Milk Research Articles

Neuroprotective effects of whey and buttermilk-based formulas on a DSS-induced colitis murine model.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a gut-brain axis disorder that comprises chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, where alterations in the mood of patients are common. Gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication that link gut and brain. The close association between inflammatory bowel disease and neuroinflammation has far-reaching implications, as is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The increasing prevalence and high economic cost, together with the loss of life quality of people suffering from these diseases, point to the need to find alternatives to alleviate them. Exploring new therapeutic avenues prompts us to consider the potential benefits of milk fractions, taking advantage of the use of dairy by-products, such as whey and buttermilk. This study examines the impact of cow's whey- and buttermilk-based formulas supplemented with bovine lactoferrin and milk fat globule membrane on the expression of cytokines, as well as on the components of immune and serotonergic system of the brain in a murine model of DSS-induced colitis. Our results show the potential of these dairy by-products, especially whey, as functional foods in ameliorating neuroinflammation and safeguarding the central nervous system function amid the neurological complications induced or concomitant with intestinal inflammatory processes.

Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes among Escherichia coli isolates of buffalo mastitis milk

In recent years, bacteria carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes have become increasingly prevalent. These genes provide resistance to antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. Escherichia coli is a major cause of mastitis in buffaloes, and there have been reports of ESBL genes in E. coli isolated from bovine mastitis milk. This study was aimed to detect ESBL genes in E. coli found in mastitis buffalo milk. A total of 100 samples of mastitis milk were collected from different buffalo farms in Karachi for gene detection and antibiotic sensitivity evaluation. Among the samples, 44 % were positive for E. coli, confirmed by specific characteristics and biochemical properties. To check the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates MIC test was carried out using micro broth dilution method. Antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that out of the 44 isolates, 68 % were resistant to ampicillin, 81 % to tetracycline, 52 % to levofloxacin, 27 % to cefoxitin, and 25 % to ceftriaxone at various concentrations. Additionally, 7 % of the isolates showed resistance to all classes of antibiotics tested. PCR results indicated that 25 % of the total isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 ESBL gene, while no other types of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, or blaTEM genes were detected. It was discovered that multidrug resistance and the presence of the blaCTX-M-1 ESBL gene in E. coli isolates from mastitis milk pose a significant threat to veterinarians and human clinicians, as they are highly resistant to beta-lactams and other commonly used antibiotics for mastitis treatment.

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

Background: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity globally. The recent rise in resistant bacterial strains is largely attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal treatment. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, posing a major challenge for clinicians worldwide. Methods: In the current study, 121 samples were obtained from bovine mastitis milk and faeces, dairy cattle farm premises, chicken cloacal swabs, poultry farm litter and water. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella species. Klebsiella isolates were identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and were subsequently confirmed by PCR assays that targeted species-specific genes. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The DNA from all the isolates was extracted and subjected to PCR to identify the presence of 10 different Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) using published primers. The ARGs targeted were blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaIMP, DHAM, MOXM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and aadA. Result: Out of 121 samples, twenty-six (21.4%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates. The occurence of Klebsiella pnuemoniae in samples from different sources was- 3/33 (09%) from mastitis milk, 8/27 (29.6%) from faecal samples and 04/14 (28.5%) from environmental samples collected from dairy farms. Similarly, Klebsiella pnuemoniae prevalence was recorded to be 6/33 (18.1%) in cloacal swabs and 5/14 (35.7%) from environmental samples collected from poultry farms. On in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, all the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime and ampicillin/ sulbactam (100% each), followed by cefalexin (65.3%), streptomycin (53.8%), tetracycline (38.4%), imipenum and co-trimoxazole (34.6% each), ofloxacin (30.7%), norfloxacin (27%), ceftriaxone (23%), amikacin (15.38%) and gentamicin (11.5%). All the K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Out of 26 isolates, 25 (96%) were positive for Sul1, 22 (84.6%) for blaTEM, 19 (73%) for blaSHV, 19 (3%) for tetA, 16 (61.5%) for aadA, 10 (38.4%) for OXA, 9 (34.6%) for tetB and 2 (7.6%) for DHAM and MOXM each. None of the isolates harboured blaIMP gene.

