Daily Diary Data Research Articles

Influence of positive consequences on subsequent incentive ratings and drinking quantity.

Alcohol use is prevalent among young adults, with significant rates of binge drinking and frequent reports of both positive and negative consequences. The current study investigates how positive drinking consequences influence subsequent incentives ratings and drinking behavior. Utilizing mobile daily diary data from 104 young adults over two weeks (event N=507), we assessed the impact of event-specific positive consequences on future incentive ratings and drinking quantity. Findings revealed that positive consequences were not consistently associated with higher sensitivity to incentives, opposing hypotheses. Specifically, positive alcohol consequences were associated with a slight decrease in next-event alcohol incentive ratings, contrary to the expected positive feedback loop (b=-0.13, p=0.03). While previous event experiences did not significantly moderate the relationship between incentive ratings and drinking quantities, within-subject increases in incentive ratings for social/party (IRR=0.45, p<0.001) and alcohol (IRR=0.39, p<0.001) incentives were linked to changes in drinking quantity. Results underscore the complexity of the relationship between positive consequences and drinking behavior, indicating that individual differences, experienced consequences, and salient rewards (i.e., incentives) may play crucial roles in future drinking behavior. Future research should explore additional mechanisms of learning and diverse populations to expand on these findings and enhance strategies for reducing risky drinking behaviors.

Right-wing authoritarianism and perceptions that minoritized groups pose a threat: The moderating roles of individual- and country-level religiosity and marginalization.

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) refers to an adherence to conventional values and authorities with the power to penalize groups that are perceived to challenge the cohesion of ingroup norms. Correspondingly, RWA has repeatedly been linked to negative perceptions of minoritized groups, such as refugees or religious minorities. To investigate whether and how sociocultural factors add to and moderate how RWA influences perceptions that minoritized groups pose a threat (i.e. threat perceptions), we examined (a) the value of RWA, religiosity and perceived societal marginalization in predicting these threat perceptions across countries, (b) potential moderating effects of individual- and country-level religiosity and marginalization on the RWA-threat link and (c) the robustness of cross-sectional findings when daily threat perceptions were assessed longitudinally. We used cross-sectional survey data from Germany N = 1896; Study (1) and Europe N = 3227; Study (2) and global cross-sectional and longitudinal daily diary data N = 3154 individuals; N >52,447 assessments; N = 41 countries; Study (3). Our studies point to the significance of contextual conditions and the generalizability of cross-sectional findings to day-to-day assessments of threat perceptions.

Eptinezumab treatment was associated with longer interictal headache/migraine periods which corresponded to greater improvements in patient-reported quality of life measures

IntroductionLonger periods between headache episodes (interictal periods) may provide greater time for the nervous system to reset from a previous episode, potentially improving disease status and health-related quality of life. This post hoc analysis evaluated this hypothesis by associating patients’ longest interictal periods with improvements in patient-reported outcomes.MethodsPROMISE-2 (NCT02974153) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating eptinezumab for preventive treatment of chronic migraine (N = 1072). Daily electronic diary data from Weeks 1–12 and Weeks 1–24 were used to identify interictal periods, defined as days between headache episodes. For each patient, the longest interictal period within these intervals was identified and categorized (1–4, 5–9, 10–14, > 14, and > 21 days). For each category, the following patient-reported outcomes were assessed: 6-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), and patient-identified most bothersome symptom (PI-MBS).ResultsExcluding interictal periods with > 10% missing data (resulting in 1010 patients with sufficient data), the mean (SD) of longest interictal periods over Weeks 1–12 was 9.4 (11.0) days. A ≥6-point HIT-6 reduction was observed in 78% (56/72) vs 26% (91/351) of patients with a > 21-day vs 1–4-day longest interictal period, respectively; much or very much improvement per PGIC was reported in 90% (65/72) vs 25% (87/348), respectively, and per PI-MBS was reported in 88% (63/72) vs 26% (92/348), respectively. Similar results were observed for Weeks 1–24.ConclusionLonger interictal periods were associated with more patients indicating positive changes in headache-related life impact, disease status, and symptomology.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02974153; registered: 2016-11-23)

Feeling better now? Being defended diminishes daily mood problems and self-blame in victims of bullying.

