Period Of Days Research Articles

Phycoremediation of rice bran oil processing wastewater and biodiesel production using green microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus: a green approach to environmental protection and remediation.

The current study investigated the enhancement of biomass in S. obliquus, using rice bran oil processing (RBOP) wastewater in different RBOP wastewater concentrations, while also aiming to produce biofuel and treat the wastewater simultaneously. The strain was grown in Blue Green-11 (BG11) media as well as RBOP wastewater at different wastewater concentrations with distilled water at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% under controlled experimental settings. The study findings demonstrated a notable enhancement in the characteristics of RBOP wastewater during a 16-day growth period. The 75% RBOP wastewater concentration demonstrated superior efficacy as a growth medium for producing biomass as well as lipids, among other wastewater concentrations. Accordingly, physicochemical parameters and heavy metal percent of the RBOP wastewater were assessed. The collected biomass was employed in the production of biodiesel, and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were measured, along with an assessment of its characteristics. Physicochemical analysis indicated that S. obliquus was able to effectively decrease levels of nitrate, phosphate, sulfur, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in RBOP wastewater. The heavy metal reduction percentages for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) were 69.43%, 72.94%, 72.99%, 90.49%, and 91.5%, respectively, following treatment with S. obliquus. FTIR indicated the existence of various functional groups (including alcohol, carboxylic acid) on the surface of the microalgal biomass. The FAME profile of S. obliquus exhibited a moderate level of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content. S. obliquus demonstrated significant phycoremediation capabilities and potential for lipid production. This study has indicated that S. obliquus is a potential candidate for the treatment of wastewater.

Droga pisarska Heleny Filochowskiej

The article reconstructs the biography of a writer, journalist, and caretaker of soldiers in the Foreign Legion. It traces her life journey: Łomża – Kraków – travels across Europe – stay in Oran. It describes Filochowska’s connections with daily newspapers (“Goniec Krakowski”, “Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny”) and periodicals (“Świat Kobiecy”). The author’s novels (Sztylet, Macierzyństwo, Alarm, Sierżant Szarota, Kariera panny Maniusi) addressed women’s issues from an aesthetic-somatic perspective. Filochowska wrote novellas and short stories – the article identifies their first press publications and their critical reception. Collections of novellas (Nasz kruk, Czarne łabędzie, Historia jednej nocy, Kobieta w masce, Kobra) were recognized by literary critics as interesting portrayals of women’s psychology, though somewhat one-sided in their emphasis on eroticism. From today’s perspective, the courage with which the author wrote about the issues of gender biology, as well as the subordination of women at home and in public spaces, justifies a renewed appreciation of her work.

Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs in Sheep and Goat Farms in Greece: Prevalence, Involvement of Wild Canid Predators and Use of Anthelmintics.

The objectives of the present work were the investigation of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in dogs in small ruminant farms in Greece, the elucidation of potential predictors for these infections and the description of practices related to administration of anthelmintics to dogs. This study was carried out in 444 small ruminant farms in Greece. Faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the dogs in the farms. The samples were processed by means of conventional parasitological techniques, specifically, a combined sedimentation flotation technique. There were dogs in 92.8% of the farms, with a median number of four dogs per farm. The following variables were associated with the presence of dogs in the farms: the presence of wild mammal predators near the farms, the increased daily period of farmers' presence at the farm, goats as the livestock species at the farm and the management system applied in the farm. Helminth eggs were detected in samples from 72.6% of the farms. The main helminth eggs detected were those of hookworms (Uncinaria/Ancylostoma) and Toxocara canis, in 68.6% and 51.3% of the farms, respectively. In our multivariable analyses, an association emerged between the presence of canid predators near a farm and the detection of these helminths in faecal samples: in 76% and 60% of the samples, respectively, versus in 58% and 39% of the samples from farms with no canid presence. Of farmers with dogs, 16.0% reported that they omitted the administration of anthelmintics to the animals. In multivariable analysis, the semi-extensive or extensive management system applied in the farm, the lower annual milk production per animal and the lack of collaboration with a veterinary practice were the significant predictors for the omission of anthelmintic administration to the farm dogs. There was also a clear association in the omission of anthelmintic administration to the dogs and to the livestock on the farm. The most frequently administered anthelmintic was praziquantel, which was used in 93.6% of the farms.

Aperiodic Optimal Chronotherapy in Simple Compartment Tumour Growth Models Under Circadian Drug Toxicity Conditions

Cancer cells typically divide with weaker synchronisation with the circadian clock than normal cells, with the degree of decoupling increasing with tumour maturity. Chronotherapy exploits this loss of synchronisation, using drugs with circadian-clock-dependent activity and timed infusion to balance the competing demands of reducing toxicity toward normal cells that display physiological circadian rhythms and of efficacy against the tumour. We analysed optimal chronotherapy for one-compartment nonlinear tumour growth models that were no longer synchronised with the circadian clock, minimising a cost function with a periodically driven running cost accounting for the circadian drug tolerability of normal cells. Using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP), we show, for drugs that either increase the cell death rate or kill dividing cells, that optimal solutions are aperiodic bang–bang solutions with two switches per day, with the duration of the daily drug administration increasing as treatment progresses; for large tumours, optimal therapy can in fact switch mid treatment from aperiodic to continuous treatment. We illustrate this with tumours grown under logistic and Gompertz dynamics conditions; for logistic growth, we categorise the different types of solutions. Singular solutions can be applicable for some nonlinear tumour growth models if the per capita growth rate is convex. Direct comparison of the optimal aperiodic solution with the optimal periodic solution shows the former presents reduced toxicity whilst retaining similar efficacy against the tumour. We only found periodic solutions with a daily period in one-compartment exponential growth models, whilst models incorporating nonlinear growth had generic aperiodic solutions, and linear multi-compartments appeared to have long-period (weeks) periodic solutions. Our results suggest that chronotherapy-based optimal solutions under a harmonic running cost are not typically periodic infusion schedules with a 24 h period.

Multifunctional Temporary Dental Nanofillers Enhanced with Synergistically Active Chlorine-Containing Molecules against Streptococcus mutans and Its Effects on Oral Epithelial Cells.

Temporary dental fillers are critical for safeguarding teeth during the period between caries removal and permanent restoration. However, conventional fillers often lack sufficient antimicrobial properties to prevent bacterial colonization. To address this issue, the study researches on the development of antimicrobial Temporary Dental Nano-Fillers (TDNF) capable of targeting multiple cariogenic pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Candida albicans, and mixed-species planktonic cells/biofilms, which play a significant role in the progression of dental caries. The TDNF was formulated using a combination of Chloramine-T (CRT) and Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC), both known for their antimicrobial efficacy, and embedded in a nanoparticle matrix of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). The synergistic antimicrobial effect of CRT and CPC, with MIC90 values of 12.5 and 6.25 ppm, respectively, displayed potent activity against S. mutans. Proteomic analysis, including gene ontology and protein-protein interaction network evaluations, further confirmed significant disruptions in S. mutans metabolic and stress response pathways, highlighting the bactericidal effectiveness of the formulation against S. mutans. Additionally, the formulation demonstrated sustained antimicrobial efficacy against other cariogenic pathogens such as L. casei, C. albicans and mixed-species planktonic cells and biofilms over a 16-day period. The TDNF (HAP+SiO2+CRT+CPC matrix) exhibited superior mechanical properties with a compressive strength of 237.7 MPa, flexural strength of 124.3 MPa, and shear bond strength of 52 MPa. Biocompatibility tests conducted on human oral squamous carcinoma cells (OECM-1) indicated over 95% cell viability, affirming its safety for preclinical or clinical applications. The multifunctional TDNF developed in this study successfully combines mechanical reinforcement with broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, offering a promising interim solution in dental restorations. Its ability to protect against microbial colonization, while maintaining structural stability, positions it as an effective temporary material that enhances patient outcomes during the period before permanent restoration.

