Daily Milk Intake Research Articles

Excretion of indomethacin in breast milk.

1. The excretion of indomethacin into breast milk and subsequent exposure of infants was studied in 16 women and seven of their infants. The median milk:plasma ratio in seven patients where there were measurable drug concentrations in both milk and plasma was 0.37. 2. Total infant dose, assuming a daily milk intake of 150 ml kg-1 and 100% absorption, ranged from 0.07% to 0.98% (median = 0.18%) of the weight adjusted maternal dose. 3. Plasma samples were obtained in seven infants. In six of these, indomethacin concentrations were below the sensitivity of the assay (less than 20 micrograms l-1), while one infant had a plasma indomethacin concentration of 47 micrograms l-1. 4. No adverse effects due to indomethacin were reported in the infants.

Effects of milk intake on forage intake and performance of suckling range calves.

A study to examine the relationships between milk intake, forage intake, and performance of Hereford-Angus suckling range calves was conducted during July, August, and September of 1984 and 1985. Twenty calves were used each year. The study was conducted at the Red Bluff Research Ranch located 56 km west of Bozeman, Montana. Average daily gain, milk intake (MI), forage digestibility, and fecal output (FO) were measured at 28-d intervals, beginning when the average calf age was 66 +/- 4 d. Milk intake was estimated using weigh-suckle-weigh techniques. Total fecal collections were used to measure FO. Forage digestibility and rates of passage were determined using nylon bag in situ techniques and external markers in ruminally cannulated calves of the same age. Fecal output by calves increased as body weight and age increased. Milk intake was higher (P less than .05) in 1985 than in 1984, but FO was higher (P less than .01) in 1984 than in 1985. Fecal output by calves was negatively correlated to MI in July (r = -.62; P less than .05) and August (r = -.56; P less than .05). No significant correlations were detected between MI and ADG (P greater than .10). Forage intake estimates were derived from FO, rate of passage, and in situ digestibility values. During July, calves consumed .3 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .05). In both August and September, calves consumed .6 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .10). Calves maintained similar digestible energy (DE) intake both years, although the source of DE varied.

Prevalence of Primary Adult Lactose Malabsorption in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Although it has been reported that adult lactose malabsorption (ALM) is relatively common among Arabs, data on the prevalence of ALM in the Saudi and Yemeni populations are scant. We have determine...

The excretion of zopiclone into breast milk.

1. The excretion of zopiclone into breast milk was studied in 12 lactating women in the early postpartum period following the oral administration of a single zopiclone tablet (7.5 mg). 2. The milk/plasma AUC ratio of zopiclone was 0.51 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- s.d.). Individual mean milk/plasma concentration ratios of zopiclone showed significant interindividual variation (range 0.41-0.70). 3. A comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters in the postpartum women with those reported previously in non-pregnant women, showed significantly higher Cmax values in the lactating mothers; tmax occurred later in milk than in maternal plasma. 4. Assuming a daily milk intake of 0.15 l kg-1 and 100% absorption the average infant dose of zopiclone in milk would be 1.4% of the weight adjusted dose ingested by the mother.

Surveillance for anaemia: risk factors in patterns of milk intake.

The association between patterns of milk intake and anaemia was studied during a surveillance programme for iron deficiency anaemia. Children aged 8-24 months were examined when they attended a routine immunisation clinic. Haemoglobin was measured on finger prick blood samples using a portable haemoglobinometer, and a dietary questionnaire was completed, with special emphasis on the type and volume of milk intake and the age at which whole cows' milk was introduced. Anaemia (defined as a haemoglobin concentration of less than 110 g/l) was diagnosed in 33 children (22%) and was more common among children who were not white. Continued feeding with breast milk and the early introduction of whole cows' milk were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia. No child taking formula milk was anaemic. Asian children drank significantly more milk a day than other groups, but there was no correlation between daily milk intake and haemoglobin concentration.

Relationship between habitual milk intake and serum lipids and apoproteins in males.

The relationship between habitual milk intake and levels of serum lipids and their apoproteins, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and their apoproteins was investigated in 119 male inhabitants in a rural coastal area in Japan. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their daily milk intake, i.e., small (S) (0-60ml/day), medium (M) (61-200ml/day), and large intake (L)(over 200ml/day). Among the normolipidemic subjects, the obesity index in the L group was higher than that in the S group. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apoB concentrations were also significantly higher in the L group than in the S and M groups. In the hypercholesterolemia group, obesity index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and apoE tended to be higher; and apoA-I and apoB were lower in the L group than in the S group. The subjects in the L group of hypercholesterolemia tended to take in more confectionery, more fish, less vegetables, and less fungi as compared with those in the S group. As a result, the subjects with daily habitual milk intake appear to consume foods that promote obesity, such as those popular in the United States of America and Europe, especially the subjects in the hypercholesterolemia group. The quality and quantity of foods with 200ml of daily milk intake should be selected carefully for hypercholesterolemic Japanese.

Caesium and iodine metabolism in lactating cows under chronic administration

1. 1) Two Jersey cows were fed during 90 days with contaminated hay harvested in the South-East of France and containing about 5500 Bq/kg of dry matter (134Cs + 137Cs). A plateau was observed in milk 15 days and in meat 50–60 days after the beginning of the contamination. The transfer coefficients were at that time 1,1% for the milk and 2–2.7% for the meat. A calf was fed from the 8th day after birth until the 80th day solely with the contaminated milk from the two cows. At that time and weighing 130kg it retained more than 40% of the ingested caesium. From the 44th till the 80th day the daily intake of milk was constant: in these conditions the transfer coefficient to meat was 16%. 2. 2) Transfer coefficients to milk and thyroid were determinated in three Friesian cows contaminated daily with Na 131I in pellets, one month before and two months after calving; one more lactating cow was contaminated for one month, 5 months after calving. The parturition provokes a fall of about 40% in the thyroid burden of the cows followed by a return near the initial equilibrium level (2–3 times the daily uptake in summer and 1 time in winter). At birth the ratio between the specific radioactivity of the calf thyroid and the cow thyroid was about 3. Transfer coefficients in milk at the equilibrium (one month after calving) were 0.35–0.50% in summer and 0.75–1.25 in winter.

Stabilization System for Waste Water Treatment and Use. Part 1. Chemistry

AbstractThe difficulties arisen in an assimilation pond, as it is called, after 17 years of operation were solved by a stabilization system for the purification of effluents and utilization for fish breeding. It consists of two basins (0.56 and 1.04 ha) and a fish pond (15.58 ha) to which water can flow from a brook by‐passing the system. When the stabilization system had worked for 6 years, it was proved that in the case of the average daily intake of milk of 93,846…118,134 litres, effluents flowing out of the dairy plant amounted to 205.28…228.53 m3, on average. The BOD5 of effluents ranged from 201.33 to 261.73 kg/d and the total solids ranged from 95.5 to 139.3 kg/d on average. The average daily outflow from the pond amounted to 394.7…1567.0 m3 of water with 4.1…23.8 kg of BOD5 and with 29.3…112.4 kg of total solids. The average decrease of the main nutrients and extractable substances ranged from 62.8% (Ca2+) to 100% (NO−3). Only the BOD5 value at the end of the growing season in 1984 (8.4…10.3 mg/l) exceeded three times the standards for the admissible pollution of the receiving stream.

Validation of the deuterium oxide method for measuring average daily milk intake in infants

The deuterium oxide elimination method for measuring average daily milk intake was validated against measured formula intake in 16 studies of 11 infants in a metabolic ward. Deuterium oxide (approximately 0.10 g/kg body wt) was given orally. Deuterium enrichment was measured in urine samples collected predose, as available for 6-h postdose for TBW determination, and at 24 h and 5-10 d postdose for HDO elimination calculated according to the two-point method. Urine samples were vacuum distilled, water was reduced to hydrogen gas, and deuterium enrichment was measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Milk intake was measured throughout the elimination period from prefeeding and postfeeding bottle weights (n = 12) or volumes (n = 4). Without corrections for atmospheric water influx, milk intake was overestimated by 76 g/d (6%). With corrections for estimated metabolic water production, isotopic fractionation, and atmospheric water influx, deuterium measured 98% +/- 3% or 1300 g milk intake/d compared with actual milk intake of 1329 +/- 206 g/d.

