Daily Fluoride Intake Research Articles

TÜRKİYE’DE DEMLENMİŞ SİYAH ÇAYIN RENK VE PARLAKLIĞININ FLORÜR KONSANTRASYONUNA ETKİSİ

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the tea brewing time on the total color, brightness, and fluoride ion concentration of tea infusions in Türkiye. Material and Method: 250 ml of boiling distilled water was added to 6 g of granulated tea sample and brewed against increasing time. The total color and brightness of the tea infusions were determined by a spectrophotometer at 460 nm, while a potentiometric method was used to determine the fluoride ion concentration. Result and Discussion: We conclude that the concentration of fluoride ions and other bioactive compounds in the tea infusion is strongly dependent on the tea preparation and brewing preferences of consumers. According to our results, fluoride concentrations in tea infusions reach the plateau after 20 minutes in a Turkish way of tea brewing. Therefore, tea-brewing time is an important variable in calculating the daily fluoride intake for extreme tea-consuming populations like Türkiye.

Monitoring fluorine levels in tea leaves from major producing areas in China and the relative health risk

The trace element fluoride can exert a preventive function on dental caries at moderate intake levels, but can also lead to skeletal fluorosis and cognitive impairment when consumed in excessive amounts. Tea is a fluoride hyperaccumulator, yet the risks of fluoride intake via tea consumption are yet to be investigated. In this study, we measured fluoride levels in common tea products from major cultivation provinces in China. Fluoride contents ranged from 6 to 808 mg/kg. Of the samples, 15.6% (34/218) demonstrated fluoride contents which exceeded the maximum residue limit of 200 mg/kg. The samples with high fluoride contents mainly represented oolong tea and dark tea. Fluoride contents in tea were significantly varied between producing regions, which is mainly due to different degree of soil acidification and fluoride occurrence in groundwater. Daily fluoride intake via tea consumption among the general population ranged from 0.02-2.20 mg/day, which is lower than the tolerable upper fluoride intake level (UL) of 3.50 mg/day based on Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, but rather close to the UL of 2.50 mg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority. A risk assessment indicated that the consumption of tea was not associated with any significant health risks (hazard quotient ≤ 0.54). However, we found a potential risk for the simultaneous consumption of tea, drinking water, wheat and seafood based on a simulation assessment. Fluoride intake among the high-risk population should be continuously monitored.

Estimated Dietary Fluoride Intake by 24-Month-Olds from Chocolate Bars, Cookies, Infant Cereals, and Chocolate Drinks in Brazil.

The use of fluoride (F) in the prevention of dental caries is established. However, a high amount of F intake during tooth development can cause dental fluorosis The aim of this study was to analyze variations in F concentrations in chocolate bars (CB), chocolate cookies (CC), infant cereals (IC), and chocolate milk drinks (CD) to determine the daily intake of F from different sources by children at the age of risk for developing dental fluorosis. Distinct brands of CB, CC, IC, and CD were analyzed. Fluoride was separated by hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Analysis was made in triplicate with an F ion-specific electrode. F ingestion (mg/kg body weight) was evaluated with the suggested consumption (0.05-0.07 mg/kg/day) for children aged 24 months (12 kg). The concentrations for all the analyzed products ranged from 0.025 to 1.827 µg/g F. The mean (range) F concentrations were CB= 0.210 ± 0.205 µg/g (0.073-0.698, n = 8), CC = 0.366 ± 0.416 µg/g (0.320-1.827, n = 9), IC = 0.422 ± 0.395 µg/g (0.073-1.061, n = 5), and CD = 0.169 ± 0.170 µg/mL (0.025-0.443, n = 12). The products that had the highest concentration in the categories CB, CC, IC, and CD, respectively, were Nescau-Ball (0.698 µg/g), Passatempo (1.827 µg/g), Milnutri (1.061 µg/g), and Toddynho (0.443 µg/mL). The consumption of only one unit of Toddynho (CD) is equivalent to more than 11% of the maximum suggested daily intake for a 24-month-old child (0.07 mg/kg body weight). When one product from each category is consumed together only once a day, this consumption is equivalent to approximately 24% of the suggested daily intake of fluoride for a 24-month-old child. The presence of high levels of fluoride in certain products suggests that they play a significant role in overall fluoride intake. It is crucial to closely monitor the fluoride content of food and drinks that are consumed by children who are at risk for dental fluorosis, and for product labels to clearly display the fluoride concentrations.