School bullying is a group phenomenon in which being defended by peer bystanders may buffer against the development of psychological problems in victims. This registered report examines whether being defended diminished victims' daily mood problems and self-blame, both from a within- and between-person perspective. Daily diary data were collected from n = 1669 Finnish 7th-9th grade students (M age = 14.45; 55.5% girl) across 3 weeks. In n = 1329 out of 12,366 assessments (10.7%), students indicated that schoolmates victimized them on the day of bullying. Multi-level regression analyses indicated that students reported lower depressed mood, greater positive mood and lower self-blame on days that they were victimized and defended as compared to days when they were victimized but non-defended. Effect sizes were medium for depressed mood and small for positive mood and self-blame. Repeated victims (n = 144) were less likely to blame themselves for victimization on days they were defended, which, in turn, diminished feelings of humiliation (mediation). Our findings indicate that being defended benefits victims of bullying by mitigating mood problems, both directly and indirectly via diminished self-blame. Anti-bullying programmes that encourage peer defending have the potential to improve victims' psychological adjustment, even on a daily basis.

Duality of Workload in Teams: A Daily Investigation of Team Workload and Team Functioning

While workload has been traditionally studied as a type of challenge stressor with motivational benefits for employees, recent research suggests that the nature of workload is more complex and nuanced than merely eliciting positive reactions. Although this perspective has emerged in the study of workload at the individual level, research on collective workload in teams and the associated team-based mechanisms remains underexplored. Particularly, team-based work arrangements come with both enhanced capabilities to meet task goals and heightened expectations for team members; encountering and handling collective workload can motivate team members’ engagement in collective actions (i.e., team processes) and at the same time drive their appraisals of teamwork experience as depleting. To examine this dual account, we draw from job demands–resources theory to elucidate how and when team workload impacts team effectiveness via both positive and negative pathways. Using daily diary and objective record data collected from 610 employees working in 99 bank branches (i.e., teams) for five workdays, we found daily team workload enhanced daily team processes, which in turn benefited team member satisfaction at the end of each workday and team performance during the study period. We also found daily team workload elevated daily team member depletion, which hindered end-of-work team member satisfaction. Further, we found team members’ perceived task significance and positive affect at the beginning of each workday strengthened and buffered, respectively, the positive association between daily team workload and daily team processes or daily team member depletion. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Randomised controlled trial of HOYA one-day multifocal contact lenses: The HOMCL trial

Trial designDouble-masked crossover RCT (Research Registry: #8136) comparison of a new HOYA one-day disposable multifocal contact lens (HOMCL) with Alcon DAILIES TOTAL1® Multifocal (ADT1). MethodsSixty presbyopic participants from three countries attended for baseline measurements and fitting of both lens types and then for a fortnight completed daily diaries of symptoms with habitual optical correction, and VF-14 questionnaire. Participants collected either HOMCL or ADT1, when the vision was measured again, and they wore this product for a fortnight, completing daily diaries and VF-14. Participants then collected the other type and had vision and symptoms recorded in the same way. ResultsThere were no serious adverse events. Primary outcomes were no significant differences between the lens types in willingness to purchase nor stated preference; no significant differences in the daily symptom ratings of comfort; statistically significant findings with the daily symptom ratings and VF-14 of better near vision with HOMCL and better distance vision with ADT1. Secondary outcomes were better high contrast distance visual acuity with ADT1 (<1 line), better low contrast distance visual acuity with ADT1; faster Wilkins rate of reading test with HOMCL; no significant differences in near visual acuity, wearing time, or number of lenses required during fitting process. Exploratory analyses were better handling scores with ADT1; and some, but not all of the dry eye data indicating better acceptance of HOMCL by patients with relatively dry eyes. For all measures, there were some participants who preferred/performed better with each lens type. ConclusionsThe differences between the performance of the two products were small. There was a trend in some clinical measurements and the daily diary data and VF-14 questionnaire, for HOMCL to outperform ADT1 for near vision and vice versa for distance vision.

From trait affect to situated performance of change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: the pathway through situational construal and emotion utilization

Prior studies indicate that fostering change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB-CH) among employees, wherein they actively contribute to the collective welfare of modern organizations, correlates positively with their positive affect. However, the precise mechanisms linking trait positive affect with OCB-CH remain unclear. This study used aggregated 5-day daily diary data from a sample of 236 full-time employees in Greece to examine positive affectivity differences in the characteristics of situational experiences and how these differences relate to employee OCB-CH via the use of emotions to facilitate performance. Employing multilevel structural equation modeling, the findings revealed a positive association between trait positive affectivity and the situation characteristics of duty, intellect, and positivity, from the DIAMONDS taxonomy. Furthermore, it was determined that perceptions of situational characteristics and emotional utilization sequentially mediated the relationship between positive affectivity and OCB-CH. This study enhances our understanding of how employee trait positive affectivity influences the manifestation of positive change in the form of OCB-CH within organizations.