Water and sodium fluxes and lactational energetics in suckling pups of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii)

Estimates of the water and sodium fluxes of unrestrained Weddell seal pups were derived from the turnover of tritiated water and 22sodium chloride throughout the nursing period. Milk intake was calculated from water influx. There was a strong correlation between daily body weight gain in pups (x̄= 1·98 ± 0·44 kg/d) and daily weight loss by dams (x̄= 4·55±1·24 kg/d; r= 0·85, p <0·001). The maximum weight loss recorded was 249 kg over 38 days. This considerable drain on the dams' energy reserves amounts to a loss of almost 60 % of the female's body weight after parturition. Mean total body water of pups decreased from 72·5 % at birth to 48·6 % at day 40 of lactation.Total milk consumption was positively correlated with body weight gain by pups (r= 0·87, p < 0.001), with daily milk intake ranging from 2·76 to 5·46 1/day (x̄= 3.54 ± 0·87 1/d). The pups gained 0·51 ± 0·08 kg body weight for each litre of milk consumed, and the efficiency of conversion of milk energy to stored energy was 52·1 ± 7·7 %.Sodium influx rates averaged 2±24 · 0±41 mmol/kg. day. Approximately 70% of sodium intake was derived from milk, with the remainder coming from the ingestion of small amounts of sea water.The high energy content of the milk (20·8 MJ/kg) and reduced milk yield (relative to body weight) means that pups can consume sufficient energy for rapid growth with comparatively brief nursing periods and short lactational duration. The relatively longer duration of lactation in the Weddell seal, during which the dams and pups engage in extensive swimming activities, has resulted in: (a) reduced daily energy intake by pups, and (b) increased percentage weight loss by dams compared to other phocids.

Bovine beta-lactoglobulin in the human milk. A longitudinal study during the whole lactation period.

Human milk samples (n = 232) collected during the whole lactation period from 25 healthy, Swedish mothers were analyzed by radioimmunologic method for content of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Detectable amounts (5-800 micrograms/l) were found in 93 of 232 milk samples (40%). Six mothers had no detectable beta-lactoglobulin in their breast milk on any occasion. Two mothers had measurable beta-lactoglobulin in all their milk samples. No correlation was found between daily cow's milk intake and concentration of beta-lactoglobulin in the milk samples. Six mothers with allergic symptoms such as asthma, hay-fever, eczema all had detectable amounts of beta-lactoglobulin in their milk. Of 19 mothers without allergy, 13 had detectable amounts. This difference did not show statistical significance. The presence of symptoms in the infant such as diarrhoea, vomiting, colic, exanthema was significantly correlated to high levels of beta-lactoglobulin in the milk. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin was also detected in 7 of 13 serum samples. The two mothers with detectable beta-lactoglobulin in all milk samples had the highest serum values, and their infants suffered from gastro-intestinal symptoms, weight decline and exanthema.

Plasma vitamin C levels are low in premature infants fed human milk

To evaluate the vitamin C nutritional status of premature infants, plasma vitamin C concentrations were measured in 7 neonates born before 32 wk of gestation and in 13 premature infants born at or after 32 wk of gestation. Samples of umbilical venous plasma from 14 full-term infants were analyzed to provide reference values. Oral feedings with pooled, pasteurized milk from human donors were initiated 1–3 days after birth and intake was gradually increased to 200 ml · kg · day during the second week. After 2 wk, the 13 larger infants received approximately half of their daily milk intake from their own mothers. Results showed that plasma concentrations of vitamin C decline rapidly after birth and approach very low levels in preterm infants fed pasteurized, pooled human milk.

The prevalence of and antecedents to iron deficiency in infants in a Victorian shire.

