Daily Caloric Intake Research Articles

Body composition in students physical education and sport: cross-sectional pilot study

Purpose: Young people who study physical education and sport are a priori regarded as having proper body structure and body composition. It is widely presumed that young who study physical education at one of several national universities of physical education (East Sarajevo) could be characterized with proper physique and body composition. Aim of the current study was to assess and analyze the body composition of a male students Physical Education and Sport, University East Sarajevo, by bioelectric impedance analysis and determine the significance of inter correlation coefficients.
 Material and methods: In study the participants consist 30 male students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, the III year of study (Body Height = 182.20 ± 6.89cm; Body Weight = 80.06 ± 8.80kg; Body Mass Index= 24.03 ± 2.58kg/m²).
 Results: of the study showed that the body composition is within the healthy (allowed) values recommended for this population of students (Body Fat=10.90kg or 13.62%; Body Muscle= 65.74kg or 82.40%; Body Water = 61.54%; Basal metabolic rate = 2045.07kCal; Daily calorie intake = 8436.56 kCal, etc.). Inter correlation coefficients showed inverse and significantly high correlation (p=0.000) between (inter correlation coefficient Fat-Muscle = -0.945), (inter correlation coefficients Fat-Water = -0.963) while direct correlation was achieved between (inter correlation coefficient Muscle-Water = 0.986).
 Conclusion: The obtained results of the study defined the appropriate body composition of the students, which is a consequence of their adequate physical activity and well-designed curricula at the home faculty. In the parameters of body composition, students of physical education and sports in East Sarajevo had a higher muscle component and lower values ​​of fat component than other students as a result of their somatotype, way of studying, teaching and extracurricular physical activities.

Abstract 735: Low-carbohydrate diet score and the risk of colorectal cancer: Findings from a prospective cohort study

Abstract Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer. Glucose intake enhances the secretion of insulin, may contribute to cell growth and proliferation, leading to CRC development. Epidemiologic studies have shown that individuals with diabetes history are at increased risk of CRC. A low-carbohydrate diet, represented by a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score, may reduce the risk of diabetes. Yet, little is known about the association between LCD scores and the risk of CRC. Methods. We evaluated the associations between LCD and CRC risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort study that includes 61,321 Chinese men and women in Singapore who were 45-74 years old at enrollment. Food and dietary supplement consumption were assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Participants were assigned a score from 0 to 10 according to their rankings by daily intake of calories from carbohydrates, fat and protein, respectively. A score of 0 was assigned to a subject ranked in the highest one-eleventh of calorie intake from carbohydrates or in the lowest one-eleventh of calories from fat or protein, respectively. In contrast, a score of 10 was given to each subject in the lowest one-eleventh of carbohydrate intake or the highest one-eleventh of fat or protein intake. The LCD score for each subject was the sum of the 3 individual ranking scores. The highest possible value was 30, which represented the lowest carbohydrate intake and the highest fat and protein. In addition, animal-based and plant-based LCDs were similarly created from the daily consumption of calories from animal or plant protein and fat, respectively, as well as carbohydrates. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC according to higher quartiles of LCD scores with adjustment for potential confounders. Results. After an average of 17.5 years of follow-up, 2,140 participants developed CRC. Overall, there was a null association between total LCD and CRC risk. A moderate positive association was found for animal-based LCD with CRC risk. The multivariable-adjusted HRs(95%CIs) for CRC in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 of animal-based LCD were 1.12(0.99-1.26), 1.18(1.04-1.33), and 1.11(0.98-1.25)(Ptrend=0.06) compared with the lowest quartile. There were no statistically significant differences in the animal-based LCD and CRC risk in subgroups stratified by sex, body mass index, smoking status, and history of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions. This large population-based prospective cohort study shows that a high animal-based LCD score, which represented low intake of carbohydrates and high intake of animal protein and fat, was associated with ~10% increased risk of CRC. Our findings suggest that replacing low-carbohydrate food with animal-based food may increase the risk of developing CRC. Citation Format: Yi-Chuan Yu, Pedram Paragomi, Aizhen Jin, Renwei Wang, Robert E. Schoen, Woon-Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, Hung N. Luu. Low-carbohydrate diet score and the risk of colorectal cancer: Findings from a prospective cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 735.

