Daily Reference Values Research Articles

대전.충청지역 초.중학교 급식의 당 함량 및 급식을 통한 당류의 섭취실태 연구

Korean government will set up the nationwide food safety system with strict control of hazardous nutrients like sugar, fatty acids and sodium as well as advanced nutrition education system. In addition, almost one hundred percent of school food service rate forced the government to consider more effective ways to upgrade the nutritional status of school meals. The object of our study was to provide the data on content and consumption of sugar in school meal for the nationwide project. For this purpose, we surveyed the sugar content of 842 school meal menus and their intake level for 154 days in 8 schools in Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Sugar contents, the sum of the quantity of 5 sugars commonly detected in food, were analysed with HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector). Sugar intakes were calculated by multiplying the intake of each menu to the sugar content of that menu. The sugar content was highest in the desserts, which include fruit juices, dairy products and fruits. Sugar content of side dish was high in sauces and braised foods. Sugar intake from one dish is high in beverage and dairy product, and one dish meals contribute greatly to sugar intake because of their large amount of meal intake. The average lunch meal intakes of second grade and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school student was 401 g/meal. The average sugar intake from one day school lunch was 4.22 g (4.03 g on elementary and 5.31 g on middle school student), which is less than 10% of daily sugar reference value for Koreans. The result of this study provides exact data of sugar intake pattern based on the content of sugar which is matched directly to the meals consumed by the students.

Sensory Optimization of Broken‐Rice Based Snacks Fortified with Protein and Fiber

A 3-component mixture experiment was used to optimize the formulation of broken-rice based snack fortified with protein and fiber based on consumer sensory acceptability. Soy protein isolate and guar gum were used as a good source of protein and fiber, respectively, according to DRV (daily reference value) based on a 2000-calorie diet. A consumer panel evaluated sensory acceptability of color, crispness, and flavor, and overall liking of 12 experimental broken-rice based snack formulations. Predicted models derived from the restricted nonintercept regression analysis were used to plot mixture response surfaces (MRS) of each sensory attribute. Areas within the MRS plots having predicted acceptability scores of at least 6.5 (on a 9-point hedonic scale) for color, crispness, flavor, and overall liking were selected to derive a predicted optimum formulation range. Flavor acceptability was a limiting factor in attaining the optimum formulation range, which consisted of 40% to 48% broken-rice flour, 8% to 16% guar gum, and 20% to 33% soy protein isolate. To verify the obtained predicted models, the formulation containing 48% broken-rice flour, 8% guar gum, and 20% soy protein isolate, which was located in the optimum area, was chosen to support our effort to utilize and add value to broken rice. Selected physicochemical measurements of the chosen optimized formulation were determined. One serving size (30 g) of the chosen optimized snack product provided 6.58 g protein and 3.80 g dietary fiber, which met the US FDA definition of a good source of protein and dietary fiber.

Maximum daily trunk shrinkage reference values for irrigation scheduling in olive trees

Measurements of maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) were performed on adult olive ( Olea europaea L. cv. Manzanillo) trees in an experimental farm in Seville (Spain). The objective was to study the feasibility of obtaining maximum daily trunk shrinkage baselines or reference values for use in irrigation scheduling. The trees were irrigated daily above their water requirements in order to obtain non-limiting soil water conditions. The results indicated it is possible to obtain baselines for MDS, despite a certain scattering of the data points representing the relations between MDS and the climatic variables (reference evapotranspiration, solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit and temperature). MDS behaviour was best correlated with midday vapour pressure deficit and midday air temperature ( r 2 = 0.83 and 0.79, respectively).

Study finds Chapel Hill, NC, soup kitchen serves nutritious meals

Soup kitchens attempt to improve the food security of low-income individuals, but the results of their efforts are rarely researched. We focused our study on the Inter-Faith Council Soup Kitchen (IFC) near the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (UNC) in Chapel Hill, NC. The IFC uses no centralized nutrition planning and relies heavily on volunteer cooks, yet we found their meals to be highly nutrient-dense when averaged over a 1-month time frame and compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the Daily Reference Values (DRVs). In fact, the only nutrients needing improvement were vitamin D, folate, and calcium. The number of servings per meal was also substantially more than one third of the US Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid recommendations, except for dairy at all meals, vegetables at breakfast, and fruit at dinner.