Extracellular vesicles carrying significant amounts of microRNAs are present in goat milk powders

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication, mainly via their microRNAs, and could influence consumer health. Little is known about mEVs from goat milk powder (GMP) consumed as an alternative to bovine milk powder. mEVs were isolated from skimmed and whole GMP, using Size Exclusion Chromatography and their microRNA profiles (miRNomes) were established using RNA sequencing. We showed by nanoparticle tracking analysis that GMPs contained between 1.56 109 and 6.63 109 mEVs mL-1 of reconstituted milk, ranging in size from 136.8 to 160.6 nm. Five major milk protein mRNAs were also detected within mEVs. The GMP miRNome was made of 351 microRNAs, sharing 89 % of known microRNAs with previously reported raw goat milk miRNome. Thus, we demonstrated that: i) mEVs of a typical morphology are present in GMPs; ii) mEVs survived the drying process; iii) their microRNA cargo is rather well protected from degradation during this process.

Lactation stage-specific variations in health and lipid-associated milk fat globule membrane proteins in Holstein Friesian cow and Murrah buffalo

Bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins are crucial to calf health and human nutrition, but a knowledge gap exists for its lactation stage-specific variations in cows and buffaloes. This study employed mass spectrometry to identify the inter- and intra-lactation stage-specific MFGM proteins in Murrah buffalo (Mu) and Holstein Friesian cow (HF). Mu exhibited higher proteins (n=264) than HF (n=250); utilizing multivariate analysis, differentially abundant proteins (n=78 in HF, n=31 in Mu) were identified specific to lactation stages. The MFGM proteins were categorized into health-associated (47.1%), lipid-associated proteins (44.1%), and shared proteins (8.8%). HF milk contained all health-associated proteins detected in Mu, besides possessing unique proteins (e.g., BTN1A1, SAA3, and ENPP3), including lipid-associated proteins that contributed to improved calf immunity. These results suggest HF milk is more suitable for calf health and dairy product development, including expanding our understanding of lactation stage-specific MFGM proteins and highlighting their potential health benefits.

Osteopontin associated Bifidobacterium bifidum microencapsulation modulates infant fecal fermentation and gut microbiota development

Probiotic supplementation is an effective method for improving infant gut health, and probiotic encapsulation can enhance probiotic viability under adverse environmental conditions while ensuring an adequate amount of probiotic is delivered to the target site to confer a health benefit for the host. In this study, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 was microencapsulated using pectin or alginate, combined bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) as an excipient during the microencapsulation process. The microencapsulated probiotics were subjected to in vitro simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion and a fecal fermentation model to assess survival capacity and their impact on gas and organic acid production, as well as the development of gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that microencapsulation in the presence of osteopontin increased simulated gastrointestinal survival. During infant fecal fermentation, a significant increase in total gas production (5.5–9.1 mL) was observed for the microencapsulated probiotic with even higher level of gas production observed for osteopontin associated microencapsulated probiotic during the late stage of fermentation (8–24 h). Infant fecal fermentation of the microencapsulated probiotic also produced substantial amounts of acetate (8–17 mM) and lactate (12–35 mM), along with minor amounts of succinate (1–2 mM) and propionate (0.5–2 mM). A positive correlation was observed between metabolite production and the number of viable B. bifidum R0071 entering colon fermentation, which significantly increased with the use of OPN in the microencapsulation process. The osteopontin associated microencapsulated probiotic also significantly elevated the relative abundance of Veillonella, which, along with Bifidobacterium, influenced gas and metabolite production. Overall, our findings demonstrate that incorporating OPN as an excipient in the microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 enhances probiotic viability and positively influences the development of infant gut microbiota, highlighting its potential application in promoting infant health.

Evaluation of soybean oil-wax oleogel as a healthy ingredient for aerogel whipped cream rich in unsaturated fatty acids.