The impact of the productive safety net program (PSNP) on food security and asset accumulation of rural households’: evidence from Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s productive safety net program (PSNP) is aimed at providing transfers to the food insecure people in chronically food-insecure woredas. The program’s objectives include improving food security, protecting assets, and strengthening household and community resilience to shocks. This study evaluates the impact of PSNP on the beneficiary households’ food security, income, and asset holdings in the Gedeo administrative zone of Southern Ethiopia. We use survey data from 395 randomly selected households, out of which 195 are beneficiaries and 197 non-beneficiaries. Methodologically, we employ the propensity score matching (PSM) method to assess the impact of the PSNP on the welfare of beneficiary households. For this purpose, we use two specific outcomes of the PSNP: food security and asset holdings of participating households. Using the propensity score matching method, we find that the PSNP enhances the consumption expenditure, daily calorie intake, and annual income of participating households relative to a similar group of non-participating poor households. Our findings suggest that the PSNP is vital to improving income and food security at the household level in chronically food-insecure areas.

Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Potential Application in the Treatment of Hypercortisolism Comorbidities.

A very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is characterized by low daily caloric intake (less than 800 kcal/day), low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/day) and normoproteic (1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight) contents. It induces a significant weight loss and an improvement in lipid parameters, blood pressure, glycaemic indices and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is characterized by an endogenous or exogenous excess of glucocorticoids and shows many comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders. The aim of this speculative review is to provide an overview on nutrition in hypercortisolism and analyse the potential use of a VLCKD for the treatment of CS comorbidities, analysing the molecular mechanisms of ketogenesis.

Factors that Cause Overweight and Obesity in School-Age Children and Adult: A Literature Review

Background: Obesity in children can affects their activities and motivation in learning at school. Obesity can also affect adulthood performance in their work skills and productivity. Early prevention of overweight in children is very important in order to maximize the quality of life when entering the adult age group.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors causing the incidence of overweight and obesity in school-age children and adults so that it can be used as a guide to overcome health problems in those critical age group.Methods: This article was compiled based on the literature search in the last ten years and was carried out through Google Scholar and Science Direct, related to factors that can cause overweight and obesity in school-age children and adults.Discussion: The results from eighteen literature, it is known that unhealthy eating habits, food environment, physical activities, heredity or genetic factors, sleep duration, and family income can cause overweight and obesity in school-age children. While gender, level of education, heredity or genetic factors, physical activity, daily calorie intake, marital status, personal income, and urban living are the cause of overweight and obesity in adults.Conclusions: Factors that can cause overweight and obesity are gender, level of education, unhealthy eating habits, food environment, physical activities, heredity or genetic factors, sleep duration, family income, daily calorie intake, and marital status.

VITAMIN D STATUS IN TUNISIAN OBESE PATIENTS

Objective: Aims: The objectives of this study were to estimate the vitamin D deficiency in obese, identify risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, demonstrating a possible association between vitamin D levels and metabolic parameters. Design and method: This was a transversal study that involved 84 obese adults consultant to the obesity unit in the national institute of nutrition of tunis. Results: The deficit of vitamin D (&lt;30 ng / ml) among obese was 98.8%. Half of them had a rate &lt; 10 ng / ml. We observed a significant relationship between vitamin D levels and the origin of the North West (p = 0,04). Environmental factors involved in vitamin D deficiency are: the veil (p = 0,001), and dietary factors are represented by the calcium intake (p = 0,001) and the daily caloric intake (p = 0,0001). The perc ent of fat mass was negatively related to vitamin D levels (p = 0.01) but not with BMI (p = 0.118) or waist circumference (p = 0,88). Similarly, lipid profile, glucose profile, blood pressure had no link with vitamin D, serum uric acid was positively associated with vitamin D (p = 0.03), as well as the rate of hemoglobin (p = 0,0001). Insulin resistance evaluated by fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were not related to vitamin D levels (p = 0,38 and p = 0,31). Conclusions: At the end of our study, we have identified a very important vitamin D deficiency among obese. Dosage and systematic supplementation should be applied and for that physician awareness is needed.

