Daily Water Intake Research Articles

Impact of Work Organization on Technology Use: The Case of Hydration Process with a Smart Drinking Glass.

This paper presents preliminary results from a larger project led with the French company Auxivia. The latter offers a smart drinking glass (SDG), supporting monitoring daily water intakes of elderly people and helping identify residents to encourage. Contexts and work organizations can deeply differ from a nursing home to another and can impact the use of the SDG. Based on a comparison between two nursing homes, we unveil the impact of both work organizations on the integration of technology requirements. We discuss the results by providing recommendations to improve the integration of SDGs in various work organizations.

368 Effects of average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation on daily water intake of beef bulls in winter and early spring in Eastern South Dakota

Abstract Few studies have estimated effects of weather on water intake in beef cattle, and most of these studies estimated effects during summer months. Our objective was to estimate effects of temperature, wind speed, and sunlight on daily water intake (DWI) of beef bulls in winter and early spring. Angus and SimAngus® bulls (n = 36; average starting BW = 369.5 ± 81.8 kg) were sampled from the South Dakota State University Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF, Brookings, SD) from December 22, 2017 through April 5, 2018 (104 d total). Bulls were fed a diet (51.97% DM, 14% CP, and 1.08 Mcal NEg/kg DM) of high-moisture corn, corn silage, alfalfa hay, and supplement pellet. Individual feed and water intake were measured with an Insentec RIC system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, The Netherlands). Weather data, including average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were obtained from a Mesonet station located 3.9 km from the CCERF. Body weights were collected before feeding at four time points: December 13-14 (averaged), January 23, February 20, and April 2. Average daily gain was calculated from BW and used to predict BW on each day of the trial. Daily water and feed intakes were summed across all bulls each day; total DWI for all 36 bulls was the dependent variable. Average DWI per bull was 17.8 ± 7.05 kg/d and average total DWI per bull (including feed) was 28.9 ± 10.1 kg/d. Effects of average temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were estimated with a linear model including a covariate of ADFI as percent predicted BW. Increased average temperature (P < 0.001) and solar radiation (P = 0.032) were associated with increased DWI, while increased average wind speed was associated with decreased DWI (P = 0.009). Temperature, wind speed, and amount of sunlight were associated with water intake of beef bulls fed from December until early April in Eastern South Dakota.

Cardiovascular and hidroelectrolytic changes in rats fed with high-fat diet

Obesity activates the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic systems facilitating hypertension and changes in the hydroelectrolytic balance. In the present study, in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD), we investigated daily water intake and urinary excretion, prandial consumption of water and the changes in blood pressure and water intake to intracerebroventricular (icv) angiotensin II (ANG II). Male Holtzman rats (290–320 g) were fed with standard diet (SD, 11% calories from fat) or HFD (45% calories from fat) for 6 weeks. Part of the animals received a stainless steel cannula in the lateral ventricle (LV) at the 6th week after the beginning of the diets and the experiments were performed at the 7th week. The pressor effect, but not the dipsogenic response to acute icv injection of ANG II, was potentiated in the HFD rats. Daily water intake and urinary volume were reduced in rats fed with HFD with no significant changes in sodium excretion. Prandial water consumption was also reduced in rats ingesting HFD, an effect almost totally reverted blocking salivation with atropine. These results show a potentiation of the pressor response to icv ANG II in HFD-fed rats, without changing icv ANG II-induced water intake. In addition, prandial and daily water intake and urinary volume were reduced in HFD-fed rats, without changing sodium excretion. Salivation in rats ingesting HFD may play a role in the reduced prandial and daily water intake.

SUN-256 Pure water intake and chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage

An adequate hydration seems to have a beneficial effect on the prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the general population. In individuals with CKD, the associations between daily water intake and disease progression are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between pure water intake and the risk for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) - requiring renal replacement therapy - in patients with moderate or advanced CKD. This study is based on 3032 patients from the national Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) that includes 40 nephrology clinics in France. Usual pure water intake at baseline (over a week) was assessed from patient interview. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ESKD associated with water intake divided into 5 classes: <0.5, 0.5-1, 1-1.5, 1.5-2.0, ≥2.0 L/d. In a sub-group of patients with baseline 24h urine collection (N=1271), we assessed the impact of adjusting for osmole excretion on this association. Patients’ median (IQR) age was 69 (60-76) years and eGFR, 31.8 (23.1-41.2) ml/min per 1.73m²; 35% were women and 43% had diabetes. Median (IQR) pure water intake at baseline was 1.5 (1.0-2.0) L/day. There was no difference in water intake according to CKD stage (p=0.11). Percentages of patients according to the 5 water intake classes were 7, 29, 36, 18, and 11, respectively. An older age, female gender, lower BMI, lack of dietician visit, and cardiovascular history were associated with lower water intake whereas high educational level, and living in the South of the France were associated with higher water intake. Over a median follow-up of 3.0 years (IQR, 2.0-3.2), 480 patients progressed to ESKD. As compared to patients with medium water intake (1-1.5L/d), adjusted HRs[CI] for ESKD were 1.24[0.83-1.86], 1.20[0.95-1.52], 1.17[0.89-1.53] and 1.29[0.97-1.72] for water intakes of <0.5, 0.5-1, 1.5-2.0, and ≥ 2.0L/d, respectively. In the subgroup, adjusted HRs were somewhat stronger, 1.55[0.87-2.78]. 1.53[1.05-2.25], 1.36[0.88-2.08] and 2.45[1.56-3.85] for <0.5, 0.5-1, 1.5-2.0 and ≥ 2.0L/d, respectively, despite similar median water intake and ESKD rate than the overall population. Osmole excretion rate decreased with decreasing eGFR, but adjusting for this variable did not modify the association: 1.48[0.82-2.66], 1.51[1.03-2.21], 1.35[0.88-2.08], 2.44[1.56-3.84] for each water intake class compared to patients with medium water intake. This study did not show an association between baseline pure water intake and CKD progression to end-stage. Further analyses are needed taking longitudinal water intake into account.

Chewing patterns in horses during the intake of variable quantities of two pelleted compound feeds differing in their physical characteristics only

Pelleted feeds (PF) are popular in horse nutrition because of high palatability and improved feeding hygiene, but ingestion is faster for PF than for cereals or muesli feed. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether variable amounts of two PFs produced with different physical properties from the same batch of feed can affect feed intake patterns in horses. Chewing patterns were measured in six warmblood mares (519 ± 36.3 kg) on two PFs (small-sized PF1: ø 5 mm, length 21.9 ± 4.97 mm, large-sized PF2: edge length 15.6 ± 0.14 × 15.6 ± 0.08 mm, length 54.4 ± 9.59 mm) in three different amounts (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg) once per day additional to hay. PF 2 was ingested faster than PF1 for the meal size 1.0 kg, but PF 1 was ingested more rapidly with a reduced chewing intensity if the offered meal size increased. The ingestion of PF 2 tendentially elevated the chewing intensity at higher meal sizes. An additional, but inverted meal size effect compared to 1.0 kg, was observed for 1.5 kg, where PF 1 was ingested at a higher speed combined with a lower chewing intensity compared to PF 2. Independent from the offered amount, PF 2 induced a markedly increased saliva production combined with a higher daily water intake. Larger-sized pellets seem to intensify the chewing process and decelerate the ingestion time if the meal size becomes larger.

Hydrolyzed wheat gluten alleviates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal injury by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mice

Disintegration of the intestine caused by deoxynivalenol (DON), which is a fungal metabolite found in cereal grain-based human and animal diets, triggers severe intestinal inflammatory disease. Hydrolyzed wheat gluten (HWG) can promote the development of intestine. Therefore, HWG was administered orally to male mice on 1–14 days, and DON was administered to them on 4–11 days. Feed, water intake and body weight were recorded all over the experimental period. Blood samples were collected then the mice were sacrificed to collect the jejunum for crypt isolation and culture. The intestinal morphology was observed by electron microscopy, and Western blotting was used to investigate intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation, as well as the primary regulatory mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The results showed that HWG increased the average daily gain and average daily water intake of mice under DON-induced injury conditions, and increased the jejunum weight, villous height in the jejunum, and promoted jejunal crypt cell expansion. The DON-induced decrease in Wnt/β-catenin activity, the expression of Ki67, PCNA and KRT20 were rescued by HWG in the jejunum, crypt and enteroid, as well as the number of goblet cells and Paneth cells. Furthermore, HWG increased jejunum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity. In conclusion, HWG alleviates DON-induced intestinal injury by enhancing ISC proliferation and differentiation in a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent manner.