A single-arm pilot study of a brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia intervention among Japanese occupational therapy and physical therapy university students with sleep disturbances

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of the Sleep Health through University Student Habits (SHUSH) program, a brief sleep improvement intervention based upon principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) developed for Japanese university students.MethodsPretest-posttest, single-arm pilot study design with 3-month follow up was used to evaluate the feasibility of SHUSH. We developed then offered a 90-min sleep education class based upon the two-process model of sleep regulation, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and sleep hygiene. We recommended individualized sleep prescriptions (e.g., prescribed time to bed and prescribed time out of bed) from 11 days of daily sleep diary data. We then offered 15 min of individualized follow-up meetings each week for three consecutive weeks in person or online in which we supported adherence to sleep prescriptions. Fifteen university students with self-reported sleep disturbance (Insomnia Severity Index; ISI score ≥ 9) completed the SHUSH program. Participants were on average age 19.7 years old; nine were women, and they were students in occupational therapy and physical therapy. We assessed validated Japanese versions of sleep-related (e.g., ISI, Sleep hygiene practice scale; SHPS), mental health-related (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener) patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and daily sleep diary variables (e.g., sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency).ResultsComparing baseline and posttest data, a statistically significant difference was observed in insomnia symptom severity, daytime sleepiness, sleep hygiene practices, eveningness to morningness, anxiety, depression, sleep diary improvements (e.g., sleep onset latency, total time in bed, and sleep efficiency). Comparing posttest and 3-mo follow up data (n = 10), a statistically significant difference wasn't observed for most PRO effects. However, there was a statistically significant difference in ineffective sleep behaviors (i.e., SHPS-J). We did observe a rebound effect for some SHPS-J items.ConclusionSHUSH was developed as a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for insomnia. SHUSH participants showed improvements on sleep-related and mental health-related PROs after 4 weeks of intervention. At 3 months follow-up sleep quality and mental health gains were maintained. SHUSH was a feasible program. Randomized controlled trials are needed to test treatment efficacy on sleep related and mental health related PROs in the future.

The gut microbiota of healthy individuals remains resilient in response to the consumption of various dietary fibers

This study focuses on the resilience of gut microbiota during a five-month multi-interventional nutrition trial. The modulatory effects of beta-glucan, rye bran and two dietary fiber mixtures on the fecal pH and compositional changes of the microbiome of healthy subjects were studied. To analyze the stability of intestinal microbiota, we collected an extensive dataset of sequential fecal samples (23–29 from each participant) during a week of the base, beta-glucan consumption and wash-out periods accompanied by the collection of daily food diary data. Microbiota analyses were also conducted after the end of each fiber intake and wash-out period, along with measurements of fecal organic acids and pH. Based on the dominant bacterial taxa, two prevalent microbiota types were identified. The Prevotella-type microbiota responded more to the tested dietary fibers, while the Bacteroides-type microbiota was the least affected. Three microbiota types could not be clustered and behaved differently. Although we noted individual effects of definite fibers on participants’ gut microbiota and metabolic profile, relative abundances of bacteria remained stable in the base period (z-scores − 2.2 to 2.3). In most cases, the bacterial abundances of the final samples remained within the normal fluctuation range stressing out the resilience of healthy microbiota. The pH of all fecal samples varied between 6.1 and 8.3 and was associated with the concentration of organic acids and microbial composition. The effect of dietary fibers on the metabolism of fecal microbiota clearly depended on the individual microbiota type. Combining the analysis of gut microbiota with knowledge of the properties of dietary fibers would provide a powerful strategy for nutrition guidance and disease prevention.

Dynamics between affect and social acceptance as a function of social anxiety: A person-specific network approach.

