Daily Water Intake Research Articles

Association of plain water intake with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-related mortality have increased dramatically in past decades. Our study aims to investigate the association between plain water and this prevalent metabolic disease, as water plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic processes. A total of 3,543/3,428 individuals with NAFLD/MASLD were included in this study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Daily plain water intake was recorded, and mortality status was tracked until December 31, 2019. Multivariate Cox regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression models were used to assess the association between plain water intake and long-term all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality among participants with NAFLD/MASLD. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between substituting other beverages with plain water intake and the risk of mortality. The multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed a significant association between higher plain water intake and lower all-cause mortality, cerebrovascular diseases mortality, and cancer mortality in both NAFLD or MASLD patients. Dose-response analyses revealed a non-linear trend between plain water intake and mortality among NAFLD/MASLD patients. Additionally, replacing sugar or artificial beverages with plain water was linked to reduced all-cause mortality, cerebrovascular diseases mortality, and cancer mortality in patients with NAFLD/MASLD. Higher plain water intake is independently linked to lower risk of all-cause, cerebrovascular diseases mortality, and cancer mortality in NAFLD/MASLD patients. Increasing plain water intake may be an effective way for these patients to reduce their risk of mortality.

A National-Scale Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water: Levels, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risk

Elucidating pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and assessing the associated carcinogenic risks is crucial for improving public health. PAHs in the surface water of seven main river basins across China, compiled from 95 studies from 2004 to 2022, were used to investigate geographic variations of occurrence, source, and carcinogenic risk. Total PAH concentrations exhibited substantial geographic distributions ranging from 300 to 7552 ng·L−1. Low molecular weight PAHs predominated, showing three-ring PAHs abundant in the north, while two-ring PAHs dominated in the south due to distinctions regarding energy consumption. The northern basins exhibited higher concentrations of PAHs than the southern owing to the synergistic impacts of low temperature, increased energy consumption, and higher industrial activities. Coal combustion and industrial emissions were the primary contributors in the northern basins, accounting for 23–44% and 20–38%, respectively, which were associated with pollutants released from heavy industries and space heating during cold periods. In contrast, vehicle exhaust emissions and petroleum leakage from river transport constituted the principal sources in the relatively economically developed southern basins, accounting for 24–35% and 31–57%, respectively. A lifetime carcinogenic risk model revealed that the highest health risks existed in adults, followed by adolescents and children. Toxic concentrations of BaP and the daily intake of water directly enhanced the PAHs’ carcinogenic risks, while body weight featured negative correlations with the risks.

Dietary and Physical Activity Habits of Children and Adolescents before and after the Implementation of a Personalized, Intervention Program for the Management of Obesity.

Obesity in childhood and adolescence represents a major public health problem, mostly attributed to dietary and physical activity factors. We aimed to determine the dietary and physical activity habits of participants before and after the implementation of a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program for the management of obesity in the context of the Horizon Research Project 'BigO: Big Data against Childhood Obesity'. Three hundred and eighty-six (n = 386) children and adolescents (mean age ± SD: 12.495 ± 1.988 years, 199 males and 187 females) participated in the study prospectively. Based on body mass index (BMI), subjects were classified as having obesity (n = 293, 75.9%) and overweight (n = 93, 24.1%) according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. We implemented a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program providing guidance on diet, sleep, and exercise, and utilized the BigO technology platform to objectively record data collected via a Smartphone and Smartwatch for each patient. Following the intervention, a statistically significant decrease was noted in the consumption of cheese, cereal with added sugar, savory snacks, pasta, and fried potatoes across both BMI categories. Also, there was an increase in daily water intake between meals among all participants (p = 0.001) and a reduction in the consumption of evening snack or dinner while watching television (p < 0.05). Boys showed a decrease in the consumption of savory snacks, fried potato products, and pasta (p < 0.05), an increase in the consumption of sugar-free breakfast cereal (p < 0.05), and drank more water between meals daily (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention improves the dietary habits of children and adolescents.