Alleviation the negative effects of summer heat stress by adding selenium with vitamin E or AD3E vitamins mixture in drinking water of female rabbits

ABSTRACT Forty five females New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits were used in this research. Before mating, the animals were divided into three equal groups. The 1st group was kept without any treatment and served as control group. The 2nd and 3rd groups were supplemented daily 1m/l in drinking water with Se with vitamin E and AD3E vitamins mixture, respectively. The experiment was lasted two months of hot summer season beginning before mating directly and continues during ending at the weaning of kids. Adding Se with vitamin E or AD3E vitamins mixture in drinking water decreased significantly physiological thermoregulatory parameters and improved live body weight and feed intake and decreased significantly daily water intake in comparative with control group. Blood protein and albumin concentrations increased significantly while urea-N and creatinine concentrations decreased significantly by adding two treatments. Cortisol level was lower while T3 and T4 hormonal levels were higher in both two treatment groups compared with control. Reproductive and productive traits improved significantly in heat stressed female rabbits by adding both of Se with vitamin E and AD3E vitamins mixture in drinking water. Two techniques can alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on Female rabbits under hot summer season in Egypt.

Validation and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Water Intake in Adults (P13-006-19)

ObjectivesInvestigators sought to: 1) evaluate the validity of a water frequency questionnaire (WFQ) to estimate mean daily water intake (WI) in adults through comparison to the gold standard, deuterium oxide (D2O) disappearance, and 2) evaluate reliability of WFQ to estimate WI. MethodsData collection occurred over three weeks, with validity of WFQ (vs. D2O) assessed during week one (W1) and reliability assessed between W1 and week three (W3). Healthy, free-living adults (n = 103; 51% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.5 ± 5.5 kg·m–2) consumed D2O (0.1 g·kg–1 lean mass) at the start of W1 and provided urine samples immediately before ingestion, the following day, and at the end of the week to calculate total body water turnover (WTO). Seven day beverage consumption during W1 and W3 was retrospectively estimated using the WFQ. The WFQ included 17 beverage types with specified volumes (e.g., water (8 oz); soft drink (12 oz)) and nine frequency options ranging from ‘Never or less than 1 per week’ to ‘7+ per day’. Investigators converted beverage volumes to mL and calculated WI for each week. Food frequency questionnaires were also completed at the end of both weeks. Diets were analyzed with Nutritional Data System for Research software to estimate water intake from solid foods and metabolic water production by macronutrient oxidation. Water from food and macronutrient oxidation were subtracted from WTO to estimate WI via D2O. WFQ reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation (ICC) and Cronbach α, and validity was assessed via Bland-Altman plots. ResultsThe mean difference in WI between D2O (2902 ± 1321 mL·day–1) and WFQ (2589 ± 1560 mL·day–1) was –308 ± 166 mL (P = 0.065). No systematic bias was observed between methods (R2 = 0.032, P = 0.071) as 3% of WI variance was explained by differences between methods. WFQ WI was not different between W1 (2589 ± 1560 mL·day–1) and W3 (2441 ± 1334 mL·day–1, P = 0.135). Cronbach α = 0.8415 demonstrated high internal consistency in WI estimation. The ICC was 0.834 (95% CI: 0.754, 0.887), demonstrating good test-retest reliability of WFQ. ConclusionsIn conclusion, the WFQ produced reliable WI estimates that were comparable to the gold standard of D2O assessment. This questionnaire may be a practical and easy method for assessing water intake in adults. Funding SourcesThe study was funded by Danone Research.

The Effect of Hydration on Cognition in Children: The WITiKids Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial (OR32-08-19)

ObjectivesPrevious work in adults has shown that dehydration has negative effects on cognitive function. However, the effect of changes in hydration on cognitive function remain understudied in children. This is relevant since epidemiological data suggests that a large proportion of children in the United States exhibit highly concentrated urine, suggestive of insufficient hydration. This study aimed to determine the effects of changes in daily water intake on urinary markers of hydration and cognitive control among school-aged children. Methods9–11-year-old children (N = 82) completed a three-intervention crossover water intake intervention where they were asked to either maintain their regular water intake (ad libitum) or consume High [2.5 L/d] or Low [0.5 L/d]) water for 4 consecutive days. Following the interventions, cognitive control tasks requiring inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed using a modified flanker, Go/NoGo, and color-shape switch tasks. During day 4 of each intervention, children collected their urine over a 24-hour period for urine color, urine specific gravity (USG), and osmolality assessment. ResultsHydration differed significantly between interventions. Urine color during the Low intervention was significantly higher than ad libitum and both were significantly greater than High intervention (Low: 6 [median] and 2 [iqr], ad libitum: 5 [median] and 2 [iqr], High: 3 [median] and 0 [iqr], all P ≤ 0.01). Similar intervention effects were observed for osmolality (Low: 912 ± 199, ad libitum: 790 ± 257.0, High: 260 ± 115 mOsmol/kg, all P < 0.001) and USG (Low: 1.023 ± 0.005, ad libitum: 1.020 ± 0.007, High: 1.005 ± 0.004, all P < 0.001). Ad libitumhydration was positively related to switch task performance. Benefits of the High intervention were observed during the switch task whereby participants exhibited lower working memory cost relative to the Low intervention. No significant changes in cognition were observed for the flanker and Go/NoGo tasks. ConclusionsChildren with better habitual hydration exhibited superior performance during the cognitive flexibility task. Additionally, the 4d water intervention resulted in significant changes in urinary markers of hydration and had selective benefits during task switching. Funding SourcesDanone Research, Palaiseau, France.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic efficacy of skin and seed extracts of Momordica cymbalaria on alloxan induced diabetic model in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMomordica cymbalaria, a wild vegetable belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been used as a food and a remedy for diabetes mellitus in the Asian native medicinal system. Aim of the studyThis study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of skin (EESK) and methanolic extract of seed (MESE) of M. cymbalaria (MC), for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and methodsThe diabetes induced rats were given skin and seed extracts at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. p.o. for 28 days. Alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes mellitus. Daily food and water intake were assessed. Blood glucose levels and body weights were measured every 7 days throughout the experiment. Antioxidant assays, different biochemical and glycemic parameters were evaluated. Histopathological studies on pancreas, liver and kidney were also studied. ResultsTreatment of EESK and MESE showed dose significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level (FBG) in experimental diabetic animals with significant reduction in food and water intake and increase in body weight. Findings confirmed the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of EESK and MESE in the experimental groups. The impaired glucose tolerance and altered activities of the hepatic enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP levels of diabetic rats were significantly improved by the administration of EESK and MESE. Oral treatment with MC extract for 28 days demonstrated significant protective effects on the lipid profile, biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels. Besides, biochemical findings were supported by histopathological investigations. ConclusionThese results suggest that the treatment with EESK and MESE of MC at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. have better protective effects against hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress generated during diabetes justifying the use of the plant in traditional systems of medicine.

Manure contamination of drinking water influences dairy cattle water intake and preference

Water intake is closely related to feed intake and its reduction associated with negative welfare and production implications. This study aimed to assess the intake and preference for drinking water of different quality; clean (tap water), and water contaminated with either 0.05 mg (Low) or 1 mg (High) fresh manure/g water. Water and feed intake of 18 non-lactating, pregnant cows were monitored in individual, indoor pens. Each cow was given one of the three water treatments for 5 days, then a different treatment for a second 5-day period (no choice), and finally access to both in a choice test (5 days). Data were analysed using REML and paired t-tests. Contamination of water significantly affected intake in the no choice phase (P < 0.001). Cows provided with Low or High contaminated water had 10 and 28%, respectively, lower water intake than those provide with clean water (Clean: 37.0 L/day, range: 28.4–53.6; Low: 33.2 L/day, range: 26.0–44.9; High: 26.6 L/day, range: 13.6–37.8). Feed intake was not influenced by water treatment. During the choice test, cows showed a clear preference for clean water over water contaminated with manure (Clean vs. Low: 19.8 vs. 6.5 L, P = 0.014, SED: 3.60 L; Clean vs. High: 29.8 vs. 0.21 L, P < 0.001, SED: 1.82; and Low vs. High: 27.2 L vs. 0.29 L, P < 0.001, SED: 1.70). Cows only consumed 1% of their daily water intake from the High treatment when they had another option. In conclusion, dairy cattle can detect low levels of manure contamination in their drinking water, and avoid drinking it if possible. The preference to drink clean water was particularly clear. This study highlights the importance of providing cattle with clean drinking water.

