Dairy Industry Wastewater Research Articles

Pollution reduction and electricity production from dairy industry wastewater with microbial fuel cell.

Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was implemented to select optimum values of process parameters and to attain the maximum removal of pollutants and power generation from dairy industry wastewater using double chambered salt bridge microbial fuel cell. The maximum chemical oxygen demand reduction, current, voltage, power, current density and power density in double chambered salt bridge microbial fuel cell from dairy industry wastewater was found to be 86.30 %, 16.10 mA, 886.34 mV, 14.27 mW, 1219.69 mA/m2 and 1081.06 mW/m2 respectively for the optimum value of 1M NaCl concentration, 10 % agar concentration and 0.10 m salt bridge length. Double chambered salt bridge microbial fuel cell was not only removed chemical oxygen demand and produced power, but it also removed other pollutants at the maximum level against the best optimum value of process parameters from the dairy industry wastewater. The proposed regression model was used to select the right combination of process parameters for obtaining a maximum reduction of pollutants and simultaneous power production from the dairy industry wastewater.

The Use of Montmorillonite, A Natural Coagulant, for The Treatment of Whey by Coagulation/Flocculation Method

Bu çalışmada süt endüstrisi atıksularından kaynaklanan peyniraltı suyunun koagülasyon/flokülasyon yöntemiyle kimyasal arıtımı amaçlanmıştır. Peyniraltı suyunun kimyasal arıtımı, jar testi deneyleriyle yürütülerek en iyi pH aralığında optimum koagülant cinsi ve dozu belirlenmiştir. pH (4,0-8,5) ve koagülant dozunun (0,25-2,0 g/L) KOİ (kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı) giderim verimine etkisini incelemek üzere kesikli deneyler yapılmıştır. Koagülant olarak demir sülfat, alüminyum sülfat (alum) ve kil (montmorillonit) kullanılmıştır. Optimum koagülant dozu 1,0 g/L ve pH 7,0 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kil, alum+kil, demirsülfat+kil için sırasıyla %88, %91 ve %92 KOİ giderim verimi ve %89, %93 ve %95 AKM (askıda katı madde) giderim verimi elde edilmiştir. Yapılan kimyasal arıtma deneylerinde montmorillonitin diğer koagülantlarla birlikte ön arıtım amacıyla kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak su kirliliği kontrol yönetmeliğinde belirtilen deşarj standartları sağlanamadığı için kimyasal arıtımın sadece kendinden sonraki ünitenin yükünü hafifleteceği tespit edilmiştir.

The importance of the calcium-to-magnesium ratio for phytoremediation of dairy industry wastewater using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L.

Lemnaceae are being exploited to remediate a variety of different wastewaters. Our aim was to remediate dairy processing waste, which is produced in large amounts, and contains valuable plant nutrients, for example, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and iron. However, initial trials failed to establish the growth of Lemna minor on this medium. A lack of growth can be due to a lack of essential plant nutrients, or the presence of phytotoxic ingredients. In this study we show that not just nutrient concentrations, but also the ratios between them can be important in facilitating growth. Lab-scale experiments in which L. minor were grown on 100 mL of synthetic dairy industry wastewater demonstrated that the skewed Ca:Mg ratio in synthetic wastewater is a key obstacle to good growth. Experiments showed that a ratio which favors magnesium over calcium negatively affects L. minor growth and photosynthetic yield, leading to RGRs as low as 0.05 day−1. A change in this ratio to favor calcium, through the addition of calcium sulfate, leads to RGRs of 0.2–0.3 day−1. Experiments lead us to conclude that a Ca:Mg ratio of 1:1.6 or greater is necessary for L. minor growth, and therefore phytoremediation of dairy industry processing wastewater.

Electrocoagulation using zinc electrodes for dairy industry wastewater treatment

Electrocoagulation using zinc electrodes for dairy industry wastewater treatment

Temperature dependent morphological changes on algal growth and cell surface with dairy industry wastewater: an experimental investigation.

In the present study, influence of temperature and dairy industry waste water (DIWW) concentration on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa has been done along with the thermodynamic analysis of different functions viz. change in enthalpy (∆H), change in entropy (∆S), free energy change (∆G), and activation energy (E a) to study the impact on cell size distribution and morphological changes. Among the studied temperatures, higher biomass productivity was observed at 35°C at 75% of DIWW. Thermodynamic analysis showed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of growth of C. pyrenoidosa. Experimental data have significantly proven the kinetic and thermodynamics functions with 35°C temperature, ∆H (- 46.78kJmol-1), ∆S (- 0.10kJmol-1), ∆G (- 14.8kJmol-1), and E a (49.28kJmol-1). At this temperature, size distribution showed maximum percentage (48%) cells were of 6540nm, whereas the minimum percentage (3%) cells were of 2750nm. SEM-EDX study revealed that increase in temperature leads to increase in roughness and elemental deposition of metal on cell surface.

Süt Endüstrisi Atıksularının Kimyasal Arıtımının Yanıt Yüzey Yöntemi ile Optimizasyonu

Bu çalışmada, yüksek kirletici yükleri ile karakterize edilen süt endüstrisi atıksularının kimyasal arıtımı amaçlanmıştır. Arıtımda koagülant olarak demir III klorür (FeCl3.6H2O) ve alüminyum sülfat (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) kullanılmış, her iki koagülant için optimizasyon metodu olarak yanıt yüzey yönteminin (YYY) merkezi kompozit tasarımı (MKT) uygulanarak atıksudan kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) ve askıda katı madde (AKM) giderimleri incelenmiştir. Yöntem yardımıyla KOİ ve AKM giderim verimlerinin hesaplanabileceği denklemler elde edilmiş, arıtma prosesini etkileyen en önemli parametreler ortaya konularak giderimleri maksimum yapan şartlar belirlenmiştir. Demir III klorür ile yapılan çalışmalarda KOİ ve AKM giderim verimlerini maksimum yapan şartlar; pH: 7.41, doz: 158.579 mg L-1 elde edilmiş ve bu şartlarda KOİ ve AKM giderim verimleri sırasıyla %80.84 ve %98.10 olmuştur. Alüminyum sülfat (alüm) ile yapılan çalışmalarda KOİ ve AKM giderim verimlerini maksimum yapan şartlar; pH: 7.29, doz: 197.475 mg L-1 elde edilmiş ve bu şartlarda KOİ ve AKM giderim verimleri ise sırasıyla %73.33 ve %96.21 olmuştur.

Sustainable and clean treatment of industrial wastewater with microbial fuel cell

Abstract Industries play a vital role in nation advancement. The increase in the number of the industry also results in Energy and Environmental disturbances. Several industries need a lot of energy and freshwater for their processing and discharge a large amount of wastewater. This wastewater cannot be discharged directly to the surrounding or else bring a major problem to the nearby surrounding environment. So an investigation has been done to utilize the different industrial effluent for energy generation. The main aim of this research work is to employ the sugar industry, brewery industry, dairy industry and leather industry wastewater for microbial fuel cell feed. Different types of anode and cathode catalysts have been used with a different combination of monosaccharide's, nitrogen and amino acid electricity sources. At most favourable condition maximum 1.4 ​V open voltage ((current ​= ​23.66 ​mA and power density ​= ​5.1 ​mW/m2)), 51% chemical oxygen demand, 20 ​ml methane gas, was achieved at 20.5 ​°C temperature, 6.9 pH and Nafion cation exchanger.

Simultaneous biohydrogen (H2) and bioplastic (poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-PHB) productions under dark, photo, and subsequent dark and photo fermentation utilizing various wastes

The present study is focused on bio hydrogen (H2) and bioplastic (i.e., poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; PHB) productions utilizing various wastes under dark fermentation, photo fermentation and subsequent dark-photo fermentation. Potential bio H2 and PHB producing microbes were enriched and isolated. The effects of substrate (rice husk hydrolysate, rice straw hydrolysate, dairy industry wastewater, and rice mill wastewater) concentration (10–100%) and pH (5.5–8.0) were examined in the batch mode under the dark and photo fermentation conditions. Using 100% rice straw hydrolysate at pH 7, the maximum bio H2 (1.53 ± 0.04 mol H2/mol glucose) and PHB (9.8 ± 0.14 g/L) were produced under dark fermentation condition by Bacillus cereus. In the subsequent dark-photo fermentation, the highest amounts of bio H2 and PHB were recorded utilizing 100% rice straw hydrolysate (1.82 ± 0.01 mol H2/mol glucose and 19.15 ± 0.25 g/L PHB) at a pH of 7.0 using Bacillus cereus (KR809374) and Rhodopseudomonas rutila. The subsequent dark-photo fermentative bio H2 and PHB productions obtained using renewable biomass (i.e., rice husk hydrolysate and rice straw hydrolysate) can be considered with respect to the sustainable management of global energy sources and environmental issues.

Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater Using Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket/Activated Sludge Reactors

Bu çalışmada süt endüstrisi atıksularını yukarı akışlı çamur yataklı anaerobik reaktör (UASB) ve aktif çamur reaktör sistemleri kullanılarak altı aylık süre boyunca arıtım verimleri incelenmiştir. Arıtılabilirlik çalışmalarında atıksular önce UASB reaktöre sonra aktif çamur reaktör sistemlerine verilmiştir. Her bir reaktör ve sistemden çıkan sular için 5 günlük biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ5), toplam organik karbon (TOK) ve askıda katı madde (AKM) parametreleri incelenmiştir. Çıkış atıksuyunda BOİ5, TOK ve AKM parametrelerinde elde edilen arıtma verimleri sırasıyla %99,33, %94,55 ve %89,23 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde süt endüstrisi atıksularının UASB ve aktif çamur reaktörleri ile etkin bir şekilde arıtılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

A65 Characterization of endolysin gene of bacteriophages infecting Listeria spp. isolated from dairy industry wastewater

Bacteriophages and their endolysins, enzymes that degrade the cell walls of bacteria, are emerging as alternative tools to detect and inhibit growth of pathogen bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a serious invasive disease that affects both humans and a wide range of animals. Listeria spp. are ubiquitous in the dairy farm environment and could be present in dairy-processing plants and wastewater. All Listeria-specific bacteriophages found to date are members of the Caudovirales, of the Siphoviridae or Myoviridae families. Myophages infecting Listeria have been recently classified by the ICTV in the Spounavirinae subfamily, as well as in the P100 virus genus. The aim of this work was to isolate Listeria spp. bacteriophages and their endolysin codifying genes from wastewater of a dairy industry. Wastewater with and without treatment was sampled during the course of a year, and isolation of bacteriophages was performed after an enrichment step using as hosts L. innocua, L. ivanovii, and L. monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Bacteriophages infecting L. innocua and L. ivanovii were isolated (n = 24) from 3 out of 12 samples. Bacteriophages were purified, and the host range was determined using spot test and EOP against five collection strains and several field isolates of Listeria spp. Two bacteriophages of narrow and broad host range, vB_Lino_VEfB7, and vB_Liva_VAfA18, were selected for further characterization. High titer stocks of bacteriophages were purified by centrifugation with ammonium acetate, and morphological information on the purified bacteriophages was obtained by negative staining and transmission electronic microscopy. Their morphology, size, and contractile tails indicated that these bacteriophages belonged to the Myoviridae family. Bacteriophage genomes were extracted using phenol-chloroform, followed by ethanol precipitation, and tested by digestion with RNAsa A and DNAse I. RFLP was performed, digesting genomes with restriction enzymes HindIII and NcoI. Consistent with the morphological findings, bacteriophages contained dsDNA genomes but showed different RFLP patterns. A PCR designed to amplify conserved domains of endolysins—PGRP and CwlA—was applied to characterize this gene. Another PCR was designed to amplify the complete endolysin gene, and the complete sequence of this gene was obtained and analyzed. Substitution model selection and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the endolysin gene was carried out using IQ-Tree software. The sequences of the endolysin gene indicated that the codified enzyme is an N-acetyl-muramoyl-L-alanine amidase, related to A511 and P100 species of the recently described P100virus genus. Further evolutionary analyses are needed to evaluate their belonging to this species or their taxonomy within this genus.

Simultaneous production of bioelectricity and biogas from chicken droppings and dairy industry wastewater employing bioelectrochemical system

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) provide an opportunity for COD removal in wastewater while generating electricity simultaneously. Previous studies have shown simultaneously wastewater treatment and hydrogen gas generation through catalytic reactions of microorganism under anaerobic condition. However, in this study, BES is developed to produce biogas instead of hydrogen from different compositions of wastewater while generating electricity. Dual chamber is designed and kept anaerobically over a period of 20 days in a temperature controlled (35 °C) anaerobic chamber. Wastewater of dairy milk industry is used along with chicken droppings as an organic substrate. BES is operated using three different substrate compositions designated as BES-A, BES-B and BES-C. The performance of BES having microbial bio-anode based on a hydrogen-philic methanogenic culture, capable of reducing CO2 and H+ into CH4 by gaining of electrons from cathode is investigated. The highest volume production rate of biogas upto 65 cm3/day in BES-A is obtained as compared to 45 and 37.5 cm3/day in BES-B and BES-C, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry analysis showed that the range of open circuit voltage (−800 to −1225 mV) is highest in BES-A due to the bio-catalytic activities. Moreover, the maximum volume of biogas, electric current, open circuit voltage, current density, power density and COD removal are obtained as 730 cm3, 0.57 mA, −1225 mV, 0.035 mA/cm2 and 43.29 mW/cm2 and 74.19%, respectively in BES-A, after 12 days of hydrolytic retention time. The electricity produced by the cell itself is utilized as cathodic potential for enhancing the efficiency of biogas production. The required potential for the production of biogas is −1400 to −1800 mV. However, the designed BES itself generated −800 to –1225 mV, out of which only −600 mV is supplied through the external source of battery to maintain the required voltage for biogas production. The extra voltage of ∼600 mV can be generated from produced biogas to develop a self-sustained system for wastewater treatment.