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activation attenuates cisplatin-induced CKD in C57BL/6 mice: An insight into sex-related differences

Gender contributes to differences in incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) post-cisplatin therapy. This study aims at investigating the potential effect of G1 compound, a GPER agonist, on attenuating cisplatin-induced CKD. To induce CKD in male, intact female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, CKD was induced by injecting two cycles of 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin with a 16-day recovery period between cycles). G1 (50 or 100 μg/kg was administered daily for 6 weeks. Severity of renal damage was more pronounced in males than females. Interestingly, OVX resulted in renal damage that is non-significant compared to males and significantly higher than females. G1 improved renal function and blood flow as evidenced by reduction of serum creatinine and elevation of creatinine clearance, NO production, and reduction of ET1. This renoprotective effect could be attributed to its immunomodulatory effect regulated by TGF-β that shifted the balance to favor anti-inflammatory cytokine production (increased IL-10) rather than pro-inflammatory cytokines (decreased Th17 expression). Reduction of TGF-β activation also inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that eventually ameliorated CKD development. Antioxidant potential of G1 has been demonstrated by upregulation of Nrf2 and subsequent antioxidant enzymes. These data suggest that G1 could be a promising therapeutic tool to attenuate CP-induced CKD.

Development of a Two-Step EOF Statistical Postprocessing Algorithm to Identify Patterns of Systematic Error and Variance within GEFSv12 Reforecasts

Abstract Analysis of seasonally varying signals of model error biases, as well as the diagnosis of space–time patterns of synoptic error, here is accomplished through the development of a statistical postprocessing algorithm based on time-extended empirical orthogonal functions (EEOFs) built on patterns of variance. This work analyzes GEFSv12 200-hPa geopotential height (Z200) model error against ERA5 reanalysis data. The mean-square error variance between GEFSv12 reforecast and ERA5 grows rapidly after day 7 of a forecast and continues to increase through the end of the 16-day forecast period. At lead time 16, the largest variance occurs in mid- to high-latitude oceanic storm tracks. Variance is highest during hemispheric winter when baroclinic energy is abundant. The seasonal cycle of error shows largest anomalies in the high latitudes during hemispheric winter. After running the titular two-step, space–time EEOF algorithm, a standardized spatial eigenspectrum shows that eigenvalues increase at longer lead times after decreasing in the medium range, demonstrating that the algorithm extracts large-scale signals of systematic error in the long range. Leading wintertime space–time eigenmode pairs include high-latitude blocking structures and Rossby wave trains. Results suggest that the large-scale systematic errors in GEFSv12 Z200 initiate in part from inaccurate representations of phase speeds of atmospheric waves in the polar jet.

Noise inequalities and cardiovascular diseases in Bulgaria

Abstract Background Social determinants of health in the physical environment are among the social determinants that greatly impact population health. At very high levels, noise can cause permanent changes in a person’s psyche but, even at lower levels, it can cause stress and disorders. Global burden of diseases studies arrange noise on the second position among the environmental risk factors, related to sleep disturbance, cardiovascular effects etc. The study aims to analyse noise pollution in Bulgaria and measure its association with cardiovascular diseases. Methods National Statistical Institute and Eurostat data were used to analyse the noise pollution in Bulgaria. The 28 regions were compared according to the proportion of surveyed points above permissible limits and the death rates due to CVD, /2022/. Data were statistically processed with SPSS v.26. To establish the correlation, the Pearson coefficient was used. Results Data provided by Eurostat reveal that 9% of the total population suffers from noise but there is a very positive trend - from 17.7% /in 2005/ to 8.7% /in 2023/. The share of surveyed points above permissible limits shows a continuing trend of maintaining a high percentage - 71.80% /2011/ and 68.62%/2022/. The district comparison shows significant variations - Blagoevgrad -17.65% and Silistra, Kyustendil and Razgrad with shares above 80%. The study found that almost all districts with the highest share of surveyed points above permissible limits have higher levels of death rate due to CVD. The results of statistical data analysis show that there is a positive moderate linear correlation between the share of surveyed points above permissible limits and the death rate due to CVD - Pearson coefficient 0.423 (p = 0.025). Conclusions The study found a moderate correlation between noise pollution and the death rate due to cardiovascular disease. CVD have a multifactorial genesis, but reducing noise in urban areas would help prevent these diseases. Key messages • As a result of the performed analysis, it can be concluded that the investigated indicators determining the degree of discomfort during the daily period remained high in Bulgaria. • The established health inequalities between regions and the increasing mortality from CVD are one of the factors for the deteriorating level of public health in Bulgaria.