Social acceptance and rejection are salient experiences, especially during adolescence. Acceptance and rejection relate to changes in positive and negative affect, although directionality of the relation remains unclear. The ability to regulate affect following social experiences may be part of the etiology of social anxiety disorder. With the importance of social cues in adolescence, as well as adolescence as a key window for the onset of social anxiety, we used daily diary data collected in a sample ranging from 9 to 18 years to examine daily changes in acceptance, rejection, positive affect, and negative affect. Taking a person-centered approach, we constructed networks directionally linking social experiences and affect, which served as behaviors of interest ("nodes") in the network for each individual. From these networks, we extracted recovery times from different nodes, that is, the number of days it took for a node to return to baseline when (a) the node itself was perturbed and (b) when a connected node was perturbed. We examined associations between network metrics and social anxiety, age, gender, and their interaction. We found that the recovery time of positive affect when social acceptance was perturbed was inversely related with social anxiety and age, suggesting benefits of acceptance may be shorter lasting for those with more (vs. less) social anxiety symptoms and for older (vs. younger) adolescents. We conclude that positive affect may be a critical yet understudied piece in understanding why adolescence is a developmental period of increased risk for psychopathology and for understanding the etiology of social anxiety disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Influence of State Authenticity on the Sense of Meaning in Life of Middle School Students: Evidence from a Daily Diary Investigation and an Authenticity Enhancement Experiment.

Authenticity is a positive force for adolescent development. Taking middle school students as the main research objects, this paper examines the causal mechanism between state authenticity (SA) and sense of meaning in life through two studies: the diary method and authenticity level increase experiment. In study 1, through the daily diary data tracking investigation of 130 middle school students in daily life situations, the basic psychological needs (BPNs) and satisfaction with life (SWL) play a chain mediating role between state authenticity and sense of daily meaning in life. State authenticity has a one-way prediction effect on sense of meaning in life. In study 2, 140 participants were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group). Middle school students in the experimental group were activated to recall the authenticity experience events to enhance the level of personal authenticity, and it was found that the subjects reported a higher sense of meaning in life. This study reveals the causal mechanism between authenticity and sense of meaning of life, which has positive practical significance for exploring ways to enhance the sense of meaning of life of middle school students.

Latinx adolescents' daily family assistance and emotional well-being before and amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot measurement burst study.

This study examined Latinx adolescents' daily family assistance (assistance day, assistance time, language brokering) in relation to their daily affect and investigated whether the associations changed following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two waves of 14-day daily diary data collected from 13 18-year-old Latinx adolescents (ndays = 284; 77% Mexican American, 77% female) before and amid the pandemic were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Three main findings emerged: (1) assisting the family on a given day was associated with higher levels of same-day positive affect both before and during COVID-19, and with lower levels of negative affect during COVID-19; (2) longer than usual family assistance time was associated with higher levels of same-day positive affect and lower levels of negative affect only during COVID-19; (3) language brokering on a given day was associated with higher levels of same-day positive affect both before and during COVID-19. These findings suggest a positive link between daily family assistance and Latinx youth's daily emotional well-being, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Biophilia in the home-workplace: Integrating dog caregiving and outdoor access to explain teleworkers' daily physical activity, loneliness, and job performance.

We examined whether dog caregiving and outdoor access affect the relationships between a teleworking day and teleworkers' daily physical activity, loneliness, and job performance during the pandemic in two different seasons in 2021. Building on the biophilia hypothesis, we hypothesized that dog caregiving and outdoor access would attenuate the adverse effects of telework on our outcomes. We tested our cross-level moderation hypotheses in a Belgian daily diary data set combining two data collections during 10 workdays in two seasons: One in 284 teleworking employees in spring and one in 151 teleworking employees in autumn-of whom 75 also participated in spring (Npersons = 360, Ndatapoints = 3,809). Consistent with our hypotheses, mixed coefficient modeling showed two-way interactions between teleworking day and dog caregiving, and between teleworking day and outdoor access on daily physical activity, daily loneliness, and daily job performance. Specifically, both dog caregiving and outdoor access buffered against the harmful effects of a teleworking day on these three outcomes: On teleworking days compared to nonteleworking days, there was a smaller decrease in physical activity and in job performance for employees who had a dog or who had outdoor access compared to employees who did not. Likewise, dog caregiving and outdoor access buffered against an increase in loneliness on teleworking days, with a less steep increase for employees with a dog or outdoor access. Our study shows the importance of contextualizing the home context more broadly by including dogs and outdoor access at home when considering the effects of telework during and after the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Long-term seizure diary tracking habits in clinical studies: Evidence from the Human Epilepsy Project