Analysis of multiple pathways and levels of fluoride intake in fluorosis areas of Southwest China

In the coal-burning fluorosis areas of China, over 10 million people suffer from dental fluorosis caused by multiple pathways of fluoride intake. However, the link between dental fluorosis prevalence, the geochemical distribution of fluoride, and contributions of different exposure pathways remain unclear. Here, we aimed to quantify the various fluoride exposure pathways and establish the association between dental fluorosis and fluoride intake in Southwest China. Epidemiological data on the peak time of fluorosis prevalence were combined with geochemical analyses of the fluoride content in coal and clay over a large scale, the amounts and ratios of fluoride intake through different exposure pathways were calculated, and the association between the total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) and dental fluorosis severity was analyzed. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was not significantly correlated with the fluoride geo-background of coal and clay on a large scale (P > 0.05). The co-combustion of coal and clay contained in hand-made briquettes is the main pathway of fluoride contamination, which occurs through the inhalation of polluted air and consumption of contaminated roasted products. Furthermore, the TDFI per person ranged from 2.78 to 17.32 mg, and it was significantly positively correlated with the prevalence of dental fluorosis (P < 0.05). The TDFI from breathing and eating was 1.1–3.2 mg and 1.1–15.1 mg, which accounted for 9%–54% and 40%–90% of the total TDFI, respectively. The combination of living habits and soil geochemical fluoride anomalies resulted in the higher prevalence of fluorosis in rural areas of Southwest China.

Intake of fluoride and other Hofmeister ions from black tea consumption in CKDu prevalent areas, Sri Lanka.

Dietary exposure of selected Hofmeister ions-fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium from black tea consumption in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) prevalent areas in Sri Lanka-were assessed in order to understand exposure and risk. Black tea samples (n = 25) were collected from CKDu prevalent areas and control areas (n = 15). Total fluoride content in alkali fused digested black tea samples was determined. The available Hofmeister ions in tea infusions prepared using deionized water and the groundwater collected by CKDu endemic areas were compared. Dietary exposure was calculated by chronic daily intake data. Total fluoride concentrations ranged from 80 to 269mg/kg in tea collected from the CKDu endemic regions and 62.5-123.5mg/kg in non-endemic regions. The fluoride content in infusions ranged from 1.45 to 2.04mg/L in CKDu endemic areas and 1.11-1.38mg/L in control samples. The infusions prepared with local groundwater from the CKDu endemic areas showed an elevated level of fluoride 95% than that of the infusion prepared using same tea with deionized water. Aggregated chronic daily intake value from tea and groundwater exceeds the estimated adequate daily intake value of fluoride. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of fluoride in 5min and 120min tea infusions were 1.60 and 2.20, respectively, and indicate an adverse health risk. Potassium content in tea infusions collected from CKDu endemic areas is higher than in the control. Even though these values are less than the adequate intake, it may pose an impairment on a weak kidney. Chronic daily intake of Hofmeister ions, i.e., fluoride and potassium from black tea consumed in CKDu endemic areas may induce a risk for CKDu.

A comparative evaluation of the fluoride content in commercially available infant formulae in India: An in vitro study.

The most critical period for enamel fluorosis to develop is during the early years of life when enamel formation occurs. To minimize the risk of dental fluorosis development, monitoring fluoride intake during teeth development has been suggested. As infant formulae are major source of nutrition in infants, it is important to determine the fluoride content in them in order to monitor the fluoride intake in infants. To estimate and comparatively evaluate the fluoride content in different commercially available infant formulae in India. A total of 16 commercially available infant formulae were collected from local pharma/grocery stores, in which 14 were milk based (Group M) and 2 were soy based (Group S). Fluoride content of the formulae was evaluated using ORION F selective electrode. ANOVA test, t-test. The mean F values for groups M and S were found to be 0.031 and 0.07 ppm, respectively. Fluoride content of milk-based formulae was significantly lesser (P < 0.001) than soy-based formulae. Daily fluoride intake through the tested formulae was in the range of 0.013 mg and 0.105 mg when calculated following the manufacturer's preparation guidelines. Infant formulae alone were unlikely to be a risk factor for dental fluorosis, but when reconstituted with optimally fluoridated water, they can be a risk factor for the development of dental fluorosis.