Assessment of Artemisia Campestris L. Leaf Extract Effects on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Rats, Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibition Activities.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by metabolic and reproductive dysfunction, often associated with elevated oxidative stress markers in the bloodstream. This study examines the potential antioxidant properties and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Artemisia campestris leaves extract (Artemisia campestris L) and its effects on rats with induced PCOS. Estradiol valerate was administered to ten mature Wistar rats to induce PCOS, while a control group consisted of five mature Wistar rats. Following a 16-day induction period, the rats were categorized into three groups: a control group, a PCOS group, and an experimental group receiving 200 mg/kg body weight of A. campestris L. extract orally for 15 days. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured using the ELISA technique. The group treated with A. campestris L. extract exhibited significantly reduced LH levels compared to the PCOS group. Histomorphometric analysis indicated notable changes in follicle counts and the thickness of the theca layer. These findings suggest a significant alleviation of PCOS symptoms, potentially linked to the effects of A. campestris L. on oxidative stress pathways. Furthermore, aqueous extracts of A. campestris L. displayed potent in vitro inhibition of α-amylase, with an IC50 value of 2.418 μg/mL.

Detection of Hidden Low-Frequency Earthquakes in Southern Vancouver Island with Deep Learning

Low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small-magnitude earthquakes that are depleted in high-frequency content relative to traditional earthquakes of the same magnitude. These events occur in conjunction with slow slip events (SSEs) and can be used to infer the space and time evolution of SSEs. However, because LFEs have weak signals, and the methods used to identify them are computationally expensive, LFEs are not routinely cataloged in most places. Here, we develop a deep-learning model that learns from an existing LFE catalog to detect LFEs in 14 years of continuous waveform data in southern Vancouver Island. The result shows significant increases in detection rates at individual stations. We associate the detections and locate them using a grid search approach in a 3D regional velocity model, resulting in over 1 million LFEs during the performing period. Our resulting catalog is consistent with a widely used tremor catalog during periods of large-magnitude SSEs. However, there are time periods where it registers far more LFEs than the tremor catalog. We highlight a 16-day period in May 2010, when our model detects nearly 3,000 LFEs, whereas the tremor catalog contains only one tremor detection in the same region. This suggests the possibility of hidden small-magnitude SSEs that are undetected by current approaches. Our approach improves the temporal and spatial resolution of the LFE activities and provides new opportunities to understand deep subduction zone processes in this region.

Examining Daily Self-Efficacy, Minority Stressors, and Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Trauma-Exposed Sexual Minority Women and Transgender and Gender-Diverse People.

This study aimed to develop and test a novel model integrating social-learning and self-medication frameworks by examining the association between self-efficacy to resist alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and daily AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk among trauma-exposed sexual minority women (SMW) and transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people. We examined whether minority stressors moderated these associations. Data were from 57 trauma-exposed SMW and TGD people who participated in a 14-day daily diary study. Multilevel binary logistic models and ordinal logistic models were employed to examine associations between self-efficacy to resist AOD use and daily AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk at within- and between-person levels. We assessed same- and cross-level interactions between daily self-efficacy to resist AOD use and minority stressors in predicting AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk within the same 24-hour period (i.e., standardized as 6 pm to 6 pm; hereafter referred to as "same-day"). Self-efficacy to resist AOD use was associated with lower AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk. Minority stressors were associated with daily AOD use. Among those who experienced higher (vs. lower) average sexual minority stressors over the 2-week daily diary period, higher-than-usual self-efficacy to resist AOD use was less protective in decreasing risk of same-day unhealthy drinking. Interventions aiming to mitigate AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk by bolstering self-efficacy to resist AOD use should consider the impact of recent cumulative exposure to sexual minority stressors in this population. Further, policy efforts are needed to reduce perpetuation of stigma.

Effect of Interrupting the Daily Scotophase Period on Laying Hen Performance, Bone Health, Behavior, and Welfare; Part I: Bone Health

Effect of Interrupting the Daily Scotophase Period on Laying Hen Performance, Bone Health, Behavior, and Welfare; Part I: Bone Health

Enhancing Spectrometer Performance with Unsupervised Machine Learning.