Mucuna Flagellipes Chronic Diet Consumption Improves Exploratory Behaviour and Body Weight in Mice

The use of Mucunaflagellipes in recent time has been on the increase as a result of its speculated therapeutic effect mostly on the protein level of the body. And owing to the fact that there are no detailed reports on Mucunaflagellipes on its effect on neurobehavioral parameters, this work is therefore intended to investigate the possible effects of this herb on the exploratory behavior and body weight in Swiss white mice. Twenty (20) mice of mixed sex were randomly divided in to two groups of ten mice each. Group 1 served as the control, while group 2 received the Mucunaflagellipes diet. The feeding lasted for 31 days. The open field maze task was used to assess exploratory behavior. All mice were allowed free access to clean drinking water. Daily food intake, water intake and body weight change were measured. Data were analyzed using the statistical tools (one way ANOVA and student t-test).The results showed that the Mucunaflagellipes diet fed mice had significantly increased (p&lt;0.01; p&lt;0.05) line crossings, close arm duration and stretch attend posture (SAP) compared to control. There was an increase in food intake and water intake (p&lt;0.001 and p&lt;0.01) compared to control. However, the body weight change was statistically higher but not significant when compared to the control group. Therefore, consumption of Mucunaflagellipes improves exploratory behavior and body weight in mice. These may be has a result of an unknown phytochemical compound present in Mucunaflagellipes.

The ameliorating effect of uncooked beans diet in CD-1 mice

This study was therefore, designed to investigate the ameliorating effect of uncooked beans on pain sensation using three groups of Swiss white mice (control and test) weighing 20g-30g (n=10 each).The control group received normal rodent chow, while the test group received 15g of uncooked beans in 15g of rodent chow per day and serotonin precursor (5HTP) (0.2mg/15g w/w) diet. Water was given adlibitum while daily food and water intake, as well as body weight changes, were monitored during the 30-day study. The formalin tests were used to assess pain sensation. The results showed that in the formalin test, the frequencies and durations of paw licks and paw attention in both phases of the test was significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) compared to the control group. Therefore, consumption of uncooked Nigeran beans diet decreases pain sensation in mice.  Â

Carbonic Anhydrase II Deletion Confers Salt Appetite and Elicits Adaptive Regulation of Salt and Water Transporters in the Kidney

BackgroundSalt appetite, which is salt craving or salt intake in excess of physiological needs, is regulated by a number of physiological mechanisms including neuronal and hormonal pathways. Excess salt intake is a major health problem and a risk factor for many diseases, including hypertension. Few genetic factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of salt appetite.Methods and ResultsHere we demonstrate that mice with the genetic inactivation of carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII) display significant salt appetite as judged by their preference for salted water (280 mM NaCl added to the drinking water) over regular tap water, when both options are provided (average daily salted water intake of 2.80 ml in WT and 5.2 ml in CAII KO mice, p&lt;0.01, n=5 while daily tap water intake was 4.2 ml in WT and 2.8 ml in CAII KO mice, p&lt;0.03, n=5). The excess salt intake was observed in the absence of any vascular volume depletion or kidney dysfunction, as judged by comparable kidney renin expression and blood creatinine and BUN concentration levels in WT and CAII KO mice, and was more profound in male mice. When only provided the salted water (280 mM salt added to the drinking water), CAII null animals showed a robust increase in daily water intake vs. WT mice (20.54 ml in KO mice vs. 11.83 ml in WT, p&lt;0.001, n=5) as well as an increase in sodium excretion (0.192 mmol/g in CAII KO vs. 0.0716 mmol/g in WT, p&lt;.01, n=5). The expression levels of kidney sodium and water absorbing channels ENaC and AQP‐2, determined by western blotting and northern hybridization, showed robust increases (ranging from 100 to 200%) in response to enhanced salt intake in CAII KO mice vs. wild type littermates. The AVP expression levels in pituitary gland significantly increased in CAII KO mice vs. WT littermates when receiving salted water for 10 days (p&lt;0.05), despite their comparable expression levels at baseline conditions. We propose that CAII plays an important role in regulating salt intake and its inactivation can cause salt appetite, specifically in male animals.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Characterization of a new Dent Disease mouse model carrying a pathogenic mutation of ClC‐5

