Daily Work Activities Research Articles

Prediction of hypertension risk as an occupational health disease in palm oil factory workers at Gandapura District, Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: Hypertension is a condition where the pressure in the blood vessels increases continuously. Stress, a risk factor for hypertension, can be caused by a person's workload exceeding the normal time limit. A job that exceeds the normal time limit can trigger work fatigue so that can affect aspects of mental, physical and work time. There is a relationship between mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio measurements with blood pressure in working men and women. Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. The prevalence of hypertension in palm oil factory workers is 18.4%, caused by the risk factors of smoking, obesity and waist circumference ratio. The research will be carried out at the palm oil factory, Bireuen Regency. Sampling was carried out by means of simple random sampling on selected subjects using a cross-sectional design. The end result of this study is a formula for predicting the risk of hypertension in palm oil factory workers. The study aims to make predictions of risk factors for hypertension as an occupational health disease in palm oil factory workers. Patients and methods: Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. The research will be carried out at the palm oil factory in Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out by means of simple random sampling on selected subjects using a cross-sectional design. Results: There is a relationship between BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio measurements with blood pressure in working men and women. Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. Conclusion: Most of the oil palm workers were male, had a university education, were married, the amount of income was according to the minimum wage and below the minimum wage, they did not smoke, were physically active, and all workers were not stressed. . Based on the risk of hypertension, the average age of the respondents was 34.4 years, blood pressure was above normal, Body Mass Index was in the overweight category and waist circumference was above normal limits.

Lower Creatine Kinase, IL-6 Levels and Femoral Offset Values Lead to Better Outcome Harris Hip Score Post Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty Surgery Day 14 and Day 30

Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty (HA) procedure allows patients after a neck femur fracture to be able to perform early mobilization. Hence complications due to prolonged bed rest could be prevented. Early mobilization should be achieved immediately after bipolar HA surgery. There are several factors affecting early mobilization in patients, some of which include tissue damage during surgery (creatine kinase), inflammatory status of patients (IL-6) and implant position (femoral offset). This study aims to show whether lower levels of creatine kinase, IL-6 and femoral offset can result in better Harris Hip Score following Bipolar HA surgery day 14 and day 30. By knowing the influencing factors, it is hoped that more accurate management could be carried out. Thus, the outcome parameters of early mobilization in the form of returning to daily life and work activities are getting better and the risk of complications can be avoided. This study compared the Harris Hip Score (HHS) in patients who'd already had Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty using a prospective cohort study design (Bipolar HA) who met the inclusion criteria at the Central General Hospital (RSUP) Prof I.G.N.G Ngoerah Denpasar and provided them informed consent. In order to do descriptive analysis, normality and homogeneity tests, and proportion comparison analysis, the research data was entered into a research sheet and processed using a computer and the SPSS for Windows version 26 program. In this study, the sample data (n=32) was not normally distributed. Lower levels of IL-6 (< 15 pg/ml), and FO values ​​(​​< 42.5 mm) resulted in better HHS values ​​in patients following Bipolar HA surgery day-14. Additionally, lower levels of CK (< 75 U/L), IL-6 (< 15 pg/ml), and FO values (​​< 42.5 mm) ​​resulted in better HHS values ​​in patients following bipolar HA surgery on day-30. Chi-Square analysis showed that the results of CK levels day-14 were statistically insignificant (p= 0.072>0.05), while the results of CK levels day-30 were statistically significant (p=0.033<0.05). Moreover, chi-Square analysis showed that the results of day-14 and day-30 were statistically significant on IL-6 levels (p-0.016<0.05 and p= 0.015<0.05), and FO values (p= 0.012<0.05 and p-0.033<0.05). It is concluded that lower levels of IL-6, and FO values resulted in better HHS values in patients following Bipolar HA surgery day-14. Additionally, lower levels of CK, IL-6, and FO values resulted in better HHS values in patients following bipolar HA surgery on day-30.