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) is a powerful technique to probe structural and dynamic properties of biomolecules at an atomic level. Modern SSNMR methods employ multidimensional pulse sequences requiring data collection over a period of days to weeks. Variations in signal intensity or frequency due to environmental fluctuation introduce artifacts into the spectra. Therefore, it is critical to actively monitor instrumentation subject to fluctuations. Here, we demonstrate a method rooted in the unsupervised machine learning algorithm principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the impact of environmental parameters that affect sensitivity, resolution and peak positions (chemical shifts) in multidimensional SSNMR protein spectra. PCA loading spectra illustrate the unique features associated with each drifting parameter, while the PCA scores quantify the magnitude of parameter drift. This is demonstrated both for double (HC) and triple resonance (HCN) experiments. Furthermore, we apply this methodology to identify magnetic field B0 drift, and leverage PCA to "denoise" multidimensional SSNMR spectra of the membrane protein, EmrE, using several spectra collected over several days. Finally, we utilize PCA to identify changes in B1 (CP and decoupling) and B0 fields in a manner that we envision could be automated in the future. Overall, these approaches enable improved objectivity in monitoring NMR spectrometers, and are also applicable to other forms of spectroscopy.

Influence of Vegetation Phenology on the Temporal Effect of Crop Fractional Vegetation Cover Derived from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function–Adjusted Reflectance

Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) products are being increasingly used for the quantitative remote sensing of vegetation. However, the assumption underlying the MODIS NBAR product’s inversion model—that surface anisotropy remains unchanged over the 16-day retrieval period—may be unreliable, especially since the canopy structure of vegetation undergoes stark changes at the start of season (SOS) and the end of season (EOS). Therefore, to investigate the MODIS NBAR product’s temporal effect on the quantitative remote sensing of crops at different stages of the growing seasons, this study selected typical phenological parameters, namely SOS, EOS, and the intervening stable growth of season (SGOS). The PROBA-V bioGEOphysical product Version 3 (GEOV3) Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) served as verification data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to compare and analyze the retrieval accuracy of FVC derived from the MODIS NBAR product and MODIS Surface Reflectance product. The Anisotropic Flat Index (AFX) was further employed to explore the influence of vegetation type and mixed pixel distribution characteristics on the BRDF shape under different stages of the growing seasons and different FVC; that was then combined with an NDVI spatial distribution map to assess the feasibility of using the reflectance of other characteristic directions besides NBAR for FVC correction. The results revealed the following: (1) Generally, at the SOSs and EOSs, the differences in PCCs before vs. after the NBAR correction mainly ranged from 0 to 0.1. This implies that the accuracy of FVC derived from MODIS NBAR is lower than that derived from MODIS Surface Reflectance. Conversely, during the SGOSs, the differences in PCCs before vs. after the NBAR correction ranged between –0.2 and 0, suggesting the accuracy of FVC derived from MODIS NBAR surpasses that derived from MODIS Surface Reflectance. (2) As vegetation phenology shifts, the ensuing differences in NDVI patterning and AFX can offer auxiliary information for enhanced vegetation classification and interpretation of mixed pixel distribution characteristics, which, when combined with NDVI at characteristic directional reflectance, could enable the accurate retrieval of FVC. Our results provide data support for the BRDF correction timescale effect of various stages of the growing seasons, highlighting the potential importance of considering how they differentially influence the temporal effect of NBAR corrections prior to monitoring vegetation when using the MODIS NBAR product.