AbstractA case‐finding survey was made of eight month old infants in attending routine hearing tests in a Victorian Shire. Capillary blood samples were taken and standard haematological indices assessed as well as free‐erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. Only 1 child out of 148 tested had a Hb level below 10 g/dl and there was no evidence of lead toxicity. There was no relation between free‐erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and volume of daily cows' milk intake as reported by the mother.

Fish Odor Syndrome: Trimethylaminuria with Milk as Chief Dietary Factor

A 10-year-old boy had a two-year history of a rotten fish odor, noted particularly in the summer after exercise. The odor was partially controlled by frequent bathing. Dietary history was unremarkable except for large daily milk intake. Milk elimination resulted in a prompt disappearance of the odor. Studies of the patient's urine after choline loading established the diagnosis of trimethylaminuria. Restriction of dietary milk as well as foods containing choline and trimethylamine oxide eliminated the offensive odor.

Selective attenuation of sweetened milk consumption by opiate receptor antagonists in male and female rats of the Roman strains

Male and female rats of the three Roman strains (Roman High-, Roman Low-, and Roman Control Avoidance; RHA, RLA and RCA, respectively) were familiarised with a highly palatable sweetened milk in a daily 30 min test. The animals were never food- or water-deprived prior to the test. Daily milk intake stabilised at a high level before drug tests were initiated. Effects of naloxone, diprenorphine, WIN 44,441-3, MR2266, MR2267, and ICI 154129 on milk consumption were investigated. Naloxone, diprenorphine and MR2266 each had comparable anorectic effects across strains and sexes. WIN 44,441-3 was relatively ineffective; MR2267 and ICI 154129 were without effect on milk consumption.

Social facilitation in teat-fed calves

The importance of social facilitation in feeding has been demonstrated in many species. The following experiment was designed to investigate its occurrence in teat-fed calves in different social environments. A 10-day-old calf (Calf A) was exposed to 3 treatments on consecutive days: (1) completely isolated (C.I.) by being penned alone in an empty building; (2) spatially isolated (S.I.) by being penned individually with another calf (Calf B) present in an adjoining pen, both calves fed simultaneously; (3) penned together (P.T.) by being penned with Calf B which was muzzled to prevent it sucking at the teat. Milk was offered ad libitum to Calf A twice daily (and Calf B in the S.I. treatment), and the amount drunk and the behaviour of the calf were recorded. In each case, Calf A was also fed 3 1 of milk replacer before the recorded feeding periods in order that B would be hungrier. The procedure was repeated on 8 calves. The mean daily milk intakes for the treatments (C.I., S.I. and P.T.) were 5.5, 7.5 and 9.2 l, respectively. The P.T. and S.I. values were significantly greater than the C.I. values (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). There was no difference between treatments in sucking bout duration or drinking rate. However, there was a significant increase through the treatments (C.I., S.I. and P.T.) in the mean length of the total daily feeding period (12.9, 18.4 and 23.8 min, respectively, P < 0.01), and a similar increase in the daily duration of sucking (487, 724 and 864 s, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the increase in milk intake observed in the more social situation is due to an increase in the time spent sucking rather than an increase in the rate of drinking. More specifically, this would appear to be due to an extension of the feeding

Milk Yield by Dorset Ewes as Affected by Sibling Status, Sex and Age of Lamb, and Measurement

Milk intake (sucking-test weight) by 55 Dorset lambs and milk production (oxytocin-hand milking) by 41 Dorset ewes were measured at 2-wk intervals during the first 8 wk of lactation. Each method indicated that milk yield by ewes was greater at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than at 6 and 8 wk. Daily milk intake by a set of twins (suckling-test weight) was similar to 24-h milk production of their dam (oxytocin-hand milking) when lambs were 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk of age. At 2, 4, and 6 wk postpartum, milk production by ewes nursing single lambs was 200 to 400g greater than milk intake by lambs due to a larger residual milk. Stage of lactation had a significant effect on protein and fat content of milk but not on lactose. Sex of offspring had no effect on milk yield or protein, fat, and lactose content of milk. Lactose was one percentage unit greater in milk of ewes nursing single lambs; however, the amount of lactose secreted daily was similar for ewes nursing single or twin lambs. Twenty-four-hour milk production by the ewe as determined by the oxytocin-hand milking method was correlated with lamb growth (.67 to .86), with milk intake, as determined by the suckling-test weight method, the next most important variable. Milk composition contributed little toward modeling lamb growth.