An Investigation of Cybersecurity Issues of Remote Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia

COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the public life style as well as the daily work activities across the world. This indeed has led both public and private sectors to attempt to adapt thereby shifting to remote work and adopting and enabling new technologies and online services in order to sustain their businesses while saving people lives. Unfortunately, a decent number of those endeavors have been undertaken unwarily in a hurry without taking the due diligence of all relevant aspects including cybersecurity and privacy. This survey aims at exploring the current state of the practice during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown and the revolving challenges of using and publishing online services in Saudi Arabia. It also investigates the needs for investment in the cybersecurity field which would increase the trust on and reliability of them; and thus encouraging organizations to move confidently towards the real digital transformation.

Ergonomics Postural Risk Assessment and Observational Techniques in the 21st Century

Workers in various industries where materials are handled manually are at a higher risk of suffering musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and related body pains. These workers experience various occupational diseases due to the awkward working postures they take during tasks. Some of these work postures include sitting (for long period), lifting, body twisting, or bending. This review studied the various body postures and material handling tasks employed during daily work activities by workers. The occupational hazard in human tasks, general survey of postures in human tasks, body parts involved in human tasks, assessment of occupational risk factors and various approaches to modification have also been reviewed. The review concluded with suggestions on possible ergonomic intervention that could alleviate the risk factors caused by these awkward body postures.

The Interplay of Human Resource Practices and Employee Innovative Behavior in Employee Performance

The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the global economy with lockdown measures and reduced economic activity. This study investigates the relationship between employee innovative behavior, HR practices implementation, and performance at one of the biggest car distributors in Indonesia. The study determines the impact of employee's innovative ideas in daily work activities and changes in HR practices on the company's recent performance improvements. The research uses a quantitative approach by using a questionnaire of 120 employee respondents and applying the PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modeling) to analyze the data. The result shows that employee's innovative behavior and HR practices significantly influence employee performance.

REAÇÕES SOBRE A APTIDÃO FÍSICA DESENCADEADAS PELO TREINO DE FORÇA DO CORE EM JOGADORES DE BASQUETE MASCULINO UNIVERSITÁRIO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Good physical fitness refers to the ability of the human body to perform daily study and work activities effectively without fatigue. The physical quality of men’s basketball players is one of the essential factors affecting the team’s performance. Core strength training refers to the work of the stabilization-related muscle groups located at the meeting of the base of the trunk, spine, pelvis, and lower limbs of the human body. It is believed that core strength training can help improve the basketball player’s athletic physical conditioning. Objective: This study aims to explore the reactions that core strength training can provoke on physical fitness in male college basketball players. Methods: Delphi method, principal component and factor analysis, R-type cluster analysis, and professional logic analysis were used to study the physical fitness quality of male college basketball players. Results: The test indicators and methods selected in this paper can reflect the fitness level of athletes. There was no significant difference in speed, flexibility and lower body strength of athletes in different defense position, forward position and center position (P>0.05). The fitness level of athletes after core strength training was significantly improved (P<0.05). Conclusion: Core strength training can improve fundamental skills of basketball players, such as fast dribbling and short-duration running at high intensity. College male basketball players were shown to improve their indicators of physical fitness and overall physical conditioning. The results of this research provide a verified protocol that justifies its inclusion in the training of college male basketball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Penilaian Risiko Ergonomi Pada Lingkungan Kerja Perkantoran Menggunakan Metode Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA)

Computerization has entered almost all fields of work, one of which is the office workstations. The interaction of workers with computers in daily work activities cannot be avoided from various problems, one of which is the problem of employee occupational safety and health. Ergonomic hazards and risks that arise from work that requires interacting with computers are caused by workers doing repetitive work with high intensity with awkward postures and without being supported by an appropriate work environment. PT XYZ is a type of finance or financing company. All activities in the completion of work in the operational department use a computer. From the observation results, it was found that there was the use of office equipment that did not meet the rules and awkward posture of workers, and improper arrangement of the workplace. This study aims to assess the ergonomic risks that exist in the operational department with the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method. The ROSA method is used to measure the interaction of workers on area workstations. The assessment is divided into three sections. Section A, the interaction of workers with chairs; section B, the interaction of workers with monitors and telephones; and section C, the interaction of workers with the mouse and keyboard. The final results of the measurement will be classified in four levels: low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk. The results showed that the workplace in the operational section of PT XYZ was included in the high category. The high risk of ergonomics is due to the condition of the chair that does not meet the rules of ergonomic.
 