Hybrid Deep-Learning Approach with Geoffrey E. Havers-Based Loss Function and Evaluation Metric for Multilocation Traffic-Flow Forecasting

Traffic forecasting can enhance the efficiency of traffic control strategies such as routing decisions, variable speed limits, and ramp metering, resulting in a decrease in congestion, pollutants, and expenses, and an improvement in journey time predictability. Traffic forecasting, however, remains challenging because of the complex, heterogeneous, and cyclic nature of traffic data. To address this complexity, this research employs a multi-input hybrid deep self-attention network (MIHDSAN) for multilocation forecasting. The model inputs are selected using correlation analysis. New tunable loss and evaluation metrics formulations are proposed based on the traffic-modeling Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) statistic. The proposed method was validated on two independent real-world traffic datasets from Stockton and Oakland, California. The weekly periodicity was the more relevant periodic input feature compared with daily variations; however, the daily variation was also significant for the Stockton dataset. The inclusion of weekly traffic periodicity (>95% correlated) improved the performance of the model by 3%. Adding daily periodicity was only beneficial for the Stockton dataset (91% correlated). The proposed GEH metric and its standard acceptance criterion offer both quantitative and qualitative means of evaluating the forecasts produced. The GEH loss function was consistent and outperformed current industry-standard methodologies of mean absolute error (MAE) in 80% and mean squared error (MSE) in 94% of cases. Therefore, this research presents evidence to suggest that the proposed GEH loss and evaluation functions validated in this paper become a standard criterion for traffic forecasting.

Tabloid Dailiesas the Market Leader of the Slovak Daily Press

The paper deals with the question of when Slovak tabloids became the market leader of Slovak daily newspapers. It analyses the results of the audit of the sold circulation of the Slovak daily newspapers Nový čas and Plus JEDEN DEŇ in the period from December 2006 to December 2023 and compares them with the sold circulation of other Slovak daily newspapers involved in the audit during that period. In total, this article monitored the development of the sold circulation of seven Slovak daily newspapers, namely two tabloid newspapers Nový čas and Plus JEDEN DEŇ and five non-tabloids, namely Hospodárske noviny, Korzár, Pravda, SME and Új Szó. The comparison presented in this post is based on data from the Audit Bureau of Circulations, which is publicly available online. The aim of this study is to find out when the tabloid Plus JEDEN DEŇ ranked second as the best-selling Slovak periodical with daily periodicity, the tabloid daily Nový čas, and how this trend developed. The question of the position of the daily newspaper Plus JEDEN DEŇ as the second best-selling Slovak newspaper with daily periodicity was analyzed on two levels. In the first case, the paper focuses on the question of in which year the daily Plus JEDEN DEŇ became the second best-selling daily in terms of average monthly circulation sold. In the latter case, this article finds out in which month in which year the second highest position in the daily newspaper Plus JEDEN DEŇ sold circulation within its actual monthly circulation settled. The development of the trend of the leading position of Slovak tabloids on the Slovak daily press market is also monitored in this study on two levels, i.e. how the Plus JEDEN DEŇ ranked on the market of Slovak daily newspapers during the years 2007-2023 within the average monthly circulation sold and also how the Plus JEDEN DEŇ ranked on the market of Slovak daily newspapers during individual months in the period 2006-2023 in terms of actual monthly circulation sold. Keywords: Plus JEDEN DEŇ, print circulation, Nový čas, tabloid dailies.

A Mathematical Model of Diel Activity and Long Time Survival in Phototrophic Mixed-Species Subaerial Biofilms

Subaerial biofilms (SAB) are intricate microbial communities living on terrestrial surfaces, of interest in a variety of contexts including cultural heritage preservation, microbial ecology, biogeochemical cycling, and biotechnology. Here we propose a mathematical model aimed at better understanding the interplay between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, common microbial SAB constituents, and their mutual dependence on local environmental conditions. SABs are modeled as thin mixed biofilm-liquid water layers sitting on stone. A system of ordinary differential equations regulates the dynamics of key SAB components: cyanobacteria, heterotrophs, polysaccharides and decayed biomass, as well as cellular levels of organic carbon, nitrogen and energy. These components are interconnected through a network of energetically dominant metabolic pathways, modeled with limitation terms reflecting the impact of biotic and abiotic factors. Daily cylces of temperature, humidity, and light intensity are considered as input model variables that regulate microbial activity by influencing water availability and metabolic kinetics. Relevant physico-chemical processes, including pH regulation, further contribute to a description of the SAB ecology. Numerical simulations explore the dynamics of SABs in a real-world context, revealing distinct daily activity periods shaped by water activity and light availability, as well as longer time scale survivability conditions. Results also suggest that heterotrophs could play a substantial role in decomposing non-volatile carbon compounds and regulating pH, thus influencing the overall composition and stability of the biofilm.