Aerosol whipped cream, widely used in various foods, relies on solid fats rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for stable gas entrapment. In this study, the potential of oleogels as a healthy fat substitute for formulating aerosol whipped cream was studied. The analysis focused on the effects of different types (beeswax [BW], rice bran wax [RW], and carnauba wax) and the quantities of wax on the properties of the aerosol whipped creams. The BW-oleogel-based aerosol whipped cream exhibited the highest foam ability and foam stability. The superior physical properties of the bees wax-oleogel were attributed to the higher overrun and height stability of its whipped cream compared to RW and carnauba oleogels. The 6% BW-whipped cream showed significantly higher overrun and cream stability. The 6% BW oleogel whipped cream contained 4.4 times lower SFAs than the dairy milk fat whipped cream. This study represents the first exploration into the feasibility of formulating oleogel-based aerosol whipped cream using liquid vegetable oil.

Prospects for the development of new specialized food products based on the milk of various farm animals

The article presents the results related to the prospects for the use of goat, mare and camel milk in the production of baby food and therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition. The direction of designing new specialized food products is promising for the food and processing industry, since scientific developments associated with new technologies and recipes will significantly expand the range of baby and dietary food products and improve the quality of life and health of the population in Kazakhstan.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Brucellosis in buffaloes in district Layyah

Brucellosis causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry and highly contagious and zoonotic disease lead to infertility, decreased overall milk production, and abortion in dairy animals. The aim of this study was to find the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis in different breads of buffalo in District Layyah. For this purpose, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT) were performed using the standard procedure. The results showed that the higher prevalence of brucellosis was found (6.6%) in tehsil Layyah compares to the other tehsils. The overall prevalence in the District Layyah was found 4.7% and Nilliravi bread was found more susceptible than the Kundi breed. The animals older than 5 years were found to be more susceptible as compared with younger animal. The prevalence of brucellosis was more in female buffaloes.as compared with the male. There was more abortion and reduction in milk in seropositive animals. It was concluded that higher prevalence of brucellosis in buffaloes and higher authorities should take measures to eliminate the seropositive animals to prevent the spread in people who are directly engaged with these animals’ veterinary staff and farmers.

Justification of design-mode parameters separating device

In Kazakhstan, the basis of the country's food security is livestock products. Increasing the production of livestock products is impossible without creating a strong feed base, high-quality preparation of feed, rational use and reduction of feed losses. Preparation of coarse stem feed for feeding requires grinding with feed grinding and mixing machines to obtain balanced feed mixtures. The grinding process is complicated by the fact that, along with coarse stem feed, foreign solid impurities enter, which damage the cutting organs of machines and cause a long shutdown of the entire feed preparation line, disruption of the feeding schedule, and reduction in animal weight gain and milk yield. These problems are of particular relevance in the development of small farms with a low level of mechanization. The authors have developed a device for separating foreign solid impurities from coarse stem feeds, the novelty of which is confirmed by a patent for an invention of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article theoretically substantiates the influence of the design and operating parameters of the separating device for cleaning stem feed from foreign solid impurities. To separate foreign solid impurities from bound materials, such as stem feed, the most effective are separators with working bodies in the form of an air flow. In separators of this type, differences in the totality of physical and mechanical properties are used to separate foreign impurities from stem feeds. This approach makes it possible to achieve better separation by mechanical devices and expect their development towards the use of as many combinations of the distinctive properties of the separated components as possible.

Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk

Although not expected to be used due to restrictions raised on their usage, Persisted Organic Pollutants (POP) such as organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) can be found in several matrices, even nowadays. The lack of biodegradation and, furthermore, their persistence in the environment result in the possible occurrence of these lipophilic toxins in several matrices, from environmental samples and foods to human milk. The current review focuses on the usage of hyphenated techniques for the determination and monitoring of OCPs in several matrices, such as milk—both animal and human milk. The lipid matrix of milk and dairy products favors the possible bioaccumulation of the above pollutants, and the complex matrix of the dairy products is a challenge for method development. Additionally, spectroscopic methods—mainly Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics—for biomonitoring of OCPs persistence, bioaccumulation, and effect of possible exposure, along with NMR usage in several methods developed, are also presented and discussed. Finally, we introduce and present the metabolomic approach for OCPs and other POPs in lipid matrices.

