Total Daily Water Intake Research Articles

418 Evaluation of an automated system for measuring individual animal water consumption

Abstract SmartWater is an automatic watering station that measures the volume of water consumed by individual animals when visiting the system. The self-contained, portable system is constructed of a steel frame, two load cells, and a stainless-steel water trough that measures 0.1 m3 with a water capacity of 113 L. SmartWater refills automatically when the water mass is below 55 L, refilling for 120 s, or until the water mass reaches 70 L. The flow rate of water entering the system and the weight of the bin are measured every second in L/s and L, respectively. When the bin is being refilled, animals are still able to drink from the system. Animal water intake during a visit is measured by summing the amount of water dispensed into the bin and the difference in bin weight at the start and end of the visit. Water intake days are considered valid if the unknown percentage is less than 5% of the total daily water intake, where unknown intake is defined as feed mass disappearance that cannot be assigned to an EID. Invalid days are excluded from final datasets. System performance was evaluated using 17 Angus heifers (body weight = 248 ± 37 kg) in a 55-d trial period. Animals were given ad libitum access to two SmartWater systems, and all animals successfully adapted to the system. Mean daily visitation was 2.7 ± 0.4 and average visit length was 87 ± 175 s. Mean water consumption over the trial period was 13.7 ± 1.8 L. The coefficient of variance of water consumption between animals was 12.8%. The average standard deviation water consumption within animals between days was 5.9%. SmartWater provides an accurate and efficient way to measure water intake of animals in extensive and intensive systems, eliminating the need to manually monitor water levels and refill watering stations.

Assessment of Water Intake among Chinese Toddlers: The Report of a Survey.

Toddlerhood (aged 13~36 months) is a period of dietary transition, with water intake being significantly influenced by parental feeding patterns, cultural traditions, and the availability of beverages and food. Nevertheless, given the lack of applicable data, it is challenging to guide and evaluate the water intake of toddlers in China. In this study, our objectives were to assess the daily total water intake (TWI), evaluate the consumption patterns of various beverages and food sources contributing to the TWI, determine the conformity of participants to the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of water released by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and analyze the various contributors to the daily total energy intake (TEI). The data for the assessment of water and dietary intake were obtained from the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children (DSIYC, 2018-2019). A total of 1360 eligible toddlers were recruited in the analysis. The differences in related variables between two age groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. The potential correlation between water and energy intake was examined utilizing age-adjusted partial correlation. Toddlers consumed a median daily TWI of 1079 mL, with 670 mL (62.3%, r = 0.752) derived from beverages and 393 mL (37.7%, r = 0.716) from foods. Plain water was the primary beverage source, contributing 300 mL (52.2%, r = 0.823), followed by milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) at 291 mL (45.6%, r = 0.595). Notably, only 28.4% of toddlers managed to reach the recommended AI value. Among these, toddlers obtain more water from beverages than from foods. The median daily TEI of toddlers was 762 kcal, including 272 kcal from beverages (36.4%, r = 0.534) and 492 kcal from foods (63.6%, r = 0.894). Among these, the median daily energy intake from MMDs was 260 kcal, making up 94.6% of the energy intake from beverages (r = 0.959). As the pioneer survey on TWI of toddlers in China based on nationally representative data, attention to the quality and quantity of water intake and actions to better guide parents by both individuals and authorities are eagerly anticipated. Additionally, the revision of the reference value of TWI for Chinese toddlers is urgently required.

Psychometric Properties of the Knowledge of Hydration among Foreign Students of Óbuda University, Hungary.