Enhancing Wound Healing Potential through the Development of a Herbosomal Transdermal Patch Containing Terminalia bellerica Ethanolic Extract

The process of wound recovery is a complex challenge, wherein the skin and the underlying tissue undergo self-repair following an injury. Wound healing comprises four fundamental stages: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. The leaves of Terminalia bellerica are widely employed in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of wounds. Terminalia bellerica contains a variety of chemical constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, sterols, amino acids, and reducing sugars such as ribose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose. This study specifically addresses the composition of Terminalia bellerica, focusing particularly on its Herbosomal formulation with potential in wound healing, along with a method for preparing a transdermal patch. Over a 16-day period, a transdermal patch (incorporating F5 composition) demonstrated a reduction in the wound area across different animal groups. Consequently, the formulation (containing F5 composition) expeditiously promotes wound healing (epithelialization time 15.52–16.21 days) and exhibits substantial similarity to the group treated with 5% povidone–iodine ointment. In comparison to existing technology, the transdermal patch (F5 composition with only 50mg of the drug) achieved complete healing in 16.86±3.22 days with 96.10±2.88% wound contraction. The results highlight a significant enhancement in bioavailability and specific wound healing activity for the prepared formulation.

Stress-Based Model for Interpreting Shear Wave Velocity from Seismic Cone Penetration Tests in Unsaturated Soil

Shear wave velocity is an important parameter for estimating soil properties used in analyzing the dynamic response of soil to seismic loading. This paper focuses on developing a model for predicting shear wave velocity in unsaturated soils. The model was developed primarily for the interpretation of seismic cone penetration tests (SCPTs) in unsaturated soil to account for seasonal variations in moisture conditions. In practice, SCPTs typically occur over a period of days without the option of choosing a wet or dry period. The question becomes, if tests are conducted during a dry period, how can shear wave velocity corresponding to a wetter period be predicted, or vice versa? Answering this question was the primary motivation of this work. The work involved field testing with the seismic cone penetrometer during wet and dry periods and a focused study at three sites involving comparison between field and laboratory testing for shear wave velocity. The model presented in this paper is built upon the significant work of many other researchers with reference to new experimental data obtained by the authors. It is demonstrated that a stress-based model incorporating matric suction can provide reasonable predictions of shear wave velocity and provides a method to interpret the impact of changing moisture content on shear wave velocities determined with SCPTs.

A Study on Problems of the Street Vendors in Lalbandi Municipality

Due to their lack of education and skills, street vendors are among the most vulnerable and impoverished groups in the urban informal labor market and business sector. They are also unable to obtain permanent positions in the lucrative formal sector. They constantly attempt to use their limited financial means to address the issues affecting their way of life. They serve as the primary distribution routes for a wide range of goods used on a daily basis, including fruits, vegetables, shoes, ready-made clothes, toys, household appliances, stationery, newspapers, and periodicals. A serious dilemma would arise for small-scale businesses that cannot afford to retail their products through pricey formal sector distribution networks, as well as fruit and vegetable growers, if they were to be removed from urban markets. So is found in the case of street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality. Thus, main purpose of conducting this study is to find out the problems faced by street vendors in Lalbandi Municipality. For this, descriptive research design is adopted to explore street vendors’ problems. Out of two hundred seventy-three street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality, thirty street vendors are chosen randomly. The street vendors who sell fruits, vegetables, prepared foods, and household appliances via local vehicles and permanent shelter are the subjects of the current study. The study showed that there is a noteworthy correlation between the issues encountered by the street vendors. The respondents’ general opinion of street sellers and the issues they encountered do not significantly correlate. In nutshell, the street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality have been facing various sorts of problems such as lack of security, price fluctuation, lack of sufficient amount, bribes to the authorities etc. and for that a comprehensive strategy that includes social protection measures, infrastructure and service investments, policy reforms, and initiatives to organize and empower street vendors is needed. Furthermore, the present study is useful to the stakeholders, policy makers and to those who have just started up their small-scale businesses.