693-P: Significant Changes in Dietary Behaviour, Glycemic Control, and Weight after Participation in Personalized Glycemic Response–Based Diabefly Program

Background: Retrospective evaluation of glycemic responses correlated with lifestyle habits can help in mapping personalized glycemic responses (PGR) for individuals. PGR can aid in more specific nutritional interventions in individuals with diabetes ultimately aiding in better glycemic control and weight management. Methods: Participants (n=108, mean age 47.24± 12.28 years, 55.5% females) were enrolled in PGR based Diabefly program and were provided with support for lifestyle modification through a combination of expert led care and mobile application. The outcomes were analyzed at the beginning and end of the program. Paired t-test was used for analysis with P&amp;lt;0.considered as statistically significant. Results: After the program, the daily mean calorie intake significantly reduced by 9.34 ± 30.3 % from a baseline of 1466.93 ± 408.16 cal (P&amp;lt;0.001) . Similarly, the daily mean carbohydrate and fat intake significantly reduced by 10.44 ± 31.99 % and 7.95 ± 39.90 % respectively (P&amp;lt;0.0for both) . The daily mean fiber intake improved by 4.74 ± 44.9 % from the baseline (P=0.26) . Further, the mean energy attributed from protein showed a significant increase by 10.36 ± 25.31 % (P&amp;lt;0.001) . Among participants (n=66) who provided complete data of body weight, BMI, and HbA1c a significant reduction was observed by 3.41 ± 3.33 kg, 1.16± 1.kg/m2, and 2.02 ± 1.73% from a baseline of 76.42 ± 16.61 kg, 27.34 ± 4.40 kg/m2, and 8.78 ± 1.90 % respectively (P&amp;lt;0.0for all) . Waist circumference in participants with complete data (n=53) showed a mean reduction by 4.85 ± 4.45 % from the baseline of 100.3 ± 14.1 cm (P&amp;lt;0.001) . Conclusion: Significant change in dietary behavior was observed after the completion of the program. Effective weight reduction, waist circumference reduction, and improved glycemic control was also observed suggesting the potential of understanding PGR in an effective manner through the Diabefly program for improved outcomes. Disclosure R.Verma: Employee; Fitterfly Healthtech Pvt Ltd, Wellthy Therapeutics Pvt Ltd. A.K.Singal: Other Relationship; Fitterfly Healthtech Pvt Ltd. M.A.Khader: Employee; Fitterfly HealthTech Pvt Ltd. R.M.Ranadive: Employee; Fitterfly Healthtech Pvt Ltd. S.Budyal: None. A.A.Saraf: None. V.Raskar: None. A.Sarwate: None. M.V.Joshi: None. S.Joshi: Consultant; Fitterfly Health Tech Pvt Ltd, Wellthy Therapeutics Pvt Ltd.

Vitamin C and Copper Intake Associated With Cognitive Function in Older Adults

ObjectivesOxidative stress has been linked to the development of depression and anxiety as well as cognitive decline in older adults. Vitamins and minerals that have antioxidant properties or serve as cofactors can improve the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the body and lead to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. We aimed to study antioxidant and antioxidant cofactor intake from diet in the older population in relation to mental and cognitive health. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted that included 181 men and women aged 60–80 years. Individuals diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer’s, or other neurological disorders were excluded. Dietary information was obtained using a 3-day diet record and food frequency questionnaire. Mental and cognitive health were assessed using Geriatric Depression Scale, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Digit Span test. Partial Pearson Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS software. ResultsOur findings indicate that vitamin B1 [r = .18, p < .05], vitamin C [r = .24, p < .001], vitamin D [r = .15, p < .05], and zinc [r = .15, p < .05] were positively correlated with Total Digit Span score, after controlling for antioxidant supplementation and other covariates such as age, education, economic status, etc. However, after further controlling for daily caloric intake, only vitamin C remained significantly associated with Total Digit Span score [r = .18, p < .05], and copper was inversely associated with MoCA scores [r = -.18, p < .05]. No other associations were found between the other variables. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that higher vitamin C and lower copper intake from foods, are associated with cognitive performance among older adults. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of vitamin C and copper intake in cognitive function of older adults. Funding SourcesNone.