Effect of temporal water restrictions on drinking behavior and time budget in lactating dairy cows according to their position in the social hierarchy within the herd

On dairy farms, milking practices can temporarily restrict cows from accessing drinking water. This study examined how different types of temporary water restriction, similar to those commonly encountered on farms, may affect the individual behavior and physiological dehydration status of cows and whether these effects could differ according to the cow's position in the social hierarchy of the group. Four treatments were applied (CTRL = free access to the drinker and feed fence, HL = 2 h of headlock at the feed fence after morning and evening milking, D2H = free access to the feed fence and no access to water for 2 h after milking and D4H = free access to the feed fence and no access to water for 4 h after milking) to 4 groups of 10 lactating dairy cows using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each treatment period lasted 1 week. The cows were housed within a free-stall barn, and each group was in a pen equipped with 1 electronic drinker, 10 individual feeders, and 2 cameras. Cow social dominance hierarchies were characterized using normalized David's scores, which were calculated from video-detected replacements at each pen's drinker. During the last 4 d of each treatment period, drinking behavior was measured using interconnected drinkers, and eating, idle, and lying times were measured using accelerometers. On d 6 of each treatment period, during the morning and evening milkings, blood and then milk samples were collected to analyze bioindicators of dehydration and milk composition, respectively. The daily water intake of cows was unaffected by either social dominance or treatment type. Drinking rate and drinking bout frequency were higher during the HL, D2H, and D4H treatments than during the CTRL treatment, and drinking time was lower during the D4H treatment than during the CTRL treatment. Hourly lying time decreased at the end of the water restriction periods, i.e., at 1000 h in HL, at 1100 h in D2H, and at 1200 and 1300 h in D4H, which was not observed in CTRL, which could be interpreted as a sign of cow discomfort. For blood collected before the morning milking, hematocrit levels were lower in the D4H treatment than in the HL treatment. For blood collected before the evening milking, creatinine concentrations were lower in the D4H treatment than in the D2H treatment, with a greater difference seen for dominant cows than for subordinate cows. For both milkings, milk freezing point was higher in the HL, D2H, and D4H treatments than in the CTRL treatment, indicating dilution. In contrast to the other social categories, subordinate cows made more daily visits to the drinker during the D4H treatment than during the CTRL treatment but displayed no differences in drinking bout duration or the duration of drinking interruptions within bouts in the D2H treatment compared with the CTRL treatment. Overall, cows were able to maintain their water intake despite the temporary water restrictions when they had access to the number of drinkers recommended by animal welfare guidelines. That said, their idle and lying time appeared to be disturbed.

Habitualness, reward and external constraints: Exploring the underlying influences of daily water intake using the Situated Assessment Method2

AbstractUnderstanding what facilitates and hinders water drinking is crucial to inform interventions for preventing underhydration. Using the Situated Assessment Method2, we extended previous research by examining what influences water drinking in daily life. We studied 213 UK adults, assessing 13 potential predictors (e.g. thirst, availability of other drinks) of their typical water intake across 10 everyday situations (e.g. during work, dinner). Participants then reported their actual water intake in these situations over three alternating days during a 1‐week follow‐up. We evaluated the variability of water intake and its influences across individuals and situations and the prospective relationship between these influences and water intake. The 13 identified predictors explained substantial proportions of variation in water intake. Factors like habitualness (e.g. subjective effort), self‐relevance (e.g. health consciousness) and immediate feedback (e.g. taste) were positively associated with water intake. However, the influence of these factors varied significantly across individuals and situations. Our results suggest that various interrelated predictors facilitate and hinder water drinking behaviour, emphasising the importance of using comprehensive behaviour theories to inform research in this domain. They also align with growing evidence that reward may regulate habitual behaviour.