It is known that the quantity, makeup, and distribution of bodily fluids have a significant impact on the cognitive health, physiological health, and cell activity of human beings. This narrative could be influenced by the level of knowledge about hydration, dehydration, and the practice of Adequate Water Intake (AWI) of an individual based on the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) by either the World Health Organization (WHO) or the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In this study, we have developed and validated a scale to adequately measure knowledge of the recommended daily Total Water Intake (TWI) practices among foreign students at Óbuda University, Hungary. Hence, we implemented an 11-item scale to measure the Knowledge of Hydration (KH-11) and evaluate its psychometric properties among students. This study is an online cross-sectional study assessing water intake knowledge with the use of the KH-11 tool among 323 students with ages ranging from 18 to 35 years, who have enrolled for at least two semesters at the University. The statistical analysis performed was reliability (using Cronbach alpha ≥ 70%) and factor analysis. Knowledge levels were categorized as poor (<50%), intermediate (50-70%), or adequate (71-100%). The intraclass correlation, chi-square, and rotated component matrix were also estimated and reported. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Cronbach's alpha analysis revealed that the KH-11 had an overall good reliability with a value of 0.80, where the survey items had an acceptable level of consistency ranging from 0.75 to 0.81 and demonstrated sufficient independence from each other as Pearson's R within factors was positive and ranged from 0.02 to 0.74. In evaluating the participants' knowledge of hydration, the total possible score for the scale is 72, while the mean score for the KH-11 was 55.2 ± 11.61 SD, and the factor analysis model yielded an acceptable fit (χ2 = 3259.4, p = 0.000). We recorded a high-level positive concordance of 0.770 with an average intraclass correlation of 0.80 at a 95% CI, where p-value = 0.000. Our findings show that the majority (66.3%) of the students have a good knowledge of hydration. However, the skewed distribution of the knowledge scores suggests that some may have lower levels of knowledge, which may warrant further study to improve knowledge in those students.

Effects of electrolyte supplementation on performance and physiological responses of preconditioning beef calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of electrolyte solution supplementation on the performance and physiological responses of beef calves during a 45-d preconditioning phase. Forty Angus × Hereford steers (230.4 ± 4.8kg body weight [BW]) were sorted into 20 pens (2 steers/pen) following weaning (day 0). Treatments were randomly assigned to pens: (1) control: access to water only and (2) electrolyte: access to water and electrolyte solution supplementation (10% of total daily water intake) from days 1 to 14. Calf BW and blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 44 of the study. Blood samples were analyzed for sodium, potassium, albumin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and cortisol. All variables were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Electrolyte solution consumption was estimated at 0.70kg/calf daily (SEM ± 0.21). Calves assigned to the Electrolyte treatment had greater water and total liquid intake than control (P < 0.05). No effects of treatment were observed on ADG or BW (P > 0.05). Effects of day (P < 0.004), but not treatment or treatment × day were observed for sodium, potassium, albumin, cortisol, ceruloplasmin, and haptoglobin. Electrolyte solution supplementation during the preconditioning period did not improve performance nor influenced stress-related markers, however improved liquid intake.

Water Intake and Hydration Status among Pregnant Women in the Second Trimester in China: A Three-Day Metabolic Trial.

Adequate water intake and optimal hydration status during pregnancy are crucial for maternal and infant health. However, research on water intake by pregnant women in China is very limited. This study mainly aimed to observe the daily total water intake (TWI) of pregnant women and its different sources and to investigate the relationship between their water intake and hydration biomarkers. From October to November 2020, a convenience sample of pregnant women in the second trimester (n = 21) was recruited. Under conditions close to daily life, they undertook a 3-day metabolic trial. Each participant was provided with sufficient bottled water, and the weight of what they drank each time was measured. The intake of other beverages and foods was measured using a combination of weighing and duplicate portion method. Fasting venous blood and 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for the hydration biomarkers, including the serum/urine osmolality, urine pH, urine specific gravity, and the concentrations of major electrolytes in urine and serum. The results showed that the mean daily TWI was 3151 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 60.1% and 39.9%, respectively. The mean total fluid intake (TFI) was 1970 mL, with plain water being the primary contributor (68.7%, r = 0.896). Among the participants, 66.7% (n = 14, Group 1) met the TWI recommendation set by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Further analysis revealed that the TFI, water from beverages and foods, plain water, and milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) were significantly higher in Group 1 than those who did not reach the adequate intake value (Group 2) (p < 0.05). The results of hydration biomarkers showed that the mean 24 h urine volume in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (p < 0.05), while the 24 h urine osmolality, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride, and creatinine concentrations in Group 1 were significantly lower than those in Group 2 (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in serum biomarkers. Partial correlation analysis showed that TWI was moderately positively correlated with 24 h urine volume (r = 0.675) and negatively correlated with urine osmolality, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and chloride concentrations (r = from-0.505 to -0.769), but it was not significantly correlated with serum biomarkers. Therefore, under free-living conditions, increasing the daily intake of plain water and MMDs is beneficial for pregnant women to maintain optimal hydration. The hydration biomarkers in urine are more accurate indicators of water intake and exhibit greater sensitivity compared to serum biomarkers. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing appropriate water intake and hydration status for pregnant women in China.

PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls

Abstract Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.

Fluid intake at work in foresters working in different thermal conditions

The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of fluid intake on hydration status indices in men at work. The secondary aim was to determine the type of fluids drunk at work in different thermal conditions. Fifty-nine male foresters were examined before and after one working day during summer, autumn, and winter. Before and after work, urine and blood samples were obtained from foresters. Immediately after a shift, participants completed a questionnaire regarding fluid intake during one working day. The amount of fluid consumed affects the hydration urine indices. Urine specific gravity and urine osmolality significantly decreased with increasing fluid intake (r = − 0.385 and r = − 0.405, respectively). Moreover, an impact of season on the type of fluids consumed by workers was observed. Tea was significantly more often chosen by workers to drink in winter (68%) than in summer (32%) (p = 0.026). The consumption of any non-alcoholic fluids contributes to the daily total water intake, but it is necessary to create individualized fluid replacement plans. Workers should know how much and what types of drinks to consume at work.

Behaviors of Water Intake, Hydration Status, and Related Hydration Biomarkers among Physically Active Male Young Adults in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Studies on the water intake of athletes in daily life are insufficient. The objective was to determine the water intake and hydration status among physically active male young adults. In this cross-sectional studies study, 111 physically active male young adults were recruited. The amount of daily total drinking fluid intake (TDF) among participants was recorded and evaluated in real time over 7 days using the "7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire" (liq. In 7). The daily water intake from food (WFF) was calculated using the weighing, duplicate portion, and direct-drying method over 3 days. All urine samples over 3 days were collected, and urine biomarkers were determined. According to 24 h urine osmolality, the participants were divided into three groups with euhydration status, middle hydration, and hypo hydration statuses. Finally, 109 participants completed the study. The median daily total water intake (TWI), TDF, and WFF were 2701, ik1789, and 955 mL, respectively. Among participants, 17 participants (16%) were in euhydration status, 47 participants (43%) were in hypohydration, and 45 participants (41%) were in middle hydration. There were statistical significances in the 24 h urine volume, osmolality, urine specific gravity, and concentrations of K, Na, and Cl in different hydration statuses (χ 2 = 28.212, P < 0.01; χ 2 = 91.341, P < 0.01; χ 2 = 47.721, P < 0.01; χ 2 = 41.548, P < 0.01; χ 2 = 46.863, P < 0.01; and χ 2 = 40.839, P < 0.01). Moderate-intensity correlations were found between the TDF and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.408, P < 0.01; r = -0.378, P < 0.01; r = -0.325, P < 0.01; r = -0.344, P < 0.01; and r = -0.329, P < 0.01). There were also moderate-intensity correlations between the TDF and 24 h urine osmolality, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = -0.365, P < 0.01; r = -0.371, P < 0.01; and r = -0.322, P = 0.01). Increased and higher moderate-intensity correlations were found between plain water and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine K and Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.374, P < 0.01; r = -0.520, P < 0.01; r = -0.312,P < 0.01; r = -0.355, P < 0.01; r = -0.446, P < 0.01; and r = -0.378, P < 0.01). Insufficient water intake and hypohydration were common among physically active male young adults. The amount and type of water intake were correlated with hydration status and urine biomarkers. The results could provide scientific and accurate references for the development of recommendations on water intake for athletes.