Do gluten peptides stimulate weight gain in humans?

Observations from animal and in vitro laboratory research, and anecdotal evidence, have led to the suggestion that gluten consumption stimulates weight gain by the presence of peptides expressing opioid activity. Another proposed mechanism is that gluten peptides decrease resting energy expenditure resulting in a positive energy balance. In order to induce such effects in vivo, intact food peptides must be absorbed in sufficient quantities, remain intact in the blood for sufficient time to have long‐lasting biological activity and bind to receptors involved in appetite, satiety and energy regulation. However, although peptides from food may pass from the intestine into the blood in extremely low quantities, they are generally rapidly degraded by plasma and vasculum‐bound aminopeptidases, resulting in very short half‐lives and loss of bioactivity. At present, gluten peptide sequences that influence regulators of energy metabolism have not been identified. Furthermore, data on the quantitative absorption of gluten peptides in the blood stream, their stability and lasting bioactivity are also lacking. Therefore, there is no evidence for proposed effects on driving appetite by the brain, nor on energy expenditure and weight gain. Furthermore, the level of overweight observed in various countries appears to be independent of the level of wheat consumption, and abundant observational evidence in humans shows that the levels of gluten consumption are neither related to daily calorie intake nor to BMI. This narrative review therefore discusses the proposed effects of gluten on bodyweight (BW) and putative biological mechanisms in the light of the current evidence.

Genetic Mapping to Detect Stringent QTLs Using 1k-RiCA SNP Genotyping Platform from the New Landrace Associated with Salt Tolerance at the Seedling Stage in Rice

Rice is the world’s most important food crop, providing the daily calorie intake for more than half of the world’s population. Rice breeding has always been preoccupied with maximizing yield potential. However, numerous abiotic factors, such as salt, cold, drought, and heat, significantly reduce rice productivity. Salinity, one of the major abiotic stresses, reduces rice yield worldwide. This study was conducted to determine new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate salt tolerance in rice seedlings. One F2:3 mapping population was derived from a cross between BRRI dhan49 (a popular but sensitive rainfed rice variety) and Akundi (a salt-tolerant rice landrace in Bangladesh used as a donor parent). The 1k-Rice Custom Amplicon (1k-RiCA) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to genotype this mapping population. After removing segregation distortion and monomorphic markers, 884 SNPs generated a 1526.8 cM-long genetic linkage map with a mean marker density of 1.7 cM for the 12 linkage groups. By exploiting QGene and ICIM-ADD, a sum of 15 QTLs for nine traits was identified in salt stress on seven chromosomes. Four important genomic loci were identified (qSES1, qSL1, qSUR1 and qRL1) on chromosome 1. Out of these 15 QTLs, 14 QTLs are unique, as no other study has mapped in the same chromosomal location. We also detected 15 putative candidate genes and their functions. The ICIM-EPI approach identified 43 significant pairwise epistasis interactions between regions associated with and unassociated with QTLs. Apart from more well-known donors, Akundi serves as an important new donor source for global salt tolerance breeding initiatives, including Bangladesh. The introgression of the novel QTLs identified in this study will accelerate the development of new salt-tolerant varieties that are highly resistant to salt stress using marker-enabled breeding.