PSXI-25 Re-characterizing beef cattle water intake

Abstract In the face of a changing climate and growing population, sustainable use of freshwater resources is paramount. Animal agriculture is often viewed as an antagonistic force working against freshwater resource preservation. However, assumptions of water use in beef cattle have cause to be reevaluated. The current published standards for beef cattle water intake were developed from data collected in 1956. Rapid genetic advancement in performance and increasing pressure on animal agriculture to reduce water usage demand that the water intake profiles of cattle be recharacterized. Recently, advancements in water monitoring technologies have granted researchers access to highly informative water intake data. In 2019, we installed RFID-enabled front-end weighing positions equipped with custom metered waterers at our West Virginia University (WVU) Reymann Memorial Research, Outreach, and Education Center (REOC) in Wardensville, WV. In 2022, we installed the same system at the WVU Animal Sciences REOC in Morgantown, WV. These systems allowed us to collect daily body weight (BW) and water intake data on individual animals. From 2019-07-08 to 2024-02-16, 2,020 animals have been evaluated for individual daily BW, feed intake, and water intake at our research locations. Data were collected on animals consigned to the Wardensville Young Sire Performance test by regional beef cattle producers or sourced for research. In total, 1,055 d of data were collected, with data collected during every month, resulting in 149,292 unique daily water intake measurements. Eleven breeds (Angus, Limousin, Angus cross bred, Charolais, SimAngus, Hereford, Simmental, Charolais cross bred, Black Hereford, Akaushi, and Red Angus) were evaluated. The maximum, minimum, and mean age for all animals was 753, 162, and 343 d, respectively. In total, water intake data from 1,255 bulls, 434 steers, and 331 heifers were collected (Table). Our large, highly granular database of individual animal daily water intake has allowed us to generate profiles of water intake for large segments of beef cattle. These findings will aid in the re-standardization of expected water intakes and the improvement of beef cattle sustainability.

188 Prediction of individual grazing beef cattle dry matter intake

Abstract Estimation of individual dry matter intake (DMI) of pastured beef cattle is critical to grassland management, genetic improvement of efficiency, and increasing the sustainability of animal agriculture. Currently, the only way to measure individual DMI of grazing cattle is through expensive, labor intensive, and spatially demanding research protocol. Very few options for assessment of individual DMI of grazing animals exist for cattle producers. We have developed a machine learning approach to predicting individual DMI of pastured beef cattle that requires only body weight (BW), water intake, and open-source climate variables. Training data were collected in Wardensville, WV at the West Virginia University Research, Outreach, and Education Center. Crossbred steers (n = 32) were phenotyped for Residual Feed Intake (RFI) in the barn. Animals were split into four groups of two low RFI and two high RFI. After a grazing acclimation period, animal groups were rotationally grazed concurrently through 0.05 ha plots for 7 d. Daily BW and water intake data were collected throughout the experiment using an RFID-equipped front-end scale and metered waterers. Beginning on d 2, animals were provided a bolus of Cr2O3 (10 g) at 0700 and 1900 h. Beginning on d 5, fecal samples were collected from each animal at 0700 and 1900 h. Samples were analyzed for Cr2O3 content and used in conjunction with forage digestibility from paired clipped samples to generate individual intakes. These data were used as ground truth data to assess model performance. We used our Repeated Measures Random Forest (RMRF) model to predict individual DMI of animals using daily BW, water intake, and climate variables. Intakes estimated by RMRF were compared with intakes estimated by NASEM equations. Our model outperformed NASEM predictions by 70%, indicating that our method achieves better results than the current most efficient approach. Though iterative model improvements will be made (collection of more training data, collection of more diverse training data, and use of first-differenced, moving average, and seasonally adjusted variables), our work demonstrates a novel, efficient method for researchers and producers to more accurately estimate DMI of individual pastured beef cattle.