94 The Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Dry Matter Intake on Total Daily Water Intake in Beef Steers

Abstract Weaned angus steers (n = 26; 272.92 + 21.29 kg) were selected to study the effects of weather, predicted daily BW, and DMI on total daily water intake (TDWI) from December 2019 to May 2020 (181 days). Calves were provided with ad libitum access to feed and water, under a monoslope barn, for the duration of the study. In periods of cold stress, cattle were provided with corn stalk bedding within the dry lot, away from the monoslope barn. Measurements of feed and water disappearance were obtained by utilizing an automated feed and water system (Insentec RIC, Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands), where disappearance was assumed to be caused by intake. Calves were weighed every 28 days in order to calculate ADG and therefore predict daily BW for each calf. Daily weather records, including windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and maximum relative humidity (%), were obtained through the South Dakota Mesonet automated weather station located 3.86 km from where the calves were housed. A linear mixed effects model with both random intercept and slope were used to account for the within subject correlations. Increased TDWI was associated with increased wind chill (0.38-kg per 1°C; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), increased solar radiation (1.04-kg per 1 W/m2; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), and decreased maximum relative humidity (-0.14 kg per 1%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). For every kg increase in DMI, TDWI increased by 1.07 kg (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Lastly, for every kg increase in BW, TDWI increased by 0.05 kg (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Effects of DMI, BW, SRAD, windchill, RHMax were predictive of TDWI in beef calves fed during the winter. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI during the winter months where calves are raised in regions where temperatures are regularly below freezing.

Water Intake in Pregnant Women in China, 2018: The Report of a Survey.

Background: Adequate water intake in pregnant women plays an important role in their health and in fetal growth and development. However, there is insufficient applicable data to guide and evaluate the water intake of pregnant women in China. Based on a nationwide sample of pregnant women, we mainly aimed to investigate the daily total water intake (TWI) and the contribution of different beverages and food sources to the TWI, to assess the percentage of participants who comply with the adequate intake (AI) value of water set by the Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and to analyze the contribution of different water sources to the daily total energy intake (TEI). Methods: A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit pregnant women from 11 provinces and two municipalities in China. A 4-day online diary with a food atlas was used to assess water and dietary intake. Finally, 653 pregnant women were included in the analysis. The Mann–Whitney U test and the independent-sample t-test were used to compare the differences between related variables in different age groups or different gestational periods, and partial correlation was used to explore the correlation between water and energy intake. Results: The median daily TWI of pregnant women was 2190 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 52.9% and 47.1%, respectively. Approximately 80.5% of the water from beverages was mainly from plain water (r = 0.973), while in the part of the water from foods, dishes (32.4%) were the main contributors (r = 0.663). Only 16.4% and 43.8% of the total population met the TWI recommendation set by the CNS and EFSA, respectively. Among these, the contribution of the water from beverages was higher than that of the water from food. For those whose TWI did not reach the recommended level, the contribution of the water from beverages was almost equal to that of food. The median daily TEI of pregnant women was 1589 kcal, of which beverages accounted for 9.7%. Milk and milk derivatives (71.3%) were the main contributors to energy from beverages, accounting for 71.3% (r = 0.444). Although sugar-sweetened drinks only accounted for 10.1% of the energy from beverages, they were highly correlated with energy from beverages (r = 0.836). Through grouping analysis, age and gestational period had no significant effect on the above main results. Conclusions: This was the beginning of a nationwide study on the TWI of pregnant women in China, and the results provide evidence of the need for interventions to improve water intake among pregnant women and the revision of reference values for AI of TWI in pregnant women in China.