Nutritive composition of a street food ‘doubles’ channa ( Cicer arietinum) burger and its components sold in Trinidad, West Indies

‘Doubles’ or channa ( Cicer arietinum) burger is a street-food sold in the twin-islands of Trinidad and Tobago West Indies, other Caribbean islands and North America. The whole ‘doubles’ (bara with filling of channa) and components of the ‘doubles’ e.g. bara and channa were analysed separately for their nutritive composition. Consumers (200) were interviewed using structured questionnaire based on six questions to ascertain consumer perception to the product. Samples were purchased from six vendors and pooled to form four composites. From each composite, two analytical samples were drawn. Most respondents (89.5%) ate doubles and had two doubles (40.5%) at one meal. They (45.5%) were unsure whether ‘doubles’ could be considered as nutritious. The nutritive composition for ‘doubles’ was 6.9 g/100 g protein, 8.5 g/100 g fat, 3.7 g/100 g total dietary fibre, 230 mg/100 g Na, 222 mg/100 g K, 104 mg/100 g P, 27 mg/100 g Mg, 0.72 mg/100 g Mn, and 0.53 mg/100 g Zn. According to the US Nutrition Labelling and Education Act, based on a 8400 kJ (2000 kcal) diet, consumption of one ‘double’ provided mandatory components of 17% fat, 12% sodium, 12% total carbohydrate, 20% dietary fiber, 18% protein, 2% calcium and 25% iron of the daily reference values. Of the total 1230 kJ (300 kcal) in one ‘double’, fat provided 38% of the energy values and protein and total carbohydrate contributed 12% and 50%, respectively.

Seasonal Variation in Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Elderly People

Objective There is a seasonal variation in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. However, there is very little information about the seasonal variation in insulin sensitivity. We report the seasonal variation in insulin sensitivity in a group of elderly subjects followed for 1 y. Methods Healthy elderly (≥70 y) subjects living independently were included. Fifty percent of subjects received a daily nutritional supplement that provided 400 kcal, 15 g of protein, and 50% of vitamin daily reference values (DRVs). Those receiving and not receiving supplements were randomly assigned to a resistance exercise training program. Every 6 mo (winter, summer, and winter), body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples were used to measure serum lipids, fasting and postprandial glucose, and insulin levels. Results One hundred eight subjects (31 supplemented and trained, 28 supplemented, 16 trained, and 33 without supplementation or training) completed the follow up. Higher homeostasis assessment of insulin sensitivity, postprandial insulin, and fasting triacylglycerol levels were observed during the summer than during the winter. Body fat increased steadily during the study period, and fat-free mass did not change. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the supplemented and trained group and increased in the non-intervention group. Conclusions In this group of elderly subjects, insulin resistance and triacylglycerol levels were higher during the summer. Nutritional supplementation and training had a positive effect on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Faecal bulking efficacy of Australasian breakfast cereals.

Faecal bulk may play an important role in preventing a range of disorders of the large bowel, but as yet there is little information available on the relative faecal bulking capacities of various foods. Breakfast cereals are often promoted as a good source of potential bulk for 'inner health' because they provide dietary fibre, but their relative abilities to provide faecal bulk per se have not been described. The faecal bulking efficacy of 28 representative Australasian breakfast cereals was therefore measured. A rat model developed for the purpose, and shown to give similar responses as humans to cereal fibres, was used to measure faecal bulking efficacy as increases in fully hydrated faecal weight/100 g diet, based on precise measurements of food intake, faecal dry matter output and faecal water-holding capacity (g water held without stress/g faecal dry matter). Compared to a baseline diet containing 50% sucrose, increments in hydrated faecal weight due to 50% breakfast cereal ranged from slightly negative (Cornflakes, -2 g/100 g diet) to about 80 g/100 g diet (San Bran). Most breakfast cereals increased hydrated faecal weight by between 10 and 20 g/100 g diet from a baseline of 21 +/- 1.5 g/100 g diet, but four products containing high levels of wheat bran had an exceptionally large impact on hydrated faecal weight (increment > 20 g/100 g diet), and the changes resulted more from relative changes in dry matter output than in faecal water retention/gram. However, as faecal water retention was about 2.5 g water/g faecal dry matter on average, increases in dry matter represented large increases in faecal water load. Faecal bulking indices (FBI) for most of the breakfast cereals were less than 20 (wheat bran = 100). The content of wheat bran equivalents for faecal bulk (WBE(fb)) in the breakfast cereals was calculated from FBI. Most breakfast cereals contributed, per serve, less than 10% of a theoretical daily reference value for faecal bulk (DRV(fb) = 63 WBE(fb)/day), which was based on data from human clinical trials and dietary fibre recommendations. Based on the WBE(fb) contribution/serving that would be required to meet the DRV(fb) from the number of servings of dietary fibre sources in the CSIRO 12345+ food and nutrition plan, the results suggest that although some high bran breakfast cereals may contribute substantially to, and many are reasonable sources of, faecal bulk, for most of them, one or two servings at breakfast cannot be relied on to effectively redress shortfalls in faecal bulk elsewhere in the diet.

Potential health benefits of nutrition label changes.

The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 mandates the Food and Drug Administration to promulgate changes in nutrition labeling regulations. This study investigates the potential health benefits associated with expected changes in food consumption resulting from the act. This paper provides four estimates of the potential health benefits from the dietary changes expected to occur as a result of the 1990 act. The upper bound estimates begin with the premise that all consumers will adopt the daily reference values of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. The lower bound estimate is based on consumers' responses to a shelf-labeling program sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration in the 1980s. A computer model developed by Dr. Warren Browner and his associates was used to estimate the health benefits from reduced nutrient intakes. Estimates of the number of discounted life-years gained nationwide for the first 20 years after the implementation of the act range from a high of 1.2 million to a low of 40,000. The results of the study highlight that relatively small changes in nutrient intakes may generate large public health benefits.