144 Assessing economic implications of thermal stress of Bos indicus and Bos taurus species during finishing in northern Colorado

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the economic implications of thermal stress on climate adaptive capacity, resiliency, and impact of Bos indicus and Bos taurus finishing steers using common finishing systems. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, with a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of finishing system (‘natural’ or ‘conventional’) and species of cattle (Bos indicus or Bos taurus). Steers [n = 200; body weight (BW) ~450 kg] were housed in 20 feedlot pens (10 steers/pen) for the first 84 d, where cattle were blocked by initial BW. For the remainder of the 180 d (96 d) finishing period, cattle were moved to four Climate Smart Research Pens (50 steers/pen, 1 pen/ treatment, and species combination). Within each Climate Smart Research Pen, five SmartFeed systems were used to evaluate individual animal feed intake, one GreenFeed emission measurement system was used to evaluate individual animal gas emissions flux of enteric CH4, O2, H2, and CO2, and were equipped for nutrient mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Animal BW were collected every 28 d for analysis of average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. Thermal stress behaviors were evaluated by one trained personnel on a subset of 7 steers/treatment via the measurement of respiration rate, open mouth breathing, rumen temperature, number of daily water intake events, lying and standing behavior, and pen surface temperature for the last 96 d of the finishing period. At harvest, carcass characteristics, liver scores, and heart scores were collected. Economic analyses were conducted post-hoc to determine the profitability of each species based on economic implications, tradeoffs, carcass quality and quantity, and time to finish. Selection of cattle for climate adaptive features may involve production tradeoffs (e.g., depressed rate of gain, greater yield risk, lower technical efficiency) and adjustment costs (e.g., re-optimizing feed for a new breed), which affect the adoption of less common breeds into the US cattle supply chain. Adding to the complexity of this evaluation, consumers preferences may not adapt quickly, affecting the prospect of Bos indicus cuts of meat in the market. We also, therefore, explore the supply- and demand-side effects of climate change adaptation through breed selection in the beef industry.

418 Evaluation of an automated system for measuring individual animal water consumption

Abstract SmartWater is an automatic watering station that measures the volume of water consumed by individual animals when visiting the system. The self-contained, portable system is constructed of a steel frame, two load cells, and a stainless-steel water trough that measures 0.1 m3 with a water capacity of 113 L. SmartWater refills automatically when the water mass is below 55 L, refilling for 120 s, or until the water mass reaches 70 L. The flow rate of water entering the system and the weight of the bin are measured every second in L/s and L, respectively. When the bin is being refilled, animals are still able to drink from the system. Animal water intake during a visit is measured by summing the amount of water dispensed into the bin and the difference in bin weight at the start and end of the visit. Water intake days are considered valid if the unknown percentage is less than 5% of the total daily water intake, where unknown intake is defined as feed mass disappearance that cannot be assigned to an EID. Invalid days are excluded from final datasets. System performance was evaluated using 17 Angus heifers (body weight = 248 ± 37 kg) in a 55-d trial period. Animals were given ad libitum access to two SmartWater systems, and all animals successfully adapted to the system. Mean daily visitation was 2.7 ± 0.4 and average visit length was 87 ± 175 s. Mean water consumption over the trial period was 13.7 ± 1.8 L. The coefficient of variance of water consumption between animals was 12.8%. The average standard deviation water consumption within animals between days was 5.9%. SmartWater provides an accurate and efficient way to measure water intake of animals in extensive and intensive systems, eliminating the need to manually monitor water levels and refill watering stations.

Factors affecting the oral health of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and recommendations for standardized nursing care: a multicenter study.

To determine the oral health status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and to identify the factors influencing their oral health. This observational study included 1,186 patients with chronic kidney disease who received maintenance hemodialysis across 33 hospitals in China. The patients were recruited for a questionnaire survey between April and August 2023 at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital using stratified sampling. Data collection tools included the General Information Questionnaire for Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, the Oral Health Assessment Tool, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the oral health of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and continuous variables such as sleep quality and emotional status. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between oral health and various variables. The oral health scores of the patients ranged from 8 to 22, with a mean score of 12.54 ± 2.63. The final model of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated a goodness of fit of 22.19%. Independent factors affecting the oral health of patients included smoking, the proportion of medical expenses, water consumption, sleep quality, and anxiety scores (all P .05). High levels of smoking, substantial medical expenses, poor sleep quality, and elevated anxiety scores were risk factors for poor oral health (all P .05). Adequate daily water intake served as a protective factor for oral health (P .05). This study proposes targeted interventions to enhance the management and improvement of oral health in patients on hemodialysis, aiming to provide highly personalized and effective oral health care. These interventions are expected to improve oral health outcomes in future clinical practice.