Dent Disease is a rare X‐linked inherited renal proximal disorder characterized by low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria, hypercalciuria, kidney stones and progressive renal failure. Inactivating mutations of the CLCN5 gene encoding the 2Cl−/H+ exchanger ClC‐5 have been identified in approximately two‐thirds of patients with Dent Disease. ClC‐5 is predominantly expressed in early endosomes of proximal tubules where it optimizes the function of a vacuolar H+ pump to ensure an efficient endocytosis of LMW proteins.We have previously investigated the functional consequences of CLCN5 mutations in heterologous expression systems and shown that 60 % of the mutations lead to a defect in protein folding and processing. As a consequence, the misfolded ClC‐5 are retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they could induce ER stress response. Such ER stress might in turn induce oxidative stress in proximal tubule cells. To investigate the consequences of intracellular retention of a misfolded ClC‐5, we created a mouse model carrying the N340K pathogenic mutation.ClC‐5 expression and localization in WT and N340K male mice were studied by Western blot and on kidney sections by immunofluorescence. Daily food, water intake, body weight and urine excretion data were collected in metabolic cages for N340K and WT mice. Urine as well as blood samples were analysed for ions, protein, glucose and creatinine to detect kidney dysfunction as observed in patients with Dent Disease.Mice carrying the N340K mutation displayed ClC‐5 intracellular retention in proximal tubules cells. They showed an increased urinary calcium and glucose excretion and a decreased urinary pH. They also had a severe LMW proteinuria, recapitulating common features of Dent Disease.The present study validates a new Dent Disease mouse model carrying a pathogenic Clcn5 mutation retained in the ER. The potential link between ClC‐5 retention in the ER, ER stress and oxidative stress responses has yet to be demonstrated.Support or Funding InformationPrix “Jeune Chercheur”, Fondation du Rein 2017This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Patterns and sociodemographic determinants of water intake by children in China: results from the first national population-based survey.

Accurate data on water and beverage intakes are essential for assessing hydration adequacy and setting proper guidelines. The objective of this study is to identify the patterns and sociodemographic determinants of water intake and to assess the intake adequacy for children in China. The study team recruited 41,439 children aged 6-17years using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Daily water and beverage intakes were investigated with the standard questionnaires and measuring containers in face-to-face interviews. Each participant was assigned an adjustment weight to obtain a nationally representative sample. Sociodemographic factors influencing water intake were identified using multi-variable regressions. Water intake adequacy was evaluated by comparing with the recommended water intake (RWI). The mean ± standard deviation of total water intake (TWI) was 1603 ± 731mL/day for boys and 1487 ± 661mL/day for girls. Plain water, food moisture, and other beverages contributed 51%, 20%, and 29% of the TWI. Multi-variable analyses showed that TWI of children increased with age, in urban areas and day schools, and with parents' economic and educational levels. The majority (82%) of children had TWI not meeting the corresponding RWI, and the percentage increased with age except for 14-17-year-old boys. Plain water is still the major source of daily water intake by children in China. Unfortunately, the majority of children do not have sufficient water intake, which warrants future actions and guidelines targeting adequate hydration.

Synergistic antihyperglycaemic effect of combination therapy with gallic acid and andrographolide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract Previous studies had reported on the antidiabetic effect of gallic acid and andrographolide, as monotherapy, in diabetic rats. However, studies on the combination effect of gallic acid and andrographolide in treating diabetes are lacking. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the antihyperglycaemic activity of combined gallic acid and andrographolide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats compared to single compound treatment. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in male Sprague Dawley rats. After 7 days, all rats were divided into 8 groups as follows: normal control and diabetic control groups given distilled water, diabetic groups treated with gallic acid (10 or 20 mg/kg), andrographolide (5 or 10 mg/kg), or both in 2:1 combination ratio of gallic acid:andrographolide (10:5 or 20:10 mg/kg). All treatments were given orally, once daily for 15 consecutive days. Non-fasting blood glucose, food and water intake were measured weekly. On day 14, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Our results showed that the combination treatment of gallic acid and andrographolide synergistically reduced blood glucose compared to single compound treatment, with higher synergistic effect and favourable dose reduction at higher combination dose. Furthermore, the combination treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance, with significantly reduced area under the curve in diabetic rats. The combination treated diabetic group also demonstrated normalization of their daily food and water intake. In conclusion, our results indicated that the combination therapy at 2:1 combination ratio of gallic acid:andrographolide demonstrated synergistic hypoglycaemic activity with favourable dose reduction in experimental diabetic rats.