Production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) from a dairy industry wastewater using Bacillus subtilis EPAH18: Bioprocess development and simulation

The production of biopolymers such as poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) from renewable resources has gained revived attention; although, fermenting media cost affects the production price. Whilst cheese whey (CW) is an alternative source of nutrients it is managed as wastewater in rural dairy factories. Thus, this can serve as a low-cost fermenting media improving the economics of PHB production. The aim of this work is to develop the fermentation conditions for enhanced Bacillus subtilis EPAH18 PHB biosynthesis and evaluate the economics of the bioprocess by process simulation. Shake flask fermentations performed in order to identify improved PHB biosynthesis conditions were obtained at 37 °C, 24 h of fermentation, 200 rpm, 0.5% (w/v) ammonium sulphate and an inoculum of 5% (v/v). PHB biosynthesis was scaled-up to a batch bioreactor where the optimized fermentation conditions were an agitation of 500 rpm, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 17.5/1 and pH of 7.6. The highest values of PHB production and yield (YP/S) were 0.54 g/L and 0.057 g/g respectively. The bioprocess was competitive at 1000 ton/h CW feed achieving a PHB production cost of 10.2 US$/kg. It can be concluded that CW could be exploited as a platform for a PHB biorefinery.

Applications of Sequencing Batch Reactor in the Degradation of Dairy Industry Wastewater

Biodegradation using sequencing batch reactor is one of the best method of treating the wastewater from the diary industries. Milk and milk based products has become most essential and important role in day-to-day life of human. The raw milk undergoes various processing in dairy industries to produce other milk based products. The large quantities of water and other chemicals are required in a diary plant. The volume of water used in a diary industry varies with respect to the availability of water, processing method and type of flow. The waste water after every step of processing is discharged into either the natural water bodies or to the environment which alters the ecological balance. This research work on the laboratory scale model is used for the analysis and treatment of dairy industry wastewater. The parameters studied are the biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, pH and other substances present in the diary waste water. In this study, biodegradation of dairy wastewater was investigated under a sequencing batch reactor under aerobic conditions. It is performed on three different phases with variable reaction time to study the reductions in BOD, COD and other parameters respectively.

Optimization of nutrients from wastewater using RSMfor augmentation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with enhanced lipid productivity, FAME content, and its quality assessment using fuel quality index

This experimental study was framed with an objective to optimize the nutrients ((dairy industry wastewater (DIWW), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO4−3)) using response surface methodology (RSM) with Chlorella to investigate biomass and lipid with FAME content. Quality of obtained bio-oil was also indexed on scale of fuel quality parameters. Three variables were tested with 20 interactions between these variables, and their affects were statistically studied using central composite design. Biomass and lipid concentration with FAME content varied between 0.59 to 1.54 g L−1, 19.81 to 34.54%, and 69.32 to 82.78%, respectively, for different combinations of operating variables. Interactive effects of combined nutrients were also studied in combination, and the best biomass and lipid productivity was noticed with NO3− + PO4−3 in comparison to others, whereas the best FAME content (85.23%) was observed with DIWW + NO3. FTIR analysis showed variation in the spectra with different selected combinations with 1.7-fold increase in the lipid content in respect to control. Qualitative assessment of parameters ranges in between 0.74 and 1.01 mg KOH/g for acid value (AV), 152.34–187.24 mg KOH/g for saponification value (SV), 135.39–143.95-mg I2/100 g oil for iodine value (IN), whereas cetane value (CN) was found in between 43.06 and 50.31 and higher heating values (HHVs)) almost 45 MJ kg−1. Crude bio-oil’s quality was compared with the fuel quality index (FQI), where S4 quality sample (59.12) was found significantly compatible with the commercial biodiesel.