Dental-nutrition counseling for children with overweight and obesity: Evidence from a pilot study.

Given the relationship between overweight and obesity (OV/OB) and poor oral health in children, paediatric dentists are uniquely positioned to provide educational interventions to children with OV/OB during dental visits. To assess how an educational nutrition intervention delivered by dentists affected dental-nutritional behaviors and body mass index (BMI) percentile in children with OV/OB. Retrospective analysis was performed using data collected on 217 patients with OV/OB aged 6-11 years who received nutritional counseling during dental visits at a Federally Qualified Health Center from September 1, 2021, through September 30, 2022. Data were collected on sociodemographic variables, oral health, and BMI percentile. Participants and their guardians were surveyed to measure the frequency of behaviors related to oral health and weight. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were constructed to determine the effect of the intervention on BMI percentile and reported dental-nutritional behaviors. The intervention had no effect on the BMI percentile (p = .35). There were statistically significant reductions in the reported average number of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed daily (p < .001), reported average daily water intake (p < .001), and the reported frequency of brushing teeth (p < .001), the clinical significance of these reductions remains unclear. Further research is needed to establish the efficacy of behavioral interventions at reducing weight and changing health behaviors.

Effect of Daily Water Intake on Periodontal Health and Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study

Effect of Daily Water Intake on Periodontal Health and Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study

Assessment of Water Intake among Chinese Toddlers: The Report of a Survey.

Toddlerhood (aged 13~36 months) is a period of dietary transition, with water intake being significantly influenced by parental feeding patterns, cultural traditions, and the availability of beverages and food. Nevertheless, given the lack of applicable data, it is challenging to guide and evaluate the water intake of toddlers in China. In this study, our objectives were to assess the daily total water intake (TWI), evaluate the consumption patterns of various beverages and food sources contributing to the TWI, determine the conformity of participants to the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of water released by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and analyze the various contributors to the daily total energy intake (TEI). The data for the assessment of water and dietary intake were obtained from the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children (DSIYC, 2018-2019). A total of 1360 eligible toddlers were recruited in the analysis. The differences in related variables between two age groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. The potential correlation between water and energy intake was examined utilizing age-adjusted partial correlation. Toddlers consumed a median daily TWI of 1079 mL, with 670 mL (62.3%, r = 0.752) derived from beverages and 393 mL (37.7%, r = 0.716) from foods. Plain water was the primary beverage source, contributing 300 mL (52.2%, r = 0.823), followed by milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) at 291 mL (45.6%, r = 0.595). Notably, only 28.4% of toddlers managed to reach the recommended AI value. Among these, toddlers obtain more water from beverages than from foods. The median daily TEI of toddlers was 762 kcal, including 272 kcal from beverages (36.4%, r = 0.534) and 492 kcal from foods (63.6%, r = 0.894). Among these, the median daily energy intake from MMDs was 260 kcal, making up 94.6% of the energy intake from beverages (r = 0.959). As the pioneer survey on TWI of toddlers in China based on nationally representative data, attention to the quality and quantity of water intake and actions to better guide parents by both individuals and authorities are eagerly anticipated. Additionally, the revision of the reference value of TWI for Chinese toddlers is urgently required.

Hydrogen-Rich Alkaline Water Supplementation Restores a Healthy State and Redox Balance in H2O2-Treated Mice.