Patterns of fluoride intake from 6 to 17 years of age: The Iowa Fluoride Study.

This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age. Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3-6months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready-to-drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw. Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02-mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates. Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages.

Fluoride Exposure from Soybean Beverage Consumption: A Toxic Risk Assessment.

The consumption of vegetable milk as a substitute for cow’s milk has increased in recent years. Of all the vegetable beverages on the market, soy is the most widely consumed. Soy is exposed to contamination by different chemical elements during harvesting. In this study, the concentration of fluoride in soy beverages was analyzed. Fluoride is an element that in high concentrations can be toxic, causing dental and bone fluorosis. The aims of the study were (i) to analyze the fluoride concentration in 30 samples in the most popular brands (A-Brand, B-Brand, C-Brand) of soybean beverages by a fluoride ion selective potentiometer and (ii) to evaluate the toxicological risk derived from its consumption. The fluoride concentrations were 15.5 mg/L (A-Brand), 11.3 mg/L (B-Brand) and 8.5 mg/L (C-Brand). A consumption of 1 to 3 servings/day was established. One serving (200 mL) of soybean beverage offered a contribution percentage over the ADI (acceptable daily intake) for infants and children. Teenagers and adults did not exceed the ADI (10 mg/day). The consumption of soy beverages contributes significantly to the daily intake of fluoride, which could exceed the ADI with a consequent health risk. It is recommended to control the fluoride levels in the raw material and in the final product to assure the safety of these products.

Deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessment for fluorides in drinking groundwater from Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Although fluorides are essential for dental health, there are growing health concerns regarding the risk-benefit ratio of fluoride exposure. The objectives of the study were to obtain data on the amount and human health risks of fluoride in drinking groundwater, as well as to compare and evaluate the differences in the outputs obtained by two different approaches in health risk assessment (deterministic vs probabilistic). From a densely populated industrial area of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 54 groundwater samples were collected. Fluoride concentrations varied from 1.69 to 3.52 mg/L. The WHO’s threshold value for fluoride in drinking water was exceeded in all the samples analysed, indicating an increased daily intake of fluoride from groundwater. Deterministic and semi-probabilistic techniques were used for exposure assessment and health risk quantification. Generally, the deterministic approach resulted in acceptable health risks in most adult exposure scenarios. However, the Monte Carlo simulation revealed that 20.6, 20.8, and 99.8% of adult males, females, and children, respectively, were above the tolerable upper intake level, indicating that both adults and children face a significant health risk. Nevertheless, small children are more vulnerable to environmental hazards than youth and adults. Hence, a more in-depth risk-benefit analysis is required to reduce/or optimize fluoride content in drinking water to prevent tooth decay and fluorosis at all ages. Considering that optimal daily intake of fluorides is a crucial factor for preserving human health, decision-makers should take steps to emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of fluoride concentrations in drinking water.

Fluoride exposure and its potential health risk assessment through ingestion of food in the mica mining areas of Jharkhand, India

The study was taken up to assess the fluoride concentration in the plant and animal based food items (cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, chicken, egg and fish) in the vicinity of mica mining areas of Jharkhand which is rich in fluoride bearing minerals like biotite, muscovite, apatite, etc. The highest fluoride concentrations were observed in the wheat and chicken samples amongst the plant and animal origin foods, respectively. The leafy vegetables accumulated higher fluoride content as compared to other vegetables. The estimated daily intake (EDI) exceeded the Provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of fluoride of 0.04 mg/kg/day in some of the wheat and rice samples. For the assessment of non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride, Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Indices (HI) were calculated as per United States Environmental Protection Agency methodology. The HQ of wheat and rice were highest amongst all the food items and contributed about 69% of the total risk. The hazard index (HI) for the adult population in view of the content of fluoride in the food samples ranged from 0.409 to 3.04 considering all the locations. HI exceeded unity in 60% of the locations, indicating non-carcinogenic risk to the populace. Higher HIs were assessed in the locations under the influence of mica mining activities.