Validity and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Total Water Intake in Adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a seven-day water frequency questionnaire (TWI-FQ) to estimate daily total water intake (TWI) in comparison to a water turnover objective reference value via deuterium oxide (D2O). Data collection occurred over 3 weeks, with a wash-out period during week two. Healthy adults (n = 98; 52% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.4 ± 5.5 kg·m−2) retrospectively self-reported consumption frequencies of 17 liquids and 35 foods with specified volumes/amounts for weeks one and three via TWI-FQ. Standard water content values were utilized to determine the volume of water consumed from each liquid and food for calculation of mean daily TWI for each week. Diet records were completed daily during week two to estimate metabolic water production. To assess validity of the TWI-FQ, participants consumed D2O at the start of each week and provided urine samples immediately before ingestion, the following day, and at the end of the week to calculate water turnover. Metabolic water was subtracted from water turnover to estimate TWI. TWI-FQ validity was assessed via Bland-Altman plot for multiple observations. Reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation and Pearson's correlation between weeks. TWI-FQ significantly underestimated D2O TWI by −350 ± 1,431 mL·d−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): −551, −149 mL·d−1). TWI-FQ TWI was significantly correlated (r = 0.707, P <0.01) and not different (198 ± 1,180 mL·d−1, 95% CI: −38, 435 mL·d−1) between weeks. TWI-FQ intraclass correlation = 0.706 was significant [95% CI: 0.591, 0.793; F(97, 98) = 5.799], indicating moderate test-retest reliability. While this tool would not be suitable for individual TWI assessment, the magnitude of bias may be acceptable for assessment at the sample-level.

Water and Beverage Consumption among a Nationally Representative Sample of Children and Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates.

There are limited studies examining water consumption among individuals in hot climates. We assessed the daily total water intake from plain water, other beverages, and food in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents aged 6–18 years in the United Arab Emirates. Total water intake was compared against the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the European Food Safety Authority. Sociodemographic information, 24 h dietary recall, physical activity levels, and anthropometric data were collected from 527 participants. The mean ± SE of total water intake was 1778.4 ± 33.8 mL/day. Plain drinking water was the largest contributor to total water intake (51.6%), followed by food (27.3%). Sugar-sweetened beverages constituted 13.9% of water intake. The proportion of participants who met the Institute of Medicine recommendations ranged from 15% (males aged 14–18) to 25% (children aged 6–8). The proportion of participants who met the European Food Safety Authority recommendations ranged from 31% (females aged 14–18) to 36% (males aged 14–18). The water-to-energy ratio was 1.0–1.15 L/1000 kcal, meeting recommendations. The majority of participants failed to meet water intake recommendations, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to promote increased water consumption among children and adolescents.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments of arsenic contamination in drinking water of Ardabil city in the Northwest of Iran

ABSTRACTBased on the environmental health assessment framework of the United State Environmental Protection Agency, a quantitative health risk assessment of arsenic in contaminated drinking water in a city in the northwest of Iran has been carried out. In the exposure assessment step, arsenic concentrations in drinking water were determined during four seasons. In addition, the water ingestion rate for different age groups in this region was determined. The concentration of arsenic in 163 collected samples from different locations during four seasons ranged from 0 to 99 μg L−1. Furthermore, a high percentage of the samples manifested higher levels than the permissible limit of 10 μg L−1. The total daily water intake rates of four age groups 1 to <2 (group 1), 2 to <6 (group 2), 6 to <16 (group 3), and ≥16 years (group 4) were estimated as 0.86, 1.49, 2.00, and 2.33 L day−1, respectively. Calculating the lifetime average daily dose of arsenic indicated that adults (group 4) had the highest and children (group 1) had the lowest daily intake of arsenic in their entire life. The results of risk characteristic showed that the order of excess lifetime cancer risk via arsenic exposure in the four groups was 4 > 3 > 2 > 1. The estimated risks for all age groups were higher than the acceptable range (1E−6 to 1E−4). The hazard quotient values for all of the classified groups were lower than the recommended limit values (<1), but it cannot be concluded that potential non-carcinogenicity risks are non-existent since the possible exposure to arsenic via food and skin may also pose the risk.

Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes

Epidemiological research has demonstrated that low daily total water intake is associated with increased diagnosis of hyperglycemia. Possible mechanisms for this increase include hormones related to the hypothalamic pituitary axis as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that acute low water intake would result in differential hormonal profiles and thus impaired blood glucose regulation during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nine men (53 ± 9 years, 30.0 ± 4.3 m∙kg−2, 32% ± 6% body fat) diagnosed with T2DM completed OGTTs in euhydrated (EUH) and hypohydrated (HYP) states in counterbalanced order. Water restriction led to hypohydration of −1.6% of body weight, with elevated plasma (EUH: 288 ± 4, HYP: 298 ± 6 mOsm·kg−1; P < .05) and urine (EUH: 512 ± 185, HYP: 994 ± 415 mOsm·kg−1; P < .05) osmolality. There was a significant main effect of condition for serum glucose (at time 0 minute 9.5 ± 4.2 vs 10.4 ± 4.4 mmol∙L−1 and at time 120 minutes 19.1 ± 4.8 vs 21.0 ± 4.1 mmol∙L−1 for EUH and HYP, respectively; P < .001) but not insulin (mean difference between EUH and HYP −12.1 ± 44.9 pmol∙L−1, P = .390). An interaction between time and condition was observed for cortisol: decrease from minute 0 to 120 in EUH (−85.3 ± 82.1 nmol∙L−1) vs HYP (−25.0 ± 43.0 nmol∙L−1; P = .017). No differences between conditions were found within RAAS-related hormones. Therefore, we can conclude that 3 days of low total water intake in people with T2DM acutely impairs blood glucose response during an OGTT via cortisol but not RAAS-mediated glucose regulation.

Water Turnover, Urinary Markers Of Hydration, And Mood In Men And Women

PURPOSE: Past research has identified relationships between daily total water intake (TWI) measured by diet diary with dimensions of mood in free living, and laboratory confined men and women. However, diet records have been associated with subjective errors and thus these findings should be confirmed in objective of body water turnover (WTO). METHODS: 49 women (42±14y, 164±6cm, 71±16kg) and 46 men (40±14y, 177±7cm, 81±16kg) volunteered for WTO measurement via deuterium oxide dilution technique over two consecutive weeks. Total water intake (TWI) was calculated as WTO (L·d-1) - metabolic water production. The Profile of Mood State questionnaire (POMS) was administered in the morning on the 4th day of each week. Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The influence of the prior days, and acute hydration status (via urine osmolality) on mood was considered with; a) 24h urine collections comprised of the full day leading up to, and, b) single urine samples collected immediately prior to completion of the POMS. Measurements were averaged between weeks. Multivariate linear regression was completed to assess if WTO or either of the hydration markers predicted any of the 6 POMS sub-scales or the composite mood measurement of total mood disturbance, over and above the influence of age, body mass index, and MET minutes of physical activity completed during the week. RESULTS: The vigor sub-scale of was significantly associated with WTO, (Fchange[1,94]=5.00, R2change=0.05, Beta=0.23, P=0.03). This finding was not apparent in relationships with 24h urine osmolality (Fchange[1,94]=2.58, R2change=0.03, Beta=0.16, P=0.11) or single sample urine osmolality (Fchange[1,94]=2.65, R2change=0.03, Beta=-0.17, P=0.10). No other sub-scales or TMD were significantly related to WTO, or hydration indices, after accounting for the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms a positive relationship between mood and fluid intake using direct measurement of WTO. The lack of significance to urinary hydration markers is indicative of the multi-faceted composition of urine concentration (i.e., kcal, protein intake, etc.). However, daily WTO is modestly associated with mood and should be further explored in controlled laboratory conditions to further elucidate this relationship.

Water Intake and Hydration Indices in Healthy European Adults: The European Hydration Research Study (EHRS).

Hydration status is linked with health, wellness, and performance. We evaluated hydration status, water intake, and urine output for seven consecutive days in healthy adults. Volunteers living in Spain, Germany, or Greece (n = 573, 39 ± 12 years (51.1% males), 25.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2 BMI) participated in an eight-day study protocol. Total water intake was estimated from seven-day food and drink diaries. Hydration status was measured in urine samples collected over 24 h for seven days and in blood samples collected in fasting state on the mornings of days 1 and 8. Total daily water intake was 2.75 ± 1.01 L, water from beverages 2.10 ± 0.91 L, water from foods 0.66 ± 0.29 L. Urine parameters were: 24 h volume 1.65 ± 0.70 L, 24 h osmolality 631 ± 221 mOsmol/kg Η2Ο, 24 h specific gravity 1.017 ± 0.005, 24 h excretion of sodium 166.9 ± 54.7 mEq, 24 h excretion of potassium 72.4 ± 24.6 mEq, color chart 4.2 ± 1.4. Predictors for urine osmolality were age, country, gender, and BMI. Blood indices were: haemoglobin concentration 14.7 ± 1.7 g/dL, hematocrit 43% ± 4% and serum osmolality 294 ± 9 mOsmol/kg Η2Ο. Daily water intake was higher in summer (2.8 ± 1.02 L) than in winter (2.6 ± 0.98 L) (p = 0.019). Water intake was associated negatively with urine specific gravity, urine color, and urine sodium and potassium concentrations (p < 0.01). Applying urine osmolality cut-offs, approximately 60% of participants were euhydrated and 20% hyperhydrated or dehydrated. Most participants were euhydrated, but a substantial number of people (40%) deviated from a normal hydration level.

Beverage Consumption Patterns and Micronutrient and Caloric Intake from Beverages in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

The purpose of this study was to determine total water intake and patterns of beverage consumption, and its contribution to total daily micronutrients and calories in older adults with mild memory decline. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used with 60 independent community-dwelling older adults (71.7 ± 5.4 years) with mild cognitive impairment, who were mostly female, well-educated, and white. Three-day food records were analyzed using the Nutrition Data Systems for Research. Descriptive statistics were conducted for a summary of demographics, the average intakes of beverages, and the contribution of beverages to total calorie and micronutrient intakes. Total daily water intake was 53.6 ± 26.7 fl oz and milk, plain water, and tea/coffee were beverages consumed most frequently. Beverage consumption contributed substantially to the intake of vitamin D (29.4%), calcium (26.4%), riboflavin (22.0%), magnesium (18.9%), and vitamin C (18.1%), but constituted only ∼12.5% of total energy. These findings suggest that nutrient-dense beverages play a fundamental role in overall micronutrient intake, despite comprising a small component of daily caloric intake. Incorporating adequate amounts of such beverages in meals and snacks may help older adults meet their nutrient recommendations.

Blood Glucose Kinetics are Related to Hydration Status in Men with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Daily total water intake (TWI) has been linked to a number of chronic diseases, such as urolithiasis and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, epidemiological and animal model data have tied low TWI to impaired blood glucose regulation. However, the effect of a fluid intake intervention on blood glucose regulation has not yet been observed in humans. PURPOSE: Thus, the purpose of the current investigation was to determine if the response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was altered by manipulation of hydration status in people with diabetes. METHODS: Nine men (53±9 y, 94.9± 23.8 kg, 1.75± 0.11 m, 30.0± 4.3 mkg-2, 31.5± 6.5 %BF) who had previously been diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (hemoglobin A1C; 6.8±0.9 %) were recruited to take part. Participants completed two OGTTs in a euhydrated and hypohydrated state one week apart in a counterbalanced order. Euhydration was achieved by standard water prescription in line with the dietary reference intakes for water, and hypohydration was achieved through progressive water restriction over three days leading up to the OGTT. Blood samples were taken at time points 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min of the OGTT. RESULTS: The changes in TWI in the three days before each trial resulted in significantly lower body mass (-1.5±1.5 kg; p = 0.017) and increased urine specific gravity (0.017±0.009; p = 0.001), and plasma osmolality (10±8 mmolkg-1). Repeated measures analysis of variance identified a main effect of condition for blood glucose concentration F[1,48] = 10.772, p = 0.011, but not for insulin concentration F[1,48] = .657, p = 0.441. Insulin sensitivity calculated with the Matsuda index revealed attenuated insulin sensitivity during the hypohydrated trial (3.59±3.28) versus the euhydrated trial (4.10±3.78; t[8] = 2.834, p = 0.022) CONCLUSION: Hypohydration elicits an acute, negative effect on the blood glucose response to OGTT in men with T2DM. Although, blood insulin did not change, blood glucose and insulin sensitivity were reduced during the euhydrated trial. This suggests that inadequate TWI can negatively impact blood glucose regulation via decreased insulin sensitivity.