Water is a major requirement for our bodies, and alkaline water has induced an antioxidant response in a model of natural aging. A series of recent reports have shown that aging is related to reduced water intake. Hydrogen-rich water has been suggested to exert a general antioxidant effect in relation to both improving lifestyle and preventing a series of diseases. Here, we wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of hydrogen-rich alkaline water (HAW) in counteracting the redox imbalance induced in a model of H2O2-treated mice. Mice were treated with H2O2 for two weeks and either left untreated or supplied with HAW. The results show that HAW induced a reduction in the ROS plasmatic levels that was consistent with the increase in the circulating glutathione. At the same time, the reduction in plasmatic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was associated with reduced DNA damage in the whole body. Further analysis of the spleen and bone marrow cells showed a reduced ROS content consistent with a significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide accumulation and an increase in spontaneous proliferation. This study provides evidence for a clear preventive and curative effect of HAW in a condition of systemic toxic condition and redox imbalance.

Psychometric Properties of the Knowledge of Hydration among Foreign Students of Óbuda University, Hungary.

It is known that the quantity, makeup, and distribution of bodily fluids have a significant impact on the cognitive health, physiological health, and cell activity of human beings. This narrative could be influenced by the level of knowledge about hydration, dehydration, and the practice of Adequate Water Intake (AWI) of an individual based on the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) by either the World Health Organization (WHO) or the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In this study, we have developed and validated a scale to adequately measure knowledge of the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) practices among foreign students at Óbuda University, Hungary. Hence, we implemented an 11-item scale to measure the Knowledge of Hydration (KH-11) and evaluate its psychometric properties among students. This study is an online cross-sectional study assessing water intake knowledge with the use of the KH-11 tool among 323 students with ages ranging from 18 to 35 years, who have enrolled for at least two semesters at the University. The statistical analysis performed was reliability (using Cronbach alpha ≥ 70%) and factor analysis. Knowledge levels were categorized as poor (<50%), intermediate (50-70%), or adequate (71-100%). The intraclass correlation, chi-square, and rotated component matrix were also estimated and reported. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Cronbach's alpha analysis revealed that the KH-11 had an overall good reliability with a value of 0.80, where the survey items had an acceptable level of consistency ranging from 0.75 to 0.81 and demonstrated sufficient independence from each other as Pearson's R within factors was positive and ranged from 0.02 to 0.74. In evaluating the participants' knowledge of hydration, the total possible score for the scale is 72, while the mean score for the KH-11 was 55.2 ± 11.61 SD, and the factor analysis model yielded an acceptable fit (χ2 = 3259.4, p = 0.000). We recorded a high-level positive concordance of 0.770 with an average intraclass correlation of 0.80 at a 95% CI, where p-value = 0.000. Our findings show that the majority (66.3%) of the students have a good knowledge of hydration. However, the skewed distribution of the knowledge scores suggests that some may have lower levels of knowledge, which may warrant further study to improve knowledge in those students.

Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Groundwater serves as the lifeline in arid regions, where aquifer overuse and climatic factors can substantially degrade its quality, posing significant challenges. The current study examines the drinking water quality in the Al Qaseem area and assesses the potential health risks from nitrate ( NO 3 − {\text{NO}}_{3}^{-} ) and fluoride (F−) exposure to infants, children, and adults. This evaluation employs parameters such as the daily water intake, hazard quotient, and non-carcinogenic hazard index. Groundwater samples from 38 wells and boreholes were analyzed for major cations and anions. The water quality index and multivariate tools were utilized. The average concentrations of SO 4 2 − {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2-} , Cl–, Ca+, Na+, Mg2+, and K+ exceeded acceptable limits. Among the 38 samples, 8 were unsuitable for drinking, with 5 categorized as very poor quality, 10 as poor, 14 as good, and 1 as excellent. Nitrate levels ranged from 1.30 to 108.00 mg/L, with a mean of 36.56 mg/L. Three wells exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (50.00 mg/L). Fluoride ranged from 0.10 to 0.98 mg/L, with a mean of 0.71 mg/L and none surpassing WHO recommendations (1.5 mg/L). The HI values for adults, children, and infants were 0.993, 2.606, and 2.78, respectively. About 57.89% of the water samples exceeded the safety level of 1 for adults and 94.73% for both children and infants. Thus, the groundwater in the study area may pose non-carcinogenic health risks to infants, children, and adults when used as drinking water.