 Keywords: Ergonomic; Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA); Office Work Stations

Population-Level Trends in Adult Pain Treatments, 2011-2019

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To (i) compare the annual utilization of nonpharmacologic pain treatments versus prescription opioids among cancer-free adults, (ii) estimate the annual use of acupuncture, chiropractic care, massage therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy, (iii) determine whether calendar year was associated with treatment type, and (iv) explore whether pain treatments varied by pain severity. <h3>Design</h3> A trend analysis of 2011-2019 cross-sectional data. <h3>Setting</h3> Outpatient pain treatments were derived from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. <h3>Participants</h3> We included U.S. adults (age ≥ 18) with self-reported pain limiting their daily work or household activities according to the Veteran's RAND-12. Participants were excluded if they had a 3-digit International Classification of Disease 9 (140-239) or 10 (C00-D49) code for cancer because cancer pain calls for different prescribing practices. <h3>Interventions</h3> Not applicable. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The primary outcome was the annual prevalence of mutually exclusive pain treatments (opioids only, vs. nonpharmacologic alternatives only, vs. both, vs. none). A secondary outcome was the annual prevalence of any acupuncture, chiropractic care, massage therapy, occupational therapy, or physical therapy. <h3>Results</h3> Overall, 73,396 unweighted respondents were included. Analyses were stratified by whether respondents underwent surgery (20.5% weighted) or not (79.5% weighted) in the year of their pain treatment. After controlling for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, health conditions, and pain severity, the use of prescription opioids alone decreased in 2019 (non-surgical, adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR], 0.74; [95% CI, 0.63-0.86]; surgical, aOR, 0.59; [95% CI, 0.47-0.74]) compared to 2011. Meanwhile, nonpharmacologic treatments increased in 2019 (non-surgical, aOR, 1.75; [95% CI, 1.49-2.05]; surgical, aOR, 1.82; [95% CI, 1.38-2.41]) compared to 2011. Chiropractic care and physical therapy were the most common nonpharmacologic treatment providers. Nonpharmacologic treatments did not vary based on pain severity. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The prevalence of nonpharmacologic treatments increased while prescription opioid use declined following policy and practice changes during the past decade. Nonpharmacologic pain treatments may be appropriate for all degrees of pain severity. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No conflicts of interest have been reported.

Triangulation study of needs assessment of people with severe mental illness in "follow-up" day hospital settings.

The aim of research was to assess the needs of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) attending follow-up day hospital (DH) programmes from the patients', relatives' and experts' perspective. This triangulation research relies on three sources of information and two techniques of data collection. Qualitative research was conducted comprising semi-structured interviews (n=15) and focus groups (n=4) in three sequential rounds, triangulating patients', relatives' and experts' views. A content analysis was carried out. Study reveals a diverse spectrum of needs of SMI patients in follow-up DH programmes. The analysis yielded six themes: optimal daily functioning, work and educational activities, social network inclusion, continuous treatment, support and guidance, long-term care. DH programmes should assess the needs of patients with SMI and be adapted according to the findings. In addition to clinical treatment, requirements for continuous treatment, psychological and social needs, therapeutic relationship in less-restrictive settings should be considered.

Knowledge “hiding and seeking” during the pandemic: who really wins in the new normal?