Equivalence of Spot and Twenty Four Hour Urine Osmolality in Young Adults

Urinary biomarkers of hydration can discriminate euhydration from hypohydration and are responsive to changes in daily total water intake. However, urine concentration is subject to daily fluctuation and circadian variation has been reported. Given the time and burden associated with 24 hour urine collections, establishing a time-frame during which spot urine concentration is equivalent to the 24 hour value would have utility for researchers, coaches, clinicians and individuals seeking to monitor hydration. PURPOSE: To determine the equivalence of multiple daytime spot urine osmolalities (UOsm_Spot) to the 24 hour sample (UOsm_24). METHODS: During three consecutive days, 82 adults (50% women; age 23.6 ± 2.9 years; BMI 22.2 ± 1.5 kg·m−2) recorded all ad libitum food and fluid intake and avoided physical activity that would result in substantial sweat loss. On the third day, subjects collected each void in a separate collection container over a full 24 hour period. The time of each void was recorded. UOsm was measured on each sample individually and on the 24 hour pool. Equivalence was set as ±100 mOsm·kg−1 from the 24 hour value, and was evaluated using the two one-sided test (TOST) method with α = 0.05. RESULTS: Mean total daily fluid intake (TFI) was 1830 ± 648 (range: 687 - 4350) ml·day−1, and mean UOsm_24 was 567 ± 214 (range: 149 - 1029) mOsm·kg−1. UOsm_Spot from samples produced between 14:00 and 20:00 were equivalent to UOsm_24, while UOsm_Spot between 10:00-12:00 and 12:00-14:00 was not equivalent. Samples between 10:00-12:00 and 12:00-14:00 tended to overestimate UOsm_24; the mean [95% CI] difference between UOsm_24 and UOsm_Spot was 83 [12;154] between 10:00-12:00; and 107 [58;157] between 12:00-14:00. From 14:00-16:00; 16:00-18:00; and 18:00-20:00, the mean [95% CI] differences between UOsm_24 and UOsm_Spot were −25 [−72;22]; 29 [−35;92]; and 12 [−41;66], respectively. CONCLUSION: Urine osmolality measured in voids produced between 14:00 and 20:00 was equivalent to 24 hour urine osmolality, while spot samples taken earlier in the day tended to overestimate 24 hour urine osmolality. This finding has practical utility for individuals, coaches, clinicians and researchers interested in evaluating 24 hour hydration without the burdens inherent in collecting 24 hour urine samples.

Markers of the hydration process during fluid volume modification in women with habitual high or low daily fluid intakes.

Human daily total water intake (TWI) has a large inter-individual range. Recently, water supplementation has been suggested as a potential preventative and therapeutic modality. Thus, we aimed to measure hydration biomarkers in women with high (HIGH) versus low (LOW) daily TWI to determine baseline differences, and the efficacy of these markers during a systematic alteration in TWI. This cohort study identified 14 HIGH [3.34 (0.56) L day(-1)] and 14 LOW [1.62 (0.48) L day(-1)] from 120 women. Next, fluid intake was decreased in HIGH [2.00 (0.21) L day(-1)] while LOW increased [3.50 (0.13) L day(-1)] across 4 days. Body mass, fluid intake, serum osmolality (S osmo), total plasma protein (TPP), 24 h urine osmolality, and 24 h urine volume, were measured on each day of modified TWI. Estimated plasma volume (E pv) was calculated using measured body mass and hematocrit values. At baseline, urinary markers and TPP differentiated HIGH from LOW [7.0 (0.3) versus 7.3 (0.3) mg dL(-1), respectively]. Upon TWI intervention, (1) body mass decreased in HIGH [-0.7 (1.1) kg, p = 0.010)] but did not increase in LOW [+0.0 (0.6) kg, p = 0.110], (2) E pv decreased 2.1 (2.4) %, p = 0.004, (3) urine osmolality increased in HIGH [397 (144)-605 (230) mOsm kg(-1), p < 0.001] and decreased in LOW [726 (248)-265 (97) mOsm kg(-1) p < 0.001], and (4) no changes of serum osmolality occurred in either HIGH or LOW (all p > 0.05). Urinary markers and TPP are sensitive measures to habitual high and low TWI and to changes in TWI. Both groups through urinary and some hematological responses following TWI manipulation achieved regulation of hemoconcentration.