Fractional urinary fluoride excretion and nail fluoride concentrations in normal, wasted and stunted 4–5 year-old children in Nepal

IntroductionIt has been suggested that undernourished children are more likely to develop dental fluorosis. We investigated the effects of nutritional status on systemic fluoride metabolism including the proportion of ingested fluoride excreted through urine (i.e. fractional urinary fluoride excretion - FUFE) and fluoride concentration in nail clippings in children, aged 4−5 years, in Nepal. MethodsNutritional status was evaluated using weight-for-age (wasting) and height-for-age (stunting) indices. Total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) was estimated from diet and toothpaste ingestion and 24 -h urine collected to assess daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE). FUFE was calculated by dividing DUFE by TDFI. Nail clippings (finger and toe) were collected and analysed for fluoride concentration. ResultsOf the 100 children who participated, 89 provided information to assess FUFE and 51 children provided nail samples. Overall, 86.5 % of the 89 children were wasted and 39.3 % were stunted.When the samples were pooled into binary (affected and non-affected) categories, mean TDFI and mean DUFE were statistically significantly higher in the 77 wasted children (57.7 and 29.7 μg/kgbw/d, respectively) than the 12 non-wasted children (39.4 and 17.0 μg/kgbw/d, respectively). TDFI and DUFE were also statistically significantly higher in the 35 stunted children (65.1 and 34.5 μg/kgbw/d, respectively) than in the 54 non-stunted children (48.8 and 23.7 μg/kgbw/d, respectively). However, mean FUFE was similar in all groups. There were no statistically significant differences in fluoride concentration of either fingernails or toenails among the different categories of wasting, while mean fingernail fluoride concentration was statistically significantly higher in stunted (5.4 μg/g) than in non-stunted children (3.5 μg/g). ConclusionOur study found no significant effect of nutritional status on the proportion of ingested fluoride excreted in urine (and consequently the proportion retained in the body). These findings suggest that nutritional status may be less likely to be a main risk factor for the development of dental fluorosis than children's dietary habits or total fluoride intake.

Assessment of Health Risk of Daily Fluoride Intake of Some Selected Dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Background: Several dentifrices are marketed and used by individuals for the purposes of cleaning and maintaining the aesthetic and health of the teeth, promote oral hygiene and aid in removal of dental plaque and food materials from the teeth. This study was thus designed to assess the pH and fluoride concentrations in selected dentifrices and the possible health risks associated with daily fluoride intake of these selected dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study estimated the pH and fluoride concentration of the different dentifrices by the pH meter and Ion Selective Electrode method. In addition, the Daily fluoride intake (DFI), Chronic daily intake (CDI) and Hazard quotient (HQ) for the different dentifrices to assess the risk of fluoride intake was calculated.&#x0D; Results: From the result of this study, it was noticed that only one dentifrice, chewing stick (Massularia acuminate) has a pH (6.8) that conform to the recommended pH range (6.0-7.5) by NAFDAC while the other dentifrices have a pH value (7.6-10.1) that was higher than the pH range recommended by NAFDAC. For the fluoride concentration, it was observed that some of the dentifrices like Dr. Agnes Nwanmma dental powder (440 ppm), Dr. White dental powder (480 ppm) and Eradental powder (760 ppm) have low fluoride concentration when compared with the fluoride standard concentration stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC (825-1250 ppm) while the other dentifrices showed fluoride concentration within the range stipulated by stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC but they were below the fluoride concentrations stated on their different labels. The DFI of the dentifrices was within the range (53.86-131.58 mg/day), CDI (0.744-1.8275 mg/kg/day and the HQ (12.27-30.46).&#x0D; Conclusion: Although the fluoride concentrations of the dentifrices were within the normal range as stipulated by NAFDAC and SON, the observation of HQ &gt; 1 in all the dentifrices implied that dentifrices commonly used in Nigeria may pose health risk to the consumers.