Purpose The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe economic downturn. Employees working in these organisations face employment uncertainty. The pandemic disrupted their daily routines, and it added a layer of complexity to the already resource-constrained environment. During these times, employees would conserve their resources to maintain competitiveness, one of which is knowledge hiding. While economic activities are resuming, the appearance of new variants could mean the transition towards endemicity could be put on hold. Hence, there is a need to rethink the behaviour of employees as they would have elevated levels of anxiety towards resuming daily work activities. Therefore, this study aims to address the question of understanding employees’ perspectives toward knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, social learning theory and the social exchange theory (SET), a conceptual framework involving ethical leadership was developed to examine if knowledge hiding or knowledge sharing behaviour is a resource for employees during these times. The partial least squares method of structural equation modelling was used to analyse results from 271 white-collar employees from Singapore. Findings The results show that ethical leadership encourages knowledge sharing but does not reduce knowledge hiding. At the same time, knowledge hiding, not knowledge sharing, improves one’s perception of work performance. Additionally, psychological safety is the key construct that reduces knowledge hiding and encourages sharing behaviour. Originality/value Overall, this study extends the theories, demonstrating that, first and foremost, knowledge hiding is a form of resource that provides employees with an added advantage in work performance during the endemic. At the same time, we provide a new perspective that ethical leaders’ demonstration of integrity, honesty and altruism alone is insufficient to encourage knowledge sharing or reduce knowledge hiding. It must lead to a psychologically safe environment.

Healthcare Workers' Mental Health in Pandemic Times: The Predict Role of Psychosocial Risks

BackgroundHealthcare workers perform an emotionally exhausting daily work activity, making them prone to occupational hazards, namely psychosocial ones. This study aims to assess the impact of psychosocial risk factors on healthcare workers' mental health. MethodsA cross-sectional study was developed between May and June of 2021 with 479 healthcare workers from Portuguese hospitals. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used to assess mental health, and psychosocial risks were assessed through the Health and Work Survey – INSAT. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the psychosocial risk factors related to anxiety, depression, and stress. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression was performed to identify the models that better explained psychosocial risk factors' relationship with anxiety, depression, and stress. ResultsData showed a strong exposure to psychosocial risks. Work pace and intensity, work relationships, and emotional demands stood out with higher global average percentages for yes answers to “exposure and discomfort.” The analysis of the β values and p-values from the multiple linear regression shows that some cross-sectional psychosocial risks are predictors of anxiety and stress dimensions, and other psychosocial risks differ in the two mental health dimensions. However, it is important to highlight that healthcare workers still showed great joy and pleasure in performing their work activities. ConclusionSupport network development in the work environment is needed to prevent healthcare workers' emotional stress and promote their psychological well-being. Therefore, new research is essential to understand the psychosocial risks that affect healthcare workers and assess the less visible effects of work–health relationships.

Transformation of Prostitution Services and Stigma Against Prostitutes (WTS)

Advances in digital technology have encouraged prostitution service providers to transform from conventional prostitution to cyber prostitution by maximizing the use of information technology. This transformation also creates opportunities and threats for Prostitute Women (WTS) when they are active in the practice of the prostitution business. Although the vehicle for WTS practice has changed, the stigma against WTS continues to grow and is even more varied. This research explains comprehensively about the social environment of WTS; the growing stigma against WTS, the transformation of prostitution business services in the digital era, and how WTS's efforts to survive in the business. This article uses the literature review method. The results of this study found that in daily work activities, WTS often experience stigma and threats of violence from their surroundings and workplace. This stigma has resulted in the emergence of post-traumatic stress so that the mental health of WTS is disturbed and often feels afraid to face the surrounding environment. Another finding is that the transformation of prostitution services from conventional to cyber in fact does not reduce the stigma against WTS. Stigma against it is increasingly varied. Even so, WTS' drive to persist in cyber prostitution remains high. In fact, the work orientation of WTS in cyber prostitution is no longer just economic fulfillment, but to participate in the development of current trends. In order to survive in the transformed prostitution business, the social capital of WTS needs to be turned into a social security network for WTS to manage their stigma and minimize the threat of violence can naturally sustain cyber prostitution.

Scenario-based solutions for implementing an internet of things system at the organizational level in small- and medium-sized enterprises.