Efficient Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the Whey Protein Fraction from Bovine Milk

Studies were conducted to optimize the hydrolysis of the major whey proteins with the serine proteases Alcalase and Protozyme, and of the immunoglobulin fraction of colostrum with Alcalase. The protein-peptide composition of the enzymatic hydrolysates of whey and colostrum was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoresis data under denaturing conditions. The hydrolysis conditions, in conjunction with the application of a heat treatment of the substrate, were designed to enhance the efficiency of whey proteolysis using Protozyme. An increase in the proteolysis degree of the native immunoglobulin fraction of colostrum with Alcalase was also achieved. The results of the experimental work are intended for the production of a hypoallergenic protein component derived from bovine milk

The Influence of Word of Mouth, Product Quality, and Perception of Benefits on the Decision to Purchase, with Consumer Trust as a Mediator

Consuming milk is part of a healthy lifestyle for people worldwide, including in Indonesia. Among mammal milk types, goat's milk offers greater benefits. In Indonesia, the milk market, particularly for maintaining bone strength with high calcium content, is quite popular. The variety of goat milk products encourages consumers to assess them, influencing purchase interest and decisions. This research aims to determine the impact of word of mouth, product quality, and perceived benefits on Etawa Goat Milk purchasing decisions, with consumer trust as a mediator. The sample consisted of 150 active Etawa milk (Provit) consumers. Data was collected via questionnaires distributed through Google Forms using a 1-10 interval scale. Data analysis employed the Partial Least Squares approach using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that word of mouth, product quality, and perceived benefits positively influence purchasing decisions, mediated by consumer trust. This research provides insights into improving Etawa milk (Provit) product quality to enhance consumer purchasing decisions.

Probing structural modification of milk proteins in the presence of pepsin and/or acid using small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering

Acid- and pepsin-induced milk protein coagulation plays a crucial role in the gastric digestion of milk. Real-time structural evolution at a nano- (e.g. colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) and micelle) and micro- (gel network) level of unheated and heated (85 °C for 30 min) bovine milk was examined under acidic conditions and at low and high concentrations of pepsin using ultra-small- and small-angle neutron scattering (USANS and SANS), small-amplitude oscillatory rheometry and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Milk was treated with glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), pepsin or a combination of GDL and pepsin to induce coagulation. Heat-treated milk showed a faster increase in elastic storage modulus (G′) and scattering intensity (USANS and SANS) compared with unheated milk when coagulated with GDL or the combination of GDL and pepsin. At pH 6.3, heat treatment retarded pepsin (1.10 U/mL)-induced milk coagulation, with slower increases in G′ and scattering intensity. At a high concentration of pepsin (2000 U/mL) that mimics the concentration found in the stomach, general proteolysis followed coagulation. Heat treatment retarded coagulation but accelerated curd proteolysis. This study demonstrates how time-resolved USANS and SANS can be used to investigate the structural evolution of protein coagulation and degradation under gastric environment conditions at nano- and micro-metre length scales.

Improving the rheological properties of ultra-processed powdered goat milk beverage using texture additives.

This study aimed to investigate the static and dynamic rheological properties of an ultra-processed powdered goat milk beverage containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum (GG), and xanthan gum (XG), using a mixture design. Fourteen samples were evaluated, in addition to the original beverage. The flow curves classified the fluids as non-Newtonian and characterized all the reconstituted beverages with pseudoplastic behavior, precisely due to the addition of hydrocolloids that increased the viscosity, and the fresh beverage sample showed the behavior of a dilatant fluid. The stress sweep verified the changes in the storage module (G') and the loss module (G″), the G' ranged from 1.97 to 20.36 (Pa) and the G″ ranged from 5.94 to 11.30 (Pa), demonstrating that there was the formation of beverages with elastic and viscous behaviors. The results showed a synergistic effect between the texture improvers, and the formulations with GG identified a greater effect on the tension. The frequency sweep tests showed that the behavior of the samples was that of a weak gel; however, when subjected to a certain frequency, the values of G' exceeded the value of G″, becoming a sample with more elastic characteristics and consequently, presenting the behavior of a stronger gel. Finally, according to the data presented, it is assumed that formulations containing GG and xanthan gum may produce desirable consumer properties for the reconstituted goat milk drink. Samples with a higher concentration of GG exhibited improved rheological performance, characterized by greater consistency, increased resistance to tension, and higher viscosity at low frequencies. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The powdered goat milk drink is an innovative product that meets the demands of the food industry and consumers by offering a nutritious and sustainable beverage alternative.