Food intake in captive leverets before weaning and the composition of the milk of the brown doe-hare ( Lepus europaeus)

1. 1. Daily milk and solid food intakes were studied in leverets before weaning and during 52 lactations in captive doe-hares. Changes in milk composition were studied in parallel during 11 other lactations. With the mode of feeding used (one nursing per 24 hr), milk and solid food intakes were recorded for the first 30 neonatal days. 2. 2. The profile of milk intake had three phases: it showed an increase between DO and D 12, a plateau between D 12 and D22, and a decrease between D22 and D30. Solid food intake began at D7 and increased significantly from D 14. 3. 3. The mean levels of dry matter, fat and protein in doe hare's milk were similar to those in rabbit's milk. The amino acid composition of total protein resembled that of rabbit's milk. There were fewer medium-chain fatty acids (8:0–14:0) in hare's milk than in rabbit's milk and the levels of some major minerals (Ca, P, K) were also different. 4. 4. The levels of protein and medium-chain fatty acids (except 14:0) increased significantly with time. On the other hand, the levels of long-chain fatty acids (except 18:0 and 18:3, N = 3) decreased significantly. There was no significant change in the other factors studied.

Estimation of the daily intake of nitrates and nitrites which children one to six years old, who attend State Nurseries in the City of Havanna, may consume.

The knowledge of the amounts of nitrates and nitrites consumed by the child population is of great importance due to three fundamental aspects: Reduction of nitrates to nitrites. Relation of these to methemoglobinemia. Carcinogenicity of the N-nitroso compounds, of which nitrites are the precursors. In the present article information is given as to the estimated amounts of nitrates and nitrites, which about 10 000 children between one and six years of age, who attend State Nurseries in the City of Havanna, may consume through the daily intake of food, milk and water offered by the Centralized Kitchen "Cuba-Finland Friendship". The method of analysis used to determine nitrates and nitrites is that reported by the Mixed Committee FAO/OMS in 1976, using a reducing column containing cadmium described by FOLLET et al. in 1963. The statistical method employed is the t-Test of the comparison of media. Estimated quantities of nitrates and nitrites, which these children may consume according to the offer of food, milk and water they receive, are: 25.6 mg of NaNO3 and 1.04 mg of NaNO2 for children one to three years of age, and 36.1 mg of NaNO3 and 1.48 mg of NaNO2 for children four to six. These values lie under those recommended as admissible daily intake reported by the Mixed Committee FAO/OMS. Therefore, there does not seem to exist a risk to health through consumption of nitrates and nitrites by the population under investigation.

Milk intake and frequency of feeding in breast fed infants

To provide normative data for healthy full term infants in the United States when the mothers were encouraged to feed as often and as long as the infants wished, 46 mother-infant pairs were studied in the first month after delivery. Mothers recorded the length and time of each breast-feeding for the first 14 days postpartum, and weighed the infant before and after each feeding during a 24–48 h period at 1 month. The mean frequency of feeding during the first 2 weeks of life was 9.8 ±2.5 feeds/24h and the mean duration of feeding was 162 ±50 min/24 h. Infants heavier at birth demanded significantly more feedings and nursed longer during the first 14 days of life. At one month the infants were nursing an average of 7.2±1.3 times/24h and the mean duration of feeds was 158±63 min/24h. Although the frequency of feeding during the first 14 days postpartum was significantly higher than at 1 month, the total duration of feeding in 24h was similar. Daily milk intakes at 1 month ranged from 395 to 1011 ml (mean 681 ±136 ml) and were not significantly correlated with either the frequency or duration of feedings.