Average Daily Values Research Articles

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Surface Ozone and Its Relationship with Meteorological Factors over the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region, China, from 2016 to 2019.

In recent years, ozone pollution has been increasing in some parts of the world. In this study, we used the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan (BJ-TJ-TS) urban agglomeration region as a case study and used satellite remotely sensed inversion data and hourly ground monitoring observations of surface ozone concentrations, meteorological data, and other factors from 2016 to 2019 to explore the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of surface ozone concentration and its pollution levels. We also investigated their coupling relationships with meteorological factors, including temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind velocity, and sunshine duration, in order to support the development of effective control measures for regional ozone pollution. The results revealed that the surface ozone concentration throughout the BJ-TJ-TS region from 2016 to 2019 exhibited an overall pattern of high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast, as well as an obvious difference between built-up and non-built-up areas (especially in Beijing). Meanwhile, a notable increasing trend of ozone levels was discovered in the BJ and TJ areas from 2016 to 2019, whereas this upward trend was not evident in the TS area. In all three areas, the highest monthly average ozone values occurred in the summer month of June, while the lowest monthly average levels occurred in the winter month of December. Their diurnal variation values reached a maximum value at approximately 3:00–4:00 p.m. and a minimum value at approximately 7:00 a.m. It is clear that high temperature, long sunshine duration, low atmospheric pressure, and weak wind velocity conditions, as well as certain relative humidity levels, readily led to high-concentration ozone pollution. Meanwhile, the daily average values of the five meteorological factors on days with Grade I and Grade II ozone pollution displayed different characteristics.

Winds are changing: An explanation for the warming of the Netherlands

AbstractWestern Europe is warming rapidly, much faster than the world average. To explain this phenomenon for the Netherlands, we look at the region where the airflow comes from instead of looking at the wind on the ground. Thereto, we consider 24 so‐called weather patterns, which describe the origin of the airflow (north, northeast, etc.) and whether the airflow comes straight at us, or with bending of isobars (cyclonal or anticyclonal). For each day from January 1, 1836 onwards, we have determined the corresponding weather pattern on basis of the weather maps from Reanalysis archives at wettercentrale.de. Using a statistical test, we can see that a shift has occurred in the weather patterns, which has resulted in a significant increase in airflow coming from warmer directions. We further have applied linear regression to explain the daily average temperatures on basis of the weather patterns for the period 1961–2020. In this way, we find for the daily model an R2 value of 0.60 and for the yearly model, based on the aggregated average daily values, we find an R2 of 0.81, which is increased to 0.85 when we take the influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) into account. These values strongly suggest that the warming in the Netherlands is caused by a shift in the origin of the airflow to warmer directions.

The state of the European Union – Ukraine Association Agreement implementation on the air quality

The comparative analysis of laws and regulations on air quality, air protection, and its monitoring in the EU and Ukraine has been carried out to analyse the state of the European Union – Ukraine Association Agreement. The main features of the strategic documents “Europe 2020” and “Ukraine 2020” air pollution control are discussed. The analysis of air quality monitoring regulations, air quality control methods, and peculiarities of citizens’ alerts in the EU and Ukrainian legislation is provided. It is proven that the methods approach to limiting pollutant values differs in Ukraine and the EU. EU uses limit value’, ‘target value’, alert threshold’, ‘information threshold’ and ‘critical level’ and Ukraine uses limiting values. The limit values/permissible concentrations of carbon dioxide, sulfur (IV) oxide (average daily value), and lead are stricter in Ukraine. However, the permissible concentrations of PM10, sulfur (IV) oxide (short-term value), Arsenic, Cadmium, and Nickel are much lighter in Ukraine than in the EU. The dioxin content in ambient air is not regulated in Ukrainian legislation. Also, citizens’ monitoring systems and data provision differ and should be harmonised for the EU’s standards. The current state of roadmap implementation is firstly presented. It is demonstrated the necessity to harmonise the Ukrainian law and regulations on air quality control and air protection with the EU law.

Влияние изменений потока космических лучей на общую циркуляцию атмосферы

A comparison of average daily values time series of the axial component of the global wind angular moment and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux was made. Using the superposed epoch method it is shown that the Forbush decreases of the GCR flux are accompanied by an increase in the average angular velocity of atmosphericcirculation and, accordingly, by an increase in the zonal transfer.

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #16): Applying the Theories of Elasticity, Plasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Viscoplasticity to Study the Body Weight and Estimated Daily Glucose (eAG) Over a 13+ Year Period from Y2010 to Y2022 Based on the GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 595)

Since 2010, the author has collected his finger-piercing glucoses 4 times (1 FPG and 3 PPG) each day. Over the past 13+ years, he has collected a total of 17,644 glucose data from 4,411 days. He takes the daily average value from the 4 glucose data as his estimated daily glucose (eAG) value. Furthermore, he measures his body weight, in the early morning, before breakfast and has collected 4,411 data over the same period. From previous research work, he learned that his type 2 diabetes (T2D) conditions are tightly related to body weight. There is a 92% correlation between his fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight during the period from 1/1/2012 to 1/31/2022. Therefore, in this article, the author applies the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories to conduct his research to discover some hidden behavior or relationship between the eAG (outcomes or strain) and body weight (inputs or stress). The hidden behaviors and relationships between these two biomarkers, eAG values and body weights, are time-dependent, which are changing from time to time. The following two defined equations are used to establish the stress-strain diagram in a space-domain (SD):

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIROFILARIASIS PATHOGENS IN INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, BLOOD-SUCKING MOSQUITOES (REVIEW)

Dirofilariasis is a transmissible parