Abstract
This research aimed to determine the influence of fluoridated groundwater and 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice on biomarkers of exposure to fluoride in preschoolers. A cross-sectional study was performed on thirty preschoolers recruited from naturally fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas (n=15). Total Daily Fluoride Intake (TDFI) from diet and dentifrice, and Daily Urinary Fluoride Excretion (DUFE) was measured over 24 h. Nails samples were collected twice during 30 days. Fluoride analyses were performed using a fluoride-ion-specific electrode. Data were evaluated using the Student and paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis (α≤0.05). Fluoridated groundwater and dentifrice were the dominant sources (r2 > 0.83) of TDFI in children from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area, respectively. A positive correlation between TDFI and DUFE (r=0.50), and between [F] in fingernails and toenails (r=0.60) were found in children from a naturally fluoridated area. The [F] in nails of finger and toe were not correlated to TDFI. The consumption of fluoridated groundwater influenced the fluoride concentration in urine. In addition, the use of 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice did not influence the fluoride concentration in urine and fingernails.
Highlights
The prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis are directly associated with fluoride exposition during permanent dentition development [1], which might be related to a Total Daily Fluoride Intake (TDFI) as higher as 0.07 mg/kg/day [2]
The risk behavior for dental fluorosis is mainly related to fluoridated water [1] and fluoridated dentifrice [7]
There is no difference between children in both areas regarding the volume of water ingested and food weight, as well as the fluoride dentifrice concentration (p>0.05)
Summary
The prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis are directly associated with fluoride exposition during permanent dentition development [1], which might be related to a Total Daily Fluoride Intake (TDFI) as higher as 0.07 mg/kg/day [2]. The risk behavior for dental fluorosis is mainly related to fluoridated water [1] and fluoridated dentifrice [7]. Previous researches have been performed in preschoolers regarding the intrinsic relationship between TDFI from different sources and the biological retention of fluoride in preschoolers [3,8,9,10]. These studies found that TDFI is largely versatile considering the children’s behavior and that the source of fluoride possibly promotes differences in the pattern of fluoride metabolism and toxicity at the community level
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