BACKGROUND:Despite the great potential that technical solutions, based on the Internet of Things (IoT), offer for companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), companies are hesitant to implement such solutions. Reasons for this lie in the resulting far-reaching change, which particularly affects working activities and communication between employees and IoT objects in their environment.OBJECTIVE:Our objective is to investigate (1) how the implementation of an IoT solution, consisting of multiple objects, might be integrated into daily working activities; (2) what reactions might occur at the individual level; and (3) what structural conditions should be established at the organizational level.METHODS:We applied a scenario-based design. Specifically, we conducted interviews to develop personas and scenarios describing human–machine interactions during implementation of the IoT solution in an initial phase.RESULTS:Regarding changing work activities, we identified three structural conditions that facilitate the implementation of IoT in SMEs: (1) the development of a support unit that bundles communication and training activities as well as internal and external knowledge; (2) the planning of an appropriate testing and adoption phase that enables participation and feedback; and (3) the creation of an incentive structure that includes social reward, empowerment, and recognition.CONCLUSION:IoT gives employees enhanced access to resources, information, and feedback, supporting an efficient way of working. To successfully implement IoT solutions, companies, especially SMEs, must actively address organizational change and empower their employees to manage technological innovations at an early stage.

Understanding students’ participation in physiotherapy and nursing work settings

Students’ health profession education includes learning at the workplace through placements. For students, participating in daily work activities in interaction with supervisors, co-workers and peers is a valuable practice to learn the expertise that is needed to become a health care professional. To contribute to the understanding of HPE-students’ workplace learning, the focus of this study is to identify affordances and characterise student’s participation during placements. We applied a research design based on observations. Three student-physiotherapists and four student-nurses were shadowed during two of their placement days. A categorisation of affordances is provided, in terms of students’ participation in activities, direct interactions and indirect interactions. Students’ daily participation in placements is discussed through unique combinations and sequences of the identified affordances reflecting changing patterns over time, and differences in the degree of presence or absence of supervisors, co-workers and peers.

Time and Team in Job Insecurity Research

Labor markets around the world have been disrupted on a historically unprecedented scale due to COVID-19. The WalletHub Coronavirus and Labor Day Survey found that one in three Americans are worried about job security (WalletHub, 2020). Job insecurity plays a role in influencing employee daily work activities as well as long-term career outcomes. Given the increasing prevalence of job insecurity in today’s workplace, job insecurity is no longer an individual level phenomenon but a shared perception among the work unit. In the current symposium, we explore new forms of job insecurity (i.e., daily job insecurity, job insecurity climate) in the pandemic situation and the short- and long-term effects of job insecurity (i.e., daily work outcomes and career advancement outcomes). With four empirical studies, we provide a coherent discussion on the roles of time and team in job insecurity influence. We hope the discussion will shed light on new directions for the job insecurity research. A daily diary study on job insecurity and authenticity Presenter: Amy Templeman; U. of Auckland Presenter: Zitong Sheng; Curtin U. Presenter: Lixin Jiang; U. of Auckland The Development of Newcomers’ Perceived Insider Status and Its Impact on Job Insecurity Presenter: Xiaohong Xu; U. of Texas At San Antonio Presenter: Daroon Jalil; PhD student at Old Dominion U. Employees’ Proactive Career Behavior in the Job Insecurity Context Presenter: Changqin Lu; Peking U., School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Presenter: Mengyuan Wang; Peking U., School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Presenter: Ying Gao; Peking U. Presenter: Zhongda Wu; Peking U., School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Job Insecurity Climate Influences the Relationship between Individual Job Insecurity and Outcomes Presenter: Yanghao Zhu; Zhongnan U. of Economics and Law Presenter: Haijiang Wang; School of Management, Huazhong U. of Science and Technology Presenter: Yuanxin Tang; Huazhong U. of Science and Technology

PCR124 Patient-Reported Impact of Choroideremia on Daily Activities, Work Activities, and Healthcare Resource Utilization

Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare inherited retinal disease (IRD) characterized by a gradual loss of vision eventually leading to blindness. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of CHM on daily activities, work activities, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU).