The relationship between body weight, fiber and fluid intake status and functional constipation in young adults

Purpose The present study aims to determine the relationship between functional constipation and lifestyle patterns, eating habits and nutritional status in young adults. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in 825 young adults between the age of 20 and 24 years in Ankara. Constipation was evaluated via self-reports and ROMA III criteria. Food and beverage consumption frequency and fluid intake were surveyed, and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were evaluated. Physical activity was assessed using the brief physical activity assessment tool. Findings Participants reported themselves as constipated, not constipated and sometimes constipated in 7.8, 39.6 and 53.6 per cent of cases, respectively. These rates differed from those obtained using the ROMA III criteria: constipated 51.3 per cent and not constipated 48.7 per cent. Constipation rates were higher in females (54.4 per cent) than males (44.8 per cent) (p &lt; 0.05). No association was found between daily water, total fluid and fiber intake and constipation (p &gt; 0.05). However, water from foods have lowering effects on constipation (p &lt; 0.05). Increased physical activity seems to have no effect on constipation. According to food frequency records, participants who consumed more whole grains, rice/pasta and vegetables had lower rates of constipation. Conversely, higher consumption of tea was associated with higher constipation rates (p &lt; 0.05). Originality/value Young adults should be encouraged to consume foods rich in water such as fruits and vegetables against constipation, fiber-rich foods and fluids to meet the recommendations for healthy eating. Only a few studies have assessed the relationships between lifestyle, fluid and nutritional status and body mass index.

Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico

The health risks of Emilio Portes Gil’s population, for the exposition to the Atoyac River pollution in the State of Puebla, was evaluated. The objective was to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals by ingesting water from wells and spri ngs. The chronic daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk index (CRI) in adults, teenagers, and children were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, Al, Ni, and Pb in some of the samples exceeded the recommended standards for human consumption and was significantly higher in the dry season. The hazard index (HI), due to the collective intake of metals, was higher in children (&gt;50% compared to adults), due to the consumption of spring water in the dry season. Risk of noncancerous diseases was not detected in the long term, since the indices did not exceed the unit (reference value). The carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to Cr (CRIchildren = 3.2 × 10−4), was greater than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) in the water spring, and Cr and Pb were the main metals that contributed to the potential health risk of the inhabitants. The study showed the risks by the intake of polluted water from the sources of supply in the region, and that the risk is higher in the dry season (&gt;100% compared with rainy season).

Broiler Performance and Meat Quality in Response to Different Kinds and Levels of Bio-Organic Supplements

The study determined the production performance and meat quality of broilers using different kinds and levels of bio-organic supplements. Four hundred fifty broiler chicks were randomly distributed to fifteen dietary treatments. Five birds in each treatment were used for meat quality evaluation following a 3 x 5 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). No significant differences were observed in the production performance of broilers supplemented with different kinds of bio-organic fertilizers except average daily gain and final live weight. Broilers supplemented with higher levels of bio-organic supplements including antibiotic significantly affected the production performance except for average daily water intake and dressing percentage. Feed cost per kilogram of broiler produced, feed cost per average daily gain and return above feed, chicks and supplement costs were not significantly affected by the different kinds of bio-organic supplements but significantly affected by the different levels of bio-organic supplements. Meat quality was significantly affected by the different kinds of bioorganic supplements except for taste and overall acceptability but was not significantly affected by increasing the levels of bio-organic supplements including those broilers supplemented with antibiotics in the drinking water. Better production performance was observed on broilers supplemented with different kinds and levels of bio-organic supplements in the drinking water but did not affect the meat quality.