Risk assessment of fluoride daily intake from preference beverage

Background/purposeTea, coffee and alcohol beverages are called preference beverage and are drunk habitual and in large quantities. Therefore, there is a high possibility that a health risk is caused by the contained components, and risk assessment of intake is essential. However, the risk assessment of fluoride intake from preference beverages has not been sufficiently performed. Materials and methodsThis study estimated the daily fluoride intake from preference beverages by measuring the fluoride concentration of infusion liquid and measuring the total fluoride content by the microdiffusion method. In addition, Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated for children and adults to assess the risk of fluoride intake. ResultsAs a result of this study, tea was the highest in all sample species, the infusion of tea was 1.06–6.68 mg/L and the total fluoride content of tea was 47.05–291.98 mg/kg. Green tea showed the next highest value, 0.26–4.09 mg/L, 21.91–83.68 mg/kg. Herbal tea fluoride levels were 0.07–0.17 mg/L and 0.05–1.90 mg/kg, Unique tea was 0.03–0.60 mg/L and 0.03–32.37 mg/kg, Coffee was 0.03–0.15 mg/L and 0.04–0.64 mg/kg. ConclusionThe HQ values calculated from the average daily fluoride intake (DFI) of preference beverages were all within the safe range. Some products made from Camellia sinensis, such as tea and green tea, had 1.66 mg/day as DFI at maximum, and the Child's HQ exceeded 1. These results suggest that habitual consumption of some products requires risk management of dental fluorosis.

Spatial variation and health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the Chongqing urban areas, China.

Fluoride is an essential trace element for humans, and its deficiency or excess in the environment could lead to disease. To investigate the spatial distribution and health risk assessment of fluoride (F-) in drinking water, 302 tap water samples from Chongqing urban areas, China, were collected to analyze F- using an ion chromatograph. The results showed that (1) F- concentration in drinking water ranged from 0.100 to 0.503mg/L, with an average of 0.238 ± 0.045mg/L. (2) The spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that high-low clusters were mostly located in Dadukou District and Beibei District, while low-low clusters were mainly in southern Banan District. (3) The fluoride average daily doses of children, teens and adults were 0.030, 0.029 and 0.031mg/(kgday). (4) Hazard quotients of excessive fluoride (HQe) of children, teens and adults were 0.51 ± 09, 0.49 ± 0.09 and 0.52 ± 0.10, respectively (inferior to 1.00), whereas hazard quotients of inadequate fluoride (HQi) of those groups were 1.21 ± 0.26, 1.23 ± 0.26 and 1.15 ± 0.25, respectively (superior to 1.00). Therefore, average daily fluoride intake of residents with drinking water was inadequate. This could pose dental caries and osteoporosis threats for residents from Chongqing urban areas.

Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada

The potential neurotoxicity associated with exposure to fluoride, which has generated controversy about community water fluoridation, remains unclear. To examine the association between fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in a prospective birth cohort. This prospective, multicenter birth cohort study used information from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort. Children were born between 2008 and 2012; 41% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. The study sample included 601 mother-child pairs recruited from 6 major cities in Canada; children were between ages 3 and 4 years at testing. Data were analyzed between March 2017 and January 2019. Maternal urinary fluoride (MUFSG), adjusted for specific gravity and averaged across 3 trimesters available for 512 pregnant women, as well as self-reported maternal daily fluoride intake from water and beverage consumption available for 400 pregnant women. Children's IQ was assessed at ages 3 to 4 years using the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine covariate-adjusted associations between each fluoride exposure measure and IQ score. Of 512 mother-child pairs, the mean (SD) age for enrollment for mothers was 32.3 (5.1) years, 463 (90%) were white, and 264 children (52%) were female. Data on MUFSG concentrations, IQ scores, and complete covariates were available for 512 mother-child pairs; data on maternal fluoride intake and children's IQ were available for 400 of 601 mother-child pairs. Women living in areas with fluoridated tap water (n = 141) compared with nonfluoridated water (n = 228) had significantly higher mean (SD) MUFSG concentrations (0.69 [0.42] mg/L vs 0.40 [0.27] mg/L; P = .001; to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.05263) and fluoride intake levels (0.93 [0.43] vs 0.30 [0.26] mg of fluoride per day; P = .001). Children had mean (SD) Full Scale IQ scores of 107.16 (13.26), range 52-143, with girls showing significantly higher mean (SD) scores than boys: 109.56 (11.96) vs 104.61 (14.09); P = .001. There was a significant interaction (P = .02) between child sex and MUFSG (6.89; 95% CI, 0.96-12.82) indicating a differential association between boys and girls. A 1-mg/L increase in MUFSG was associated with a 4.49-point lower IQ score (95% CI, -8.38 to -0.60) in boys, but there was no statistically significant association with IQ scores in girls (B = 2.40; 95% CI, -2.53 to 7.33). A 1-mg higher daily intake of fluoride among pregnant women was associated with a 3.66 lower IQ score (95% CI, -7.16 to -0.14) in boys and girls. In this study, maternal exposure to higher levels of fluoride during pregnancy was associated with lower IQ scores in children aged 3 to 4 years. These findings indicate the possible need to reduce fluoride intake during pregnancy.