Plain Water Intake, Sleep Quality, and Hydration Status of Pregnant Woman in Hainan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Both short and long sleep durations are associated with decreased kidney function; however, few studies have examined the relationship between sleep, hydration status, and plain water intake. This study aimed to assess the relationship between sleep quality, hydration status, and plain water intake in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study method was used to collect data from 380 pregnant women with regular examinations at the hospital between May 2019 and February 2021. There were statistically significant differences in daily plain water intake (x2 = 14.118, p = 0.001), PSQI score (x2 = 77.708, p < 0.001), sleep duration (x2 = 67.569, p > 0.001), subjective sleep quality (x2 = 67.441, p = 0.001), time to fall asleep (x2 = 64.782, p < 001), sleep disorders (x2 = 70.853, p < 0.001), and daytime dysfunction (x2 = 38.441, p < 0.001) among different hydration status groups. Ordinal logistic regression results indicated that the intake of plain water ≥1500 mL/d (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24~0.67), good subjective sleep quality (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.07~0.32), short time to fall asleep (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14~0.70), 8 h of sleep (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.02~0.17), 6-7 h of sleep (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07~0.54), no sleep disturbance (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11~0.89), and high sleep efficiency (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.03~0.79) were factors that were correlated with optimal hydration status. Sleep duration and daytime dysfunction partially mediated the effect of plain water intake on hydration status. The mediating effect of sleep duration was -0.036, accounting for 14.006% of the overall effect. The mediating effect of daytime dysfunction was -0.024, accounting for 9.459% of the overall effect. The hydration status in pregnant women may be affected by daily plain water intake and sleep quality.

The Frequency and Associated Factors of Restless Leg Syndrome among Pregnant Women in 3rd Trimester

Background: Restless leg syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often occurring at the onset of sleep, which triggers an irrepressible urge to move the legs. This condition is particularly prevalent among pregnant women, with symptoms typically worsening during the third trimester. Despite its impact, many pregnant women are unaware of RLS, attributing their discomfort to normal pregnancy symptoms. Objective: To assess the frequency and associated factors of RLS in pregnant females during the third trimester and to evaluate its impact on their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 250 pregnant females in their third trimester, recruited from Shalimar Hospital, Nawaz Sharif Hospital, Zahida Welfare Trust, Alshad Clinic, Ali Hospital, Ahsan Hospital, Nargis Clinic, Manawa Government Hospital, and Sultan Medical Center. Participants aged 15-45 years were included, while those with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus were excluded. Data were collected using structured questionnaires incorporating the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Ethical approval was obtained, and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with descriptive statistics, frequencies, and graphical representations employed to summarize and analyze the data. Results: The mean age of participants was 26.32 years (SD = 5.08). The prevalence of RLS in the third trimester was found to be 89.2%. The age group most affected was 18-23 years. Factors associated with RLS included inadequate calcium intake (40.4%), insufficient daily water intake (40.4%), poor food intake (48%), mood disturbances (89.2%), lack of movement or light exercise (78%), caffeine consumption (16%), disturbances in sexual activities (48%), and disruption in daily activities (45.2%). Conclusion: RLS is highly prevalent among pregnant women, particularly in the third trimester, significantly impacting their quality of life. Despite its prevalence, many women remain unaware of RLS, mistaking it for typical pregnancy discomfort. Raising awareness and implementing screening and management strategies during prenatal care could improve the quality of life for affected women.