Salvinia auriculata in post-treatment of dairy industry wastewater

The present study aimed to evaluate the aquatic macrophyte Savinia auriculata in post-treatment of wastewater from a dairy industry. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between February and March 2015. A batch system was used, each reactor was composed of polyethylene and had capacity of 250 liters of post-treated effluent. Every seven days, pH, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand and series of solids (total, fixed and volatile) were determined in the wastewater. Besides that, the concentration of macro and micronutrients (P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) were determined in the wastewater and in plant tissue before and after the experiment. The results showed efficiency in the decrease of N, P, turbidity, pH, solids (ST, SF) and inefficiency in the reduction of volatile solids in the wastewater. The concentration of COD, Ca, Mn, Mg, and Fe increased at the end of the experiment. Due to the absorption of some nutrients such as N and P it is possible to conclude that Salvinia auriculata is a good option for the post-treatment of the wastewater from dairy industry. However, plant senescence promotes the elevation of some elements in the effluent because in this process, nutrients that were previously retained in the plant tissue are inserted into the wastewater again. Because of this it is necessary to remove plants of the reactor in the beginning of the process of senescence.

Comparison between Two Techniques for Dairy Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant

Comparison between Two Techniques for Dairy Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant

Advanced treatment of dairy industrial wastewater using vertical flow constructed wetlands

Advanced treatment of dairy industrial wastewater using vertical flow constructed wetlands

Grey water footprint of a dairy industry wastewater treatment plant: a comparative study

Abstract Available fresh water demand of a growing population is a fundamental concern of water resource sustainability. Dairy industry wastewater treatment plants have been considered a major polluter due to the high organic content and large wastewater discharges. Grey water footprint (GWF) was developed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN) as a measure of the water pollution loading. In this study, four treatment scenarios including no treatment process (Scenario-1), primary treatment using Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) (Scenario-2), secondary treatment using DAF and a Upflow Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor (Scenario-3), and a DAF and UASB with a reuse application applying reverse osmosis (RO) (Scenario-4) have been studied for a full-scale dairy industry wastewater treatment plant. For these four scenarios, GWF assessment was undertaken using the WFN method by taking into consideration three pollutant parameters, chemical oxygen demand (COD), fats, oil and grease (FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS). The results show that the GWF of Scenario-4 for COD was lowest with the value of −5,609 m3/d and Scenario-1 has the highest GWF for TSS with the value of 41,026 m3/d. According to the assessment results, reuse applications decrease the GWF values.

Biohydrogen production from dairy industry wastewater in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor

The present study evaluated the influence of organic loading rate in biohydrogen production from dairy wastewater in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor inoculated by natural fermentation of the wastewater used during the operational period. The support material for biomass adhesion was shredded tire. The reactor had a working volume of 908.4 cm3. Biohydrogen production was evaluated using three different organic loading rates (OLR) of 28.7 kgCOD m−³d−1, 53.2 kgCOD m−³d−1 e 101,7 kgCOD m−³d−1 corresponding to the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 8 h (2.7 L d−1), 6 h (3.6 L d−1) and 4 h (5.4 L d−1), respectively. The hydrogen yield decreased with increasing organic loading rate (OLR) from 2.56 ± 0.62 mol H2 mol carbohydrate−1 to 0.95 ± 0.28 mol H2 mol carbohydrate−1 as the OLR increased from 28.65 kgCOD m−³d−1 to 95.76 kgCOD m−³d−1. The hydrogen content in the biogas (volume of H2/ volume of biogas) produced and the highest volumetric production were respectively 35.72 ± 9.43% and 0.80 ± 0.21 LH2 h−1 L−1 obtained when the OLR was 53.25 ± 7.81 kgCOD m−³d−1. The main metabolites produced were acetic acid (67.15%-87.42%) and ethanol (6.01%-13.09%). Increasing the applied OLR also caused an increase in bacterial diversity as evidenced by the highest value of the Shannon-Wiener index (2.811) corresponding to the operational phase of the highest OLR (95.76 ± 29.10 kgCOD m−³d−1).

Using vegetable tannin and polyaluminium chloride as coagulants for dairy wastewater treatment: A comparative study

The aim of this work was to compare the performance of tannin and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the coagulation process for dairy industry wastewater. The conditions of coagulation/flocculation with regards to the dosage, pH, velocity gradient and slow-mixing time were optimized and some parameters such as floc aggregation (KA) and breakage (KB) coefficients were computed. Additionally, it was carried out a thermogravimetric analysis of the obtained sludge for both coagulants. The results showed no statistical differences between the performance of the two coagulants based on chemical oxygen demand, colour, turbidity and total solids removal. Particularly, the PAC showed higher alkalinity consumption and increased the electrical conductivity of the clarified wastewater, while tannin showed good performance within a wider pH, ranging from 5.0 to 10.0. Moreover, although the greatest KA values were observed for PAC usage, the tannin use presented higher resistance to floc breakage during the slow-mixing time. The obtained sludge from the experiments using tannin accounted for higher volatile solids and fixed carbon, and lower ash content when compared to PAC. In conclusion, tannin is a promising alternative for dairy wastewater treatment regarding its process performance and wastewater treatment residuals management.