ObjectiveTo characterize seizure tracking patterns of people with focal epilepsy using electronic seizure diary entries, and to assess for risk factors associated with poor tracking. MethodsWe analyzed electronic seizure diary data from 410 participants with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in the Human Epilepsy Project 1 (HEP1). Each participant was expected to record data each day during the study, regardless of seizure occurrence. The primary outcome of this post-hoc analysis was whether each participant properly tracked a seizure diary entry each day during their study participation. Using finite mixture modeling, we grouped patient tracking trajectories into data-driven clusters. Once defined, we used multinomial modeling to test for independent risk factors of tracking group membership. ResultsUsing over up to three years of daily seizure diary data per subject, we found four distinct seizure tracking groups: consistent, frequent at study onset, occasional, and rare. Participants in the consistent tracking group tracked a median of 92% (interquartile range, IQR: 82%, 99%) of expected days, compared to 47% (IQR:34%, 60%) in the frequent at study onset group, 37% (IQR: 26%, 49%) in the occasional group, and 9% (IQR: 3%, 15%) in the rare group. In multivariable analysis, consistent trackers had lower rates of seizure days per tracked year during their study participation, compared to other groups. SignificanceFuture efforts need to focus on improving seizure diary tracking adherence to improve quality of outcome data, particularly in those with higher seizure burden. In addition, accounting for missing data when using seizure diary data as a primary outcome is important in research trials. If not properly accounted for, total seizure burden may be underestimated and biased, skewing results of clinical trials.

Associations between day-level affect profiles and same-day substance use among young adults.

Emotions play a critical role in health risk behaviors, including substance use. However, current research often focuses exclusively on average levels of positive and negative affect, neglecting the complexity of daily emotional patterns. By capturing multiple dimensions of affect, including arousal and discrete states, we can improve our understanding of proximal predictors of substance use. The present study demonstrates the utility of a novel methodological approach for assessing affect patterns in daily life in relation to alcohol and cannabis use. Daily diary data from N = 154 young adults who reported recent heavy episodic drinking and simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis were analyzed using a mixed-indicator latent profile analysis to identify and describe day-level affective patterns and outcomes. Results revealed five distinct day-level profiles of affect: undifferentiated negative affect days, undifferentiated positive affect days, high-arousal positive affect days, mixed affect days, and low reactivity days. Undifferentiated positive affect days, high-arousal positive affect days, and low reactivity days were associated with significantly greater odds of same-day alcohol use compared to days characterized by undifferentiated negative affect (χ² = 10.55, p = .032). Findings suggest that daily affect patterns differentially impact alcohol use and can inform the development of interventions for problematic substance use. Additionally, the innovative methodological approach employed herein could be applicable for investigating the role of emotion in other health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A socioemotional network perspective on momentary experiences of family conflict in young adults.

Family conflict is an established predictor of psychopathology in youth. Traditional approaches focus on between-family differences in conflict. Daily fluctuations in conflict within families might also impact psychopathology, but more research is needed to understand how and why. Using 21 days of daily diary data and 6-times a day experience-sampling data (N = 77 participants; mean age = 21.18, SD = 1.75; 63 women, 14 men), we captured day-to-day and within-day fluctuations in family conflict, anger, anxiety, and sadness. Using multilevel models, we find that days of higher-than-usual anger are also days of higher-than-usual family conflict. Examining associations between family conflict and emotions within days, we find that moments of higher-than-usual anger predict higher-than-usual family conflict later in the day. We observe substantial between-family differences in these patterns with implications for psychopathology; youth showing the substantial interplay between family conflict and emotions across time had a more perseverative family conflict and greater trait anxiety. Overall, findings indicate the importance of increases in youth anger for experiences of family conflict during young adulthood and demonstrate how intensive repeated measures coupled with network analytic approaches can capture long-theorized notions of reciprocal processes in daily family life.

The more you connect, the less you connect: An examination of the role of phubbing at home and job crafting in the crossover and spillover effects of work–family spousal support on employee creativity

AbstractIn an era where home and work domains have become inseparable, it is surprising that extant research has placed less emphasis on examining the boundary conditions and mechanisms to understand the home‐to‐work crossover and spillover process. Building on the work–home resources theory and the crossover‐spillover perspectives, we test a resource‐based crossover‐spillover model of how one partner's work–family spousal support provision relates to the other partner's creativity at work. We propose that “phubbing” at home affects the crossover process of resource exchange between partners. Regarding the spillover from home to work, we propose that job crafting mediates the association between work–family spousal support and employee creativity. Daily diary data were collected from 65 dual‐earner couples, over 15 working days in the United States. Results from the multilevel actor–partner interdependence model show that work–family support enhances employee creativity by prompting the employee's relational job crafting and cognitive job crafting at work. Moreover, our results reveal that the high level of phubbing at home weakens the work–family support crossover between partners. We contribute to the literature by adding evidence regarding the mechanisms that enable social support at home to turn into employee creativity at work.

Upadacitinib Reduces Crohn’s Disease Symptoms Within the First Week of Induction Therapy

Upadacitinib (UPA), an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, is approved to treat moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD). As symptomatic response is an important initial treatment goal for patients, we evaluated the rapidity of symptomatic improvement in patients with CD receiving UPA 45 mg once daily (UPA45) induction therapy. This post hoc analysis included pooled data from 2 phase 3, multicenter, double-blind 12-week induction trials (U-EXCEL and U-EXCEED) and 1 maintenance trial (U-ENDURE). Daily diary data for the first 15 days of UPA45 or placebo (PBO) treatment were used to analyze improvement in very soft/liquid stool frequency (SF) and abdominal pain score (APS). Clinical outcomes were evaluated at every study visit. Overall, 1021 patients (n = 674 UPA45; n = 347 PBO) were analyzed. UPA45 demonstrated greater efficacy vs PBO for SF <3 and APS ≤1, providing rapid relief by day 5 or 6, regardless of prior biologic exposure. Mean changes in SF and APS were greater with UPA45 beginning at week 2 (-2.0 and -0.5, respectively; P < .001) and were maintained through week 12 (-3.0 and -1.0, respectively; P < .001) vs PBO. First achievement of daily SF/APS clinical remission occurred earlier with UPA45 (median 13 days) vs PBO (median 32 days), and patients treated with UPA45 showed improved rates of SF/APS clinical remission (21.1% UPA45 vs 8.9% PBO) and clinical response (58.8% UPA45 vs 37.9% PBO) starting at week 2 (both P ≤ .01). UPA45 provided rapid relief of clinical symptoms within the first week of treatment in patients with CD. NCT03345849, NCT03345836, and NCT03345823.

Quantity of cigarettes smoked when co-used with alcohol and cannabis: Consideration of different definitions of co-use based on daily diary data

IntroductionCigarettes are frequently co-used with alcohol and cannabis. However, definitions of co-use vary and the extent to which cigarette use changes on days with different patterns of co-use is unclear. We compared the number of cigarettes smoked on different days based on co-use patterns of cigarettes and alcohol or cannabis. MethodsThis study analyzed 2408 smoking days collected in a 30-day smartphone-based daily diary study among 146 young adults (aged 18–26) with an oversample from sexual minority groups. Two separate multilevel models were estimated: one for cigarette and alcohol co-use and the other for cigarette and cannabis co-use. Both models examined day-level associations between the number of cigarettes smoked and 3 different types of days (smoking-only days, same-occasion co-use days, different-occasion co-use days), controlling for demographic characteristics. ResultsMore cigarettes were smoked on same-occasion co-use days compared to cigarette-smoking-only days for both alcohol (b=1.474, SE=0.136, t=10.8, p<.001) and cannabis (b=0.822, SE=0.209, t=3.9, p<.001). There were no significant differences in cigarettes smoked on days with co-use on the same day, but on different occasions, compared to days with smoking only. ConclusionsCompared to days with cigarette smoking only, more cigarettes are smoked on days when cigarettes are co-used with alcohol or cannabis on the same occasion, while the same is not true for days with co-use on different occasions. Conflating different definitions of co-use may impact findings on associations between co-use and smoking behavior.

Peer Stress Spills Over to Family Stress in the Context of Emotion Regulation Difficulties: A Daily Diary Study with Chinese Adolescents

Conflict in peer and family relationships becomes more common in the adolescent period when compared to previous developmental periods. These typical developmental challenges can be exacerbated in the context of poor emotion regulation skills. Using daily diary data, the current study examined the stress spillover effects of peer and family stress on one another, as well as the moderating role of emotion regulation challenges (i.e., emotional inhibition, dysregulation). A sample of 310 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.02 years, SD = 0.76 years, 50.7% boys) completed an initial measure of emotion regulation difficulties, then reported on peer and family stress for 10 consecutive weekdays. Results indicated that there was an overall same-day peer stress spillover effect in which adolescents’ peer stress on a given day was negatively associated with later conflictual interactions with their parents. Further, the relation between peer stress and same- and next-day family stress was exacerbated in the context of high levels of emotional inhibition. Family stress did not significantly relate to next-day peer stress, nor was this association moderated by difficulties with emotion regulation. These results highlight the temporal sequence of daily peer-to-family stress spillover. Though emotional inhibition may be culturally adaptive for maintaining interpersonal harmony, it can be maladaptive in managing stress for Chinese adolescents.