Multimorbidity in middle-aged persons: experiences of patients and their health care providers: Protocol of a qualitative stakeholder analysis

Middle-aged persons with multimorbidity have to take their illnesses into account in their daily work, family and leisure activities. The MuMiA project aims to identify early preventive measures that make it easier for those between 30 and 60 years of age with multiple chronic diseases to manage their illnesses in their everyday lives. An interdisciplinary workshop and interviews with multimorbid middle-aged adults and their principal healthcare providers will be used to collect information on the management of care in the contexts of patients’ daily work, family and leisure activities. Data obtained in the interviews will be coded inductively and analysed using content analysis. Workshop outputs will be transcribed and evaluated by the authors. This study has received ethical approval from the Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee of Goethe University (2021-47). The project will generate prevention recommendations that reflect the experiences of middle-aged persons living with multimorbidity and the views of their principal healthcare providers. The findings will be disseminated via conferences and peer-reviewed publications.

Insights into the relationship between usability and willingness to use a robot in the future workplaces: Studying the mediating role of trust and the moderating roles of age and STARA.

Background and aimHuman–robot collaboration is the key component of the fourth industrial revolution concept. Workers’ willingness to collaborate with industrial robots is a basic requirement for an efficient and effective interaction. The roles of human-robot trust and technology affinity as mediators in the relationship between robot usability and worker willingness were analyzed in this study. As other critical variables, the mediator roles of Age and STARA were also calculated.Materials and methodsThis study included 400 workers from a car company who interacted with industrial robots in their daily work activities. After examining the questionnaires’ validity and reliability, the main variables were determined to be willingness to use robots and robot usability. AMOS software also considered human-robot trust and worker technology affinity as mediators. The bootstrapping method was used to evaluate indirect relationships. A set of goodness-of-fit indices were presented to determine the adequacy of the goodness of fit between the proposed model and the data.ResultsBased on model fit indices, an overall satisfactory model fit was obtained for the direct/indirect relationship between robot usability and worker willingness to use it (with mediating role of human-robot trust). Workers’ age and fear of Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA) were identified as moderators in the relationship between usability and willingness.ConclusionAttention to the robot usability and the role of workers’ trust in robots appears to be required to ensure workers’ willingness to use robots and the success of human-robot collaboration in future workplaces. As the workers age and their fear of robots grows, usability can play a larger role in increasing their willingness to put robots to work.

Stratifikasi Sosial Masyarakat Petani Desa Berdasarkan Kepemilikan Tanah

Village community life is generally known to be more open to one another. The majority of the village community's source of life comes from daily work activities, namely farming in the fields. Many people think that the village community who is the farmer is the owner of the land. However, the reality is that most of the villagers are only agricultural laborers who work on land or rice fields belonging to people who do not even live in the village. So that the income earned is also not much, and becomes a consequence in society. Like the division of layers or classes in the society of a village, most of the lower class people are rarely prioritized or do not respond to their existence in the area. Meanwhile, the upper and middle class people actually have a very strong relationship in a society.

E-Marketing Communication and Loyalty in Real Estate Customers Based on Their Income

The real estate industry is one of the most profitable activities worldwide, for instance, GDP-wise in 2020 it had a share of 5.8% within the Mexican economy, that is above 62 billion dollars (Statista, 2022; The World Bank, 2022). An activity with such relevance should keep up with world trends such as digitalization, e-commerce, and communication especially during the pandemic. COVID-19 accelerated the need of a multichannel integration in order to compete in today&amp;rsquo;s fierce competition. Digitalization has helped companies and people to find each other allowing them to communicate and exchange value, all of these resulting in long relationships. The problem analyzed within this research is made up of the little knowledge the realtors have regarding digital tools and how they can use them in their daily work activities as well as the effect they may have. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of e-marketing communication on customer&amp;rsquo;s loyalty in the real estate business and to find out if there are any variations in terms of people&amp;#39;s income. PLS-SEM was used so as to determine the link between each of the constructs in the proposed model, results show that e-marketing communication has a favorable and significant impact on customer loyalty, and that this influence is related to people&amp;#39;s income.