Time-Related Eating Patterns Are Associated with the Total Daily Intake of Calories and Macronutrients in Day and Night Shift Workers.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether time-related eating patterns are associated with the daily intake of calories and macronutrients in Brazilian male military police officers (n = 81; 29-day and 52-night workers; mean age: 36.4 ± 0.9 and 38.5 ± 0.7 years, respectively). Energy and macronutrient intake were determined by a non-consecutive 3-day food recall. Time-related eating patterns, such as the time of the first and the last meals, eating duration, and caloric midpoint, were evaluated. Individuals were classified as “early” or “late” eaters according to the median caloric midpoint. Night shift workers showed a later eating time for the last meal (p < 0.001), longer eating duration (p < 0.001), and later caloric midpoint (p = 0.037) than day workers. Late eaters from both workgroups consumed more 24 h energy (p = 0.028), fat in calories (p = 0.006) and protein (calories: p < 0.001; percentage of total calories: p = 0.042), and less carbohydrates in calories (p = 0.010) intake than early eaters. The time of the first meal was negatively correlated with 24 h energy (p = 0.024) and carbohydrate (p = 0.031) intake only in day workers. The time of the last meal was positively correlated with 24 h energy (day workers: β = 0.352; p = 0.044; night workers: β = 0.424; p = 0.002) and protein (day workers: β = 0.451; p = 0.013; night workers: β = 0.536; p < 0.001) intake for both shift workers, and with carbohydrate (β = 0.346; p = 0.016) and fat (β = 0.286; p = 0.042) intake only in night workers. Eating duration was positively correlated with energy (day workers: β = 0.473; p = 0.004; night workers: β = 0.320; p = 0.023) and carbohydrate (day workers: β = 0.418; p = 0.011; night workers: β = 0.364; p = 0.010) intake in both groups. Thus, time-related eating patterns indicative of intake later at night are associated with increased daily energy and macronutrient intake.

Nutrition Assessment and Management in Patients with Cirrhosis and Cognitive Impairment: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Protein-calorie malnutrition is frequently encountered in the cirrhotic patient and its most obvious clinical manifestation is sarcopenia. This condition represents a risk factor for HE occurrence because skeletal muscle acts as an alternative site for ammonium detoxification. Preventive intervention through an adequate assessment of nutritional status should be carried out at early stages of the disease and in a multidisciplinary team using both non-instrumental methods (food diary, anthropometric measurements, blood chemistry tests) and instrumental methods (bioimpedance testing, DEXA, CT, indirect calorimetry, dynamometry). Dietary recommendations for patients with HE do not differ from those for cirrhotic patient without HE. Daily caloric intake in the non-obese patient should be 30–40 Kcal/Kg/day with a protein intake of 1–1.5 g/Kg/day, especially of vegetable origin, through 4–6 meals daily. In patients with HE, it is also essential to monitor electrolyte balance, supplementing any micronutrient deficiencies such as sodium and zinc, as well as vitamin deficiencies because they can cause neurological symptoms similar to those of HE. In light of the critical role of nutritional status, this aspect should not be underestimated and should be included in the diagnostic–therapeutic algorithm of patients with HE.

Medical nutrition therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill adults: a European multinational, prospective observational cohort study (EuroPN)