Фториды: их значение для здоровья человека в современных условиях и перспективы использования

The article highlights the current issues in modern conditions which are associated with the consumption of fluoride by the population of Russia, including individual oral care products. It is noted that fluorides have unconditional physiological significance for the human body, its health, including dental. The effectiveness of fluoride drugs and their effect on the reduction of dental caries is widely documented in foreign and domestic literature and thus it is an indisputable fact. Despite the fact that there is no generally accepted agreement on the mechanism of fluorine action, there is no doubt in its anti-caries action. The most intensive inclusion of fluorides in the composition of the hard tissues of teeth occurs during their formation and mineralization. At the end of teeth growth and mineralization, the enamel and dentin become less permeable to fluoride ions. The optimal daily intake of fluoride should range between 0.05 and 0.07 mg / kg body weight. Total fluoride intake should not exceed 0.1 mg / kg of body weight per day in order to avoid the appearance of dental and bony fluorosis. Recommendations on the use of fluoride-containing oral care products are given. It was noted that the problem of preserving the somatic and dental health of the population of Russia, including the prevention of dental caries, should be addressed in the context of climate-geographical, environmental, medical and social aspects, in the solution of which fluorides should play a significant role.

Assessment of fluoride intake from drinking water and toothpaste in 3-year-olds: Preliminary results in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

Background/Aim. Fluoride has beneficial effect on dental caries prevention and enables high hardness of enamel. However, fluoride intake above optimal levels can have adverse effects on teeth and bones, especially in young children during the period of intense growth and teeth development. The aim of this study was to assess fluoride intake from water and toothpaste among 3-year-old children in Belgrade, Serbia, in the municipalities of Vracar and Novi Beograd. Methods. A questionnaire for the parents (n = 40) was used to provide information on the water consumption (tap and/or bottled water) and the brand of toothpaste used by children as well as the frequency of tooth brushing and the amount of toothpaste during brushing. Fluoride concentrations in water and toothpaste samples were determined electrochemically by using fluoride-selective electrode. Fluoride intake was estimated through a mathematical model commonly used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Results. The obtained results indicate no significant difference in daily fluoride intake through drinking water and toothpaste in 3-year-old children in Vracar (n = 19) compared to Novi Beograd (n = 21) (p &gt; 0.05). However, all estimated fluoride levels (0.089?0.625 mg/day) are significantly lower than the optimal daily intake level for caries protection (0.7 mg/day for children up to 4 years, FNB-USA National Institute of Medicine) and two to six times lower than tolerable upper fluoride level for the children of same age (1.3 mg/day, FNB-USA National Institute of Medicine). Furthermore, calculated daily fluoride intake per kilogram body weight confirm very low fluoride intake by water and toothpaste in children of investigated municipalities in Belgrade, being significantly below the recommended an adequate intake (0.05 mg/kg/day, EFSA). Conclusion. This preliminary study has shown that daily fluoride intake in 3-year-olds is lower than tolerable upper fluoride level, even not sufficient for the prevention of dental caries.

Concentration of Fluoride in Different Types of Common Tea and Tea Bag in Iran

Introduction:Tea is one of the most popular/ consumed beverages in the world, which is made from the dry leaves of Camellia sinensis. The fluoride content of tea has been reported at least 0.02 ppm to 4.65 ppm. If the tea has low level of fluoride or affected by factors, it can increase risk of tooth caries, and cause of premature loss of teeth, reduced buccal strength, nutritional disorders, and cosmetic imperfections. On the other hand, when fluoride systemic absorption is higher than normal level (0.05-0.07 mg fluoride /kg body weight /day), raise the risk of fluorosis and osteoarthritis. Methods: The fluoride concentrations in different types of common tea in Iran, were collected through a literature search and published data publicly available. The` literature sources used in this research mainly included, PubMed, Science direct, IranMedex, SID and Google scholar database from 1990 to 2017, as well as original research articles that reported fluoride concentrations in different types of tea Articles published in both Persian and English languages were also used in this research. Results: In the first part of the study, we received about 53 updated articles, subsequently, these papers were distributed among the authors. After reading the articles and sharing their thoughts and opinions with each other. Eventually, 10 articles were selected that completely related to the topic. The quantitative data analysis and comparison were carried out on the fluoride concentrations in different types of common tea in Iran, as well as the values reported in the literature versus the allowable concentration level according to the WHO guideline. The minimum allowable concentration of fluoride (2-4 mg/L) is represented by, which also revealed that most of the selected different types of tea don't match the reference guideline. The fluoride concentrations for various types of tea were found to be less than 2 mg/L. Conclusions: Considering that the World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily fluoride intake of 2 mg per day for children and 4 mg per day for adults the daily consumption of drinking water and the average fluoride of tea calculated in this study, the amount of daily tea consumption should be managed.

Estimation of daily fluoride intake of infants using the microdiffusion method

Background/purposeThe standard of daily fluoride intake (DFI) has been discussed mainly for adults since 1950s in Japan. Although dietary habits have changed significantly in recent years, there have been no further studies on DFI in the past 10 years, and the need for further review has been discussed. Additionally, fluoride bioavailability in infants is higher than that in adults; hence, an excess fluoride intake often manifests symptoms. However, the number of studies on the DFI of infants is less than that of adults. The purpose of this study is to investigate the DFI for Japanese infants to provide adequate fluoride application. Materials and methods20 products of infant foods for 4 age groups, 5 products of infant formulas, and 5 products of bottle water available in retail stores in Japan were prepared for this study. Fluoride concentration of each product was measured by microdiffusion method and fluoride ion-selective electrode, and then DFI in infants aged 5, 7, 9, and 12 months were calculated. ResultsAccording to our study, the DFI in infants aged 5, 7, 9, and 12 months is 185.34 μg/day, 181.16 μg/day, 174.59 μg/day, and 179.19 μg/day, respectively. ConclusionFrom this result, it is estimated that the DFI from infant food and beverages in Japan is lower than the standard in other countries. Lifestyles and dietary habits are different in each country, and a new standard of DFI for Japanese children is required to meet the adequate fluoride recommendation.

Influence of Fluoridated Groundwater and 1,100 Ppm Fluoride Dentifrice on Biomarkers of Exposure to Fluoride.

This research aimed to determine the influence of fluoridated groundwater and 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice on biomarkers of exposure to fluoride in preschoolers. A cross-sectional study was performed on thirty preschoolers recruited from naturally fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas (n=15). Total Daily Fluoride Intake (TDFI) from diet and dentifrice, and Daily Urinary Fluoride Excretion (DUFE) was measured over 24 h. Nails samples were collected twice during 30 days. Fluoride analyses were performed using a fluoride-ion-specific electrode. Data were evaluated using the Student and paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis (α≤0.05). Fluoridated groundwater and dentifrice were the dominant sources (r2 > 0.83) of TDFI in children from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area, respectively. A positive correlation between TDFI and DUFE (r=0.50), and between [F] in fingernails and toenails (r=0.60) were found in children from a naturally fluoridated area. The [F] in nails of finger and toe were not correlated to TDFI. The consumption of fluoridated groundwater influenced the fluoride concentration in urine. In addition, the use of 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice did not influence the fluoride concentration in urine and fingernails.