Two major bovine milk whey proteins induce distinct responses in IEC-6 intestinal cells

Abstract α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) are major whey proteins in bovine milk. We studied the effects of these molecules on the intestinal cell response by comparing the native form with the denatured form containing oligomers obtained by treatment with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). We previously reported that proteins in native and TFE-treated forms exhibited cell growth stimulation and cytotoxicity, respectively, in undifferentiated rat crypt IEC-6 and human colon Caco-2 cells. However, neither whey protein showed cytotoxicity even in the TFE-treated form in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Only undifferentiated immature intestinal cells can distinguish between these native and denatured proteins. Moreover, α-LA and β-LG exhibited different oligomer formation characteristics during the TFE treatment. In the present study, we compared the effects of native and TFE-treated whey proteins on IEC-6 cells in more detail. The native forms of both whey proteins exhibited cell proliferative effects in a concentration-dependent manner. For the TFE-treated forms, α-LA showed rapid and potent cytotoxicity, whereas β-LG altered cell responses depending on its concentration and exposure time; lower concentration/shorter exposure and higher concentration/longer exposure induced cell growth stimulation and cytotoxicity, respectively. Pre-treatment of the cell membrane with cholesterol suppressed the effects on the cell response only in TFE-treated β-LG (TFE-β-LG). In a preliminary examination using inhibitors of signal transduction, TFE-treated α-LA acted on the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via Bcl-2-associated X and p53, whereas the action of TFE-LG did not require this pathway. Tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for the cell proliferation effect of both native whey proteins; however, native α-LA, but not native β-LG, also required activation of the pathway with selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase 2/3. In summary, the two major bovine milk whey proteins induced similar yet discrete responses in undifferentiated intestinal cells. Even when oligomers are formed, β-LG may be much less hazardous to immature intestinal cells than α-LA.

Proteomic and N-glycomic comparison of synthetic and bovine whey proteins and their effect on human gut microbiomes.

Advances in food production systems and customer acceptance have led to the commercial launch of dietary proteins produced via modern biotechnological approaches as alternatives to traditional agricultural sources. At the same time, a deeper understanding of how dietary components interact with the gut microbiome has highlighted the importance of understanding the nuances underpinning diet-microbiome interactions. Novel food proteins with distinct post-translational modifications resulting from their respective production systems have not been characterized, nor how they may differ from their traditionally produced counterparts. To address this, we have characterized the protein composition and N-glycome of a yeast-synthesized whey protein ingredient isolated from commercially available ice cream and compared this novel ingredient to whey protein powder isolate derived from bovine milk. We found that despite strong similarities in protein composition, the N-glycome significantly differs between these protein sources, reflecting the biosynthetic machinery of the production systems. Further, the composition profile and diversity of proteins found in the synthetic whey protein were lower relative to bovine whey protein, despite both being predominantly composed of β-lactoglobulin. Finally, to understand whether these differences in N-glycome profiles affected the human gut microbiome, we tested these proteins in an in vitro fecal fermentation model. We found that the two whey protein sources generated significant differences among three distinct microbial compositions, which we hypothesize is a product of differences in N-glycan composition and degradation by these representative microbial communities. This work highlights the need to understand how differences in novel biotechnological systems affect the bioactivity of these proteins, and how these differences impact the human gut microbiome.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals molecular insights into lactation dynamics in Jakhrana goat mammary gland

BackgroundGoat milk is gaining popularity as a superior alternative to bovine milk due to its closer resemblance to human milk. Understanding the molecular processes underlying lactation is crucial for improving milk quality and production in goats. However, the genetic mechanisms governing lactation in goats, particularly in indigenous breeds like the Jakhrana, remain largely unexplored.ResultsIn this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of Jakhrana goat mammary glands during early and late lactation stages. We isolated milk somatic cells and conducted RNA sequencing, followed by transcript quantification and mapping against the ARS1.2 Capra hircus reference assembly. Our analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and commonly expressed genes (CEGs) across the lactation phases. Early lactation showed enrichment of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and lubrication proteins, while late lactation exhibited heightened expression of genes encoding major milk proteins. Additionally, DEG analysis revealed upregulation of pivotal genes, such as the ABC transporter gene MRP4, implicated in modulating milk composition and quality.ConclusionOur findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying lactation dynamics in the Jakhrana goat. Understanding these mechanisms could help in improving milk production and quality in goats, benefiting both the dairy industry and consumers.