Evaluation of Fluid Loading Protocols for Use Before Returning from Spaceflight

Reductions in plasma volume (PV) during spaceflight contribute to post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance (OI) during re-exposure to a gravitational environment. Both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Space Agency (RSA) utilize fluid loading prior to re-entry to expand PV and mitigate the risk of post flight OI, but the timing of ingestion differs. Before landing NASA crewmembers consume 1-1.5 L of water with salt tablets to produce an isotonic solution in ~1 hour, whereas RSA cosmonauts consume the same, over ~4 hours. Anecdotal reports suggest low palatability and gastrointestinal (GI) distress with salt tablet and water fluid loading. To address this concern, the NASA Space Food Systems Laboratory developed an electrolyte solution. The purpose of this study is to test the effcacy and palatability of the two fluid loading compositions ingested in 1 hour versus 4 hours. Seven participants (2 Female, 39±9 years, 178.2±9.9 cm, 74.9±8.6 kg) completed four randomized visits separated ≥ 48 hours. The four visits were (1) no fluid loading (control), (2) 4 hour ingestion of the electrolyte solution (4hr-Electro), (3) 1 hour ingestion of the electrolyte solution (1hr-Electro), and (4) 4 hour ingestion of salt tablets and water (4hr-Salt). Participants reported to the lab at ~7:00 a.m. fasted, and PV was measured using a carbon monoxide re-breathing technique. During each visit subjects consumed 500 mL of water representing normal daily water intake through the first five hours of the session along with breakfast and lunch meals identical to those provided to astronauts. During the control visit, no other fluid consumption was allowed. During the three fluid loading visits, participants also consumed up to 1.2 L of additional fluid, either water with salt tablets or the electrolyte solution. After completion of the fluid loading protocol no additional fluid was consumed during the final 3.5 hours of the test. Participants remained seated for all portions of the study. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 3.5 hours after cessation of food and fluid intake to assess changes in PV. In these preliminary data, PV was not significantly different from baseline at any timepoint during the control and 4hr-Electro sessions ( P&gt;0.20). PV increased from baseline at all timepoints for the 1hr-Electro session ( P&lt;0.003) and at all timepoints, other than 0 ( P=0.17 ), for the 4hr-Salt condition ( P&lt;0.01 ). GI distress was reported by participant during the 4hr-Electro (n=2), 1hr-Electro (n=1), and 4hr-Salt protocols (n=4). No GI distress was reported during the control visit. The most severe GI symptom (18/20) was nausea reported with the 4hr-Salt protocol. These data suggest that both the 4hr-Salt and 1hr-Electro fluid loading protocols successfully expands PV, however the 1hr-Electro results in fewer participants reporting GI symptoms. Supported by Mars Campaign Development - Exploration Capabilities. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Gaps in kidney stone disease management: From clinical theory to patient reality.

With nephrolithiasis projected to affect 25% of the global population in the next three decades, there is an urgent call for innovative management strategies to prevent and reduce stone recurrence. This study aims to explore the evolving management needs in nephrolithiasis from both patient and healthcare provider perspectives. An expert-collaborative online survey comprising 10 targeted questions on kidney stone management was developed and disseminated. This survey was designed to gather comprehensive insights from patients, physicians and dietician and other person in the field of nephrolithiasis. Analysis of responses from 120 participants, including 45 nephrologists, 38 dieticians, 11 urologists, and 14 kidney stones patients followed in our hospital, revealed critical insights. A significant 97.5% emphasized the necessity of optimizing daily water intake, and 94.1% recognized the need for practical dietary modifications. Additionally, 88.3% of respondents found timely hydration reminders beneficial. Notably, monitoring urine color and pH was valued by 85% and 84.3% of the participants, respectively. A striking disparity emerged in the perception of fatigue and wellness monitoring, with 65% of patients prioritizing fatigue monitoring, a view less shared by healthcare professionals. Similarly, 71% of patients deemed wellness monitoring essential, highlighting a gap in understanding between patients and their caregivers. This study underscores the critical need for more tailored guidance on hydration strategies and the promise of remote urine parameters monitoring in nephrolithiasis management. The findings strongly advocate for a patient-centered approach, aligning medical recommendations with patient lifestyles and experiences, to enhance the effectiveness of nephrolithiasis management.