dairy product and dairy protein consumption on low-grade systemic inflammation in adults without severe inflammatory disorders. Methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019129639). A literature search was completed in December 2018 and updated September 2019 using PubMed, CENTRAL, and review of reference lists from relevant review articles. The search resulted in identification and inclusion of 27 randomized controlled trials in this analysis, 19 trials which evaluated dairy products and 8 trials which evaluated dairy proteins. Results In the 19 trials which evaluated dairy products, 10 reported no inflammatory effect of the intervention, 8 reported a reduction in at least one biomarker of inflammation, and 1 reported a greater anti-inflammatory effect in the control as compared to the dairy product intervention. All 8 trials that investigated dairy protein intake on markers of inflammation reported no effect of the intervention. In the 17 trials which evaluated CRP following dairy product interventions, 12 studies reported no change, 4 studies in overweight and obese populations reported a decrease, and 1 study reported an increase in overweight and obese populations. In the 12 trials which evaluated an inflammatory-related cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α and receptors, IL-1β, and/or MCP-1), 7 studies reported no change in markers assessed, and 5 studies (4 of which were in overweight and obese populations) reported a decrease in at least one pro-inflammatory cytokine. A majority of the trials received neutral or positive quality ratings. Conclusions The available literature suggests dairy products and dairy proteins have neutral to beneficial effects on biomarkers of inflammation. Additional clinical studies designed using an inflammatory biomarker as the primary outcome, are needed to fully elucidate the effects of dairy intake on inflammation. Funding Sources National Dairy Council.

Intake of dairy protein during pregnancy in IBD and risk of SGA in a Norwegian population-based mother and child cohort

BackgroundPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) tend to avoid dairy products to minimize abdominal pain and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of protein from dairy sources (PPDS) in mothers with and without IBD, and to explore the impact of PPDS on inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) or small for gestational age (SGA) in IBD compared to non-IBD in the population-based Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).MethodsMoBa includes about 95,000 pregnant women recruited throughout Norway from 1999 to 2008. IBD phenotype and complications during pregnancy and delivery were ascertained. This study included 148 mothers with Crohn disease (CD) and 194 with ulcerative colitis and 68,858 non-IBD mothers. In mid-pregnancy participants answered a comprehensive semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire assessing diet since the start of pregnancy. PPDS was ranked in quartiles. The two lowest quartiles were merged and considered to represent the lowest of three PPDS groups. We used logistic regression analyses to model multivariate associations, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsThe risk of belonging to the lowest PPDS group was twice as high in IBD mothers compared to non-IBD mothers (aOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.67). Low compared to high PPDS strongly predicted inadequate GWG in CD (aOR = 4.22, 95% CI: 1.28, 13.92). Surprisingly, and in opposition to the non-IBD mothers, PPDS was positively associated with the risk of SGA in IBD mothers. IBD mother with low PPDS was associated with significantly lower risk of SGA than non-IBD mothers and IBD mothers with high PPDS (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.50). The interaction term IBD/PPDS was the factor that linked SGA to IBD compared to non-IBD, and increased the association between IBD and SGA with a factor of three.ConclusionThis study shows that intake of dairy products is lower in IBD mothers than in non-IBD mothers, and further, that low intake of dairy products in IBD mothers is associated with reduced risk of SGA compared to non-IBD and IBD mothers with high PPDS.

Impact of infant protein supply and other early life factors on plasma metabolome at 5.5 and 8 years of age: a randomized trial.

A high dairy protein intake in infancy, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivery mode are documented early programming factors that modulate the later risk of obesity and other health outcomes, but the mechanisms of action are not understood. The Childhood Obesity Project is a European multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial that enrolled healthy infants. Participating infants were either breastfed (BF) or randomized to receive higher (HP) or lower protein (LP) content formula in the first year of life. At the ages 5.5 years (n = 276) and 8 years (n = 232), we determined plasma metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem-mass-spectrometry of which 226 and 185 passed quality control at 5.5 years and 8 years, respectively. We assessed the effects of infant feeding, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking in pregnancy, delivery mode, parity, birth weight and length, and weight gain (0-24 months) on the metabolome at 5.5 and 8 years. At 5.5 years, plasma alpha-ketoglutarate and the acylcarnitine/BCAA ratios tended to be higher in the HP than in the LP group, but no metabolite reached statistical significance (Pbonferroni>0.09). There were no group differences at 8 years. Quantification of the impact of early programming factors revealed that the intervention group explained 0.6% of metabolome variance at both time points. Except for country of residence that explained 16% and 12% at 5.5 years and 8 years, respectively, none of the other factors explained considerably more variance than expected by chance. Plasma metabolome was largely unaffected by feeding choice and other early programming factors and we could not prove the existence of a long term programming effect of the plasma metabolome.