Functional whey-based drinks with grape pomace extract and fruit juice

Industrial waste leads to pollution and deterioration of the environment, as well as harming the living population and animals. Whey, being a by-product of milk processing, is a source of protein and nitrogenous compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, mineral supplements, vitamins, organic acids, enzymes and macro- and microelements. Amino acid content of whey is represented by amino acids of protein substances and free amino acids. The next valuable secondary raw material is grape pomace, which is practically not processed and becomes a factor of anthropogenic load, polluting the environment. Grape pomace has a rich chemical composition, especially a large number of phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties. Currently, there is a significant increase in the production and consumption of soft drinks with various additives, the composition of which is replete with unnecessary colors and flavors. The aim of the work is to use milk whey for the development of technology of drinks of functional purpose, which will directly increase the efficiency of its processing, as a secondary raw material in industrial production, as well as serve the purpose of improving the environmental situation in places where milk processing plants are located. In particular, the creation of functional drinks on the basis of milk whey with the addition of grape pomace, fruit juices and pectin, will enrich the milk drink with a complex of biologically active substances, trace elements, antioxidants, vitamins. Using organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters, two technologies of functional drinks based on milk whey with 25% Husein Black grape pomace extract, in the first 25% cherry and in the second 25% peach juices were developed. The first formulation demonstrated noteworthy macro- and microelement content, including calcium (12.10%), sodium (5.04%), magnesium (1.60%), phosphorus (7.31%), and potassium (24.61%). Similarly, the second formulation exhibited significant macro- and microelement composition, including calcium (9.50%), sodium (4.28%), magnesium (1.33%), phosphorus (6.37%), and potassium (21.91%). All microbiological indicators meet the requirements of GOST and indicate the absence of pathogenic microflora, which is one of the indicators of guaranteed sanitary well-being of the proposed products. The developed drinks have pleasant organoleptic indicators, high biological value and low cost price.

An interactive R-based custom quantification program for semi-quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols in bovine milk.

The R programming language, RStudio, and open-source software solutions for analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data have been used with user-written R-based custom quantification programs (CQP) for semi-quantification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in bovine milk lipid extracts. Using the peak-finding capabilities of the package "xcms" in RStudio, peaks were integrated, and retention times aligned, normalized, and then used for semi-quantitative analysis of a custom set of four extraction internal standards (EISs) and 29 TAG regioisomers using the choice of four analytical internal standards (AISs). Alternating stereospecific numbering (sn) 1,3 TAG regioisomers (standards 1, 3, and 5 of six calibration standards) and sn-1,2 TAG regioisomers (standards 2, 4, and 6 of six standards) were used to make a set of six calibration standards, which were used for quantification using a linear fit model, polynomial fit model, power fit model, level-bracketed linear fit, replicate-bracketed polynomial fit, replicate-bracketed power fit, and replicate- and level-bracketed linear fit and response factors. For example, the linear fit for EIS1 gave an unacceptable coefficient of determination (CoD), r2 = 0.9616, whereas the polynomial fit gave r2 = 0.9908 and the power fit gave r2 = 0.9928, while the double-bracketed linear fit gave CoDs of r2 = 0.9960, 0.9848, and 0.9781 for the three brackets, yet gave the least % difference to known calibration concentrations. For unparalleled transparency, the CQP produced webpages that allowed every step in the data processing and quantification sequence to be verified and reproduced, and contained interactive figures. The data are publicly available using a digital object identifier (DOI). The R code can be downloaded and used with the downloadable data to reproduce the results, to modify the code and further customize the results, or to copy and paste and adapt the code to other quantification applications.