Vitamin C intake and plasma ascorbic acid concentration in adolescents.

The relationship between vitamin C intake and status was investigated in a group of adolescents (13-14 years old). Dietary intakes were assessed using a 7 d weighted dietary record method, coupled with the collection of duplicate diets. Vitamin C intakes calculated using food composition tables were compared with values obtained by direct analysis of duplicate diets. Vitamin C status was judged via measurement of plasma ascorbic acid (AA) concentration in blood samples taken after a 12-15 h fast. The relationship between calculated and analysed vitamin C intake and plasma AA concentration was examined. Average daily calculated vitamin C intakes, for the group (n 54) as a whole over a 7 d period, gave a good estimate of intake, as judged by prompt analysis of duplicate diets. However, analysed v. calculated intakes were significantly different for approximately one-third of subjects when data were examined on an individual basis. Large discrepancies between analysed and calculated values could not be accounted for on a food group basis. In all but two individuals, calculated vitamin C intake was in excess of the new reference nutrient intake (RNI, part of the new daily reference values (Department of Health and Social Security, 1991)) of 40 mg and all plasma AA concentrations were well above those used to indicate even a moderate risk of deficiency. A relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma AA was observed for both males (n 19) and females (n 35). However, the relationship was much stronger for males who showed a wider range of both intake and plasma AA values.

More effective nutrition label formats are not necessarily preferred

An experimental design was used to compare performance and preference for five nutrition label formats. Four performance measures--accuracy and false-positives in identifying nutrient differences, time required, and correctness in judging which product was more nutritious--were derived from a product-comparison task. A sample of 1,460 food shoppers over 18 years old was recruited by a shopping mall-intercept method. Results of the study demonstrated that preferences and performance do not necessarily agree. The Control format, which had no nutrition profile information, performed the best but was liked the least. The Adjectival format, which provided nutrition profile information in the form of descriptive adjectives, was the most preferred. Results also showed that listing Daily Reference Values or nutrition profile aids increased preference but either did not affect performance or decreased it, depending on the specific aid and performance measure. Formats that some subjects liked for having adequate information others disliked for being hard to use. Formats that some subjects liked for being easy to use others disliked for having inadequate information. Age, education, and race were related to all of the performance measures except judgment of relative nutrition. Only gender was related to preference. Results of the study are useful as guidance for the development of consumer education materials.

Influence of elevation on regional evapotranspiration using multivariate geostatistics for various climatic regimes in Oregon

An investigation of the application of multivariate geostatistics for analysis of regional evapotranspiration is reported. The focus of the research was analysis and modeling of the spatial correlation between evapotranspiration and elevation above sea level. The main goal was to investigate whether the use of cokriging could improve the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimates over a regular grid by including elevation in the estimation procedure. A total of 11 study cases for each of four different climatic regions (Willamette Valley, North Central, South Central and East) within the state of Oregon were analyzed. Long-term monthly (February to November) averages of daily reference evapotranspiration (ET r) and values of annual ET r were available at 199 locations within the regions. Values of elevation were available at the 199 locations and at 8570 additional locations spaced at approximately 5 km intervals on a grid. Experimental direct- and cross-semivariograms were computed to describe the spatial variability of ET r and elevation, and their correlation. Experimental direct-semivariograms for ET r showed best fit with isotropic spherical models with small nugget effects. Experimental direct-semivariograms for elevation showed best fit with isotropic models with nugget effects and two nested structures (spherical and gaussian) for the Willamette Valley region, one structure (spherical) for the North Central region, and two nested structures (spherical and linear) for the South Central and East regions. The experimental cross-semivariograms showed best fit with isotropic spherical models. Monthly and annual ET r values were estimated at 8570 locations situated at an approximately 5 km grid spacing using kriging and cokriging in conjunction with the previously fitted direct- and cross-semivariograms. Kriging and cokriging estimation error standard deviations were computed for each study case at all locations. ET r estimates and estimation error standard deviations were plotted as contour maps. Maximum, minimum and average kriging and cokriging estimates of ET r were in general agreement, although minimum and average values tended to be lower for cokriging. However, contour lines of cokriged ET r more closely reflected the elevation features of the climatic regions. Maximum and average estimation errror standard deviations were lower for cokriging, although minimum values were very similar for both kriging and cokriging. Average cokriging standard deviations decreased by about 20–30% in the Willamette Valley and North Central regions and by 5–13% in the South Central and East regions. These differences between regions were due to the lower correlation coefficients between ET, and elevation observed in the latter two regions. Contour maps of standard deviations showed cokriging had a more uniform distribution of estimation errors than kriging, for which errord tended to decrease in the vicinity of the sample ET, points at the weather stations. Errors increased along regional borders for both kriging and cokriging, although maximum estimation error values were lower for cokriging.