BackgroundMedical nutrition therapy may be associated with clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay. We wanted to assess nutrition practices in European intensive care units (ICU) and their importance for clinical outcomes.MethodsProspective multinational cohort study in patients staying in ICU ≥ 5 days with outcome recorded until day 90. Macronutrient intake from enteral and parenteral nutrition and non-nutritional sources during the first 15 days after ICU admission was compared with targets recommended by ESPEN guidelines. We modeled associations between three categories of daily calorie and protein intake (low: < 10 kcal/kg, < 0.8 g/kg; moderate: 10–20 kcal/kg, 0.8–1.2 g/kg, high: > 20 kcal/kg; > 1.2 g/kg) and the time-varying hazard rates of 90-day mortality or successful weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).ResultsA total of 1172 patients with median [Q1;Q3] APACHE II score of 18.5 [13.0;26.0] were included, and 24% died within 90 days. Median length of ICU stay was 10.0 [7.0;16.0] days, and 74% of patients could be weaned from invasive mechanical ventilation. Patients reached on average 83% [59;107] and 65% [41;91] of ESPEN calorie and protein recommended targets, respectively. Whereas specific reasons for ICU admission (especially respiratory diseases requiring IMV) were associated with higher intakes (estimate 2.43 [95% CI: 1.60;3.25] for calorie intake, 0.14 [0.09;0.20] for protein intake), a lack of nutrition on the preceding day was associated with lower calorie and protein intakes (− 2.74 [− 3.28; − 2.21] and − 0.12 [− 0.15; − 0.09], respectively). Compared to a lower intake, a daily moderate intake was associated with higher probability of successful weaning (for calories: maximum HR 4.59 [95% CI: 1.5;14.09] on day 12; for protein: maximum HR 2.60 [1.09;6.23] on day 12), and with a lower hazard of death (for calories only: minimum HR 0.15, [0.05;0.39] on day 19). There was no evidence that a high calorie or protein intake was associated with further outcome improvements.ConclusionsCalorie intake was mainly provided according to the targets recommended by the active ESPEN guideline, but protein intake was lower. In patients staying in ICU ≥ 5 days, early moderate daily calorie and protein intakes were associated with improved clinical outcomes.Trial registrationNCT04143503, registered on October 25, 2019.Graphical abstract

Assessment of the Effect of Media on Nutritional Status, Anthropometric Measurements and Physical Activity in Adolescents Aged 12-18

This study was conducted to assess the effect of the media on nutritional status, anthropometric measurements, and physical activities of adolescents. The study sample was conducted on a total of 60 voluntary adolescents who were randomly selected between 12 and 18 years of age in Istanbul between January 2020 and February 2020. The analysis of the findings obtained from the research used SPSS models 17 and SPSS Statistics 22.0. The level of meaning of the analysis was determined as 95%. While the frequency of watching TV was high in boys, the frequency of following internet tools was found to be higher in girls. The analysis determined the habit of following the internet proportionally more frequently in the group above the 50th percentile (p = 0.014). A positive correlation was seen between TV, magazine, and newspaper and daily calorie intake. The daily energy average was significantly higher than those above percentile 50 in percentile 50 and below (p=0.021). When the frequency of food consumption was examined according to BMI, It was determined that the 50th percentile and below groups consumed more fast food type foods. Their intake of energy, macro, and micronutrients was also high. İn all of the participants, it was seen that media tools such as the internet and TV were used frequently as a result of the study. At the same time, more research needs to be done on this topic, in light of information supported by scientific studies, studies on nutrition in the media and management of time spent in the media and increased physical activity and improved adolescents' eating habits are thought to be improved.

Evaluation of bone mineral density in cases of bone stress injury among sportspersons

Objectives: A bone stress injury (BSI) represents the inability of bone to withstand repetitive mechanical loading, leading to structural fatigue, localized bone pain, and tenderness. Stress fractures account for up to 20% of athletic injuries and occur more commonly in women and track-and-field athletes. Low bone mineral density (BMD) has previously been considered a potential risk factor for developing BSI. This study aims to evaluate BMD, among other factors, in sportspersons diagnosed with BSI and look for association. Materials and Methods: Complete history and examination of a required sample size of 68 were done to reach a diagnosis of BSI, radiologically confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diagnosed cases were tested for BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, whole body). Additional parameters studied included demographic profile, site of injury, MRI grade of injury, body mass index (BMI), and serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D. Results: A total of 70 patients between the ages of 18 and 41 years with BSI were enrolled. Three subjects (4.29%) had low BMD. The mean BMD value was slightly lower in females (1.1 ± 0.07 vs. 1.19 ± 0.06 g/cm2 in males), but all three cases of low BMD were present among males. Additional findings included a high prevalence of low Vitamin D levels, male gender, low daily caloric intake, high-grade injuries on MRI, injuries at cortical-rich bone sites, and high BMI. Conclusion: Low BMD (Z-score&lt;–1) prevalence of 4.29% suggests a lack of association with BSI. On the other hand, the relatively higher prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, male gender, low daily caloric intake, high-grade injuries on MRI, and high BMI warrant attention.

Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on metabolic and inflammatory profiles in type 2 diabetic patients.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on metabolic and inflammatory profiles in type 2 diabetic patients (T2D). It was a prospective study including 55 T2D patients treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs, who intended to observe Ramadan fasting in 2019. All participants underwent a questionnaire, a physical examination, laboratory investigations, and a cardiovascular risk assessment using the Framingham score before Ramadan (T0), immediately after Ramadan (T1), and two months after Ramadan (T2). The mean age of participants was 54.5 ± 10.1years. The number of fasted days was 29.3 ± 2.3days. The mean total daily calorie intake decreased significantly by 19% during Ramadan (p < 10-3). A significant decrease in weight (79.8 ± 12.9 vs 78.4 ± 13.3kg, p = 0.003), body mass index (29.8 ± 5.4 vs 29.2 ± 5.4kg/m2, p = 0.004), waist circumference (98.2 ± 9.6 vs 96.3 ± 10.2cm, p = 0.015), fat body mass (24.3 ± 9.4 vs 23.5 ± 9.7kg, p = 0.043) was observed at T1. The weight loss was significantly correlated with the number of fasting days (r = 0.348, p = 0.009) and was maintained at T2. Serum fructosamine increased at T1 (303.6 ± 46 vs 333.49 ± 59.49µmol/L, p < 10-3) and returned to its baseline levels at T2. A significant decrease in insulin (9.7 ± 5.5 vs 7.98 ± 5.05 mIU/L, p = 0.043), fibrinogen (3.7 ± 0.8 vs 3.4 ± 0.6g/L, p = 0.003), and hs-CRP (4.8 ± 5.7 vs 3.7 ± 4.5mg/L, p = 0.058) levels was observed at T1. Homocysteine level was significantly higher after Ramadan (12.2 ± 6.2 vs 13.5 ± 6.4µmol/L, p = 0.001). However, no significant changes were found in blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, uric acid, lipids, and white blood cells count. The mean Framingham score decreased insignificantly after Ramadan. Ramadan fasting inT2D patients seems to have a favorable impact on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory profile. However, it may cause a transient worsening of glycemic control.

Vascular Function and Sugar Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Hispanic and Non‐Hispanic Males

Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) account for a significant portion of daily caloric intake for many individuals, especially Hispanic males. Hispanic males also have one of the highest rates of obesity in the United States. Both factors, individually or combined, put Hispanic males at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences between vascular function in the Hispanic male population and the non‐Hispanic male population, as well as the cause for any differences. The diets of all the participants (11 Hispanic males and 11 non‐Hispanic males from the Midwest) were evaluated specifically to identify SSB intake. Vascular function was determined by post‐occlusion reactive hyperemia (RH) using venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP). Additionally, dietary, physical activity, and medical questionnaires were administered for each participant to identify other factors that could influence vascular function. No significant differences were found in peak forearm blood flow (FBF) between the age‐matched pairs of Hispanic and non‐Hispanic males (36.9 ± 8.5 vs 36.4 ± 12.2 ml/dl/100 ml, respectively; p=0.924). Peak forearm vascular conductance, which takes into account any potential differences in perfusion pressure, were also not different between Hispanic and non‐Hispanics (34.7 ± 7.6 vs 34.9 ± 11.4 units; p=0.957). The dietary and physical activity habits of these two groups did not differ significantly, and overall anthropometrics and medical histories were also similar between groups. Thus, we conclude that in this population, ethnicity alone has limited impact on vascular function, dietary, and physical activity behaviors. Rather, additional environmental and lifestyle factors play a more significant role in the determination of vascular function and ultimate cardiovascular disease risk than one’s ethnicity.

Maternal high-fat diet consumption during pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to renal and metabolic injury later in life: comparative study of diets with different lipid contents.

Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal overnutrition can result in a higher development risk of obesity and renal disease in the offspring's adulthood. The present study tested different lipid levels in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and its repercussions on the offspring of Wistar rats. Offspring of 1, 7, 30 and 90-d-old were divided into the following groups: Control (CNT) - offspring of dams that consumed a standard chow diet (3.5% of lipids); Experimental 1 (EXP1) - offspring of dams exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) (28% of lipids); and Experimental 2 (EXP2) - offspring of dams exposed to a HFD (40% of lipids). Regarding maternal data, there was a decrease in the amount of diet ingested by EXP2. Daily caloric intake was higher in EXP1, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were lower in EXP2. While lipid intake was higher in the experimental groups, EXP1 consumed more lipids than EXP2, despite the body weight gain being higher in EXP2. Adult offspring from EXP1 presented higher blood glucose. Regarding morphometric analysis, in both experimental groups, there was an increase in the glomerular tuft and renal corpuscle areas, but an increase in the capsular space area only in EXP1. There was a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in EXP1, in contrast to an increase in GFR of EXP2, along with an increase in urinary protein excretion. In conclusion, the maternal HFDs caused significant kidney damage in offspring, but had different repercussions on the type and magnitude of recorded change.

The Effect of an Elimination Diet on Early Childhood Growth in Children with Egg and/or Cow’s Milk Allergies

Objective: Eliminating egg and/or cow’s milk during early childhood may affect the growth of food-allergic children. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of elimination diets on anthropometric measurements and diet composition in children allergic to egg and/or cow’s milk. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurements and nutritional data were evaluated in children with cow’s milk and/or egg protein allergy during elimination diets. Their daily calorie, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes were analyzed based on a 3-day diet log. Z-scores for weight, height, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height were calculated. The data were compared with pre-elimination values and with those of healthy controls. Results: The study included 77 food-allergic children and a control group of 50 healthy children. In the patient group, the median age was 14 months and 57.1% (n=44) were male. Age, gender, and z-scores for weight-for-age and height-for-age were similar between the groups. Comparisons with pre-elimination measurements revealed that 18.2% of children with short stature at the time of diagnosis achieved normal height after elimination diets (p=0.001) and 37.4% of the children had increased height z-score. However, weight-forage z-score decreased significantly (p<0.01). Although caloric intake was the same in both groups, the patient group consumed relatively less protein and more fat and carbohydrates. Conclusion: In elimination diets, even if the calorie intake is adequate, eliminating allergenic food items may cause a decrease in weight without causing malnutrition. The height may improve. Growth should be monitored with age-corrected measurements and on an individual basis.

Subchronic Acrylamide Exposure Activates PERK-eIF2α Signaling Pathway and Induces Synaptic Impairment in Rat Hippocampus.

Acrylamide (ACR), a well-documented neurotoxicant to humans, is extensively found in starchy foods. More than 30% of the typical daily calorie intake comes from ACR-containing foods. Epidemiological and toxicological studies have found that ACR exposure is associated with mild cognitive change in men and experimental animals. However, there is limited information on the mechanisms by which ACR exposure induces memory deficits. The aberrant activation of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway is emerging as a major common theme in cognitive decline. The present study is designed to explore the effect of subchronic ACR exposure on the PERK signaling and the synaptic impairment to elucidate the potential mechanism of ACR-induced cognitive dysfunction in rat. ACR exposure at 5 and 10 (mg/kg)/day by gavage for 14 weeks results in gait abnormality and cognitive impairment in rats, which were accompanied by neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, and synaptic ultrastructure damage in the hippocampus. ACR reduced the expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (P-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and synaptic vesicle proteins synapsin-1 and synaptophysin synthesis. ACR also excessively activates the PERK-eIF2α signaling, resulting in overexpression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). This work helps to propose a possible mechanism of subchronic exposure of ACR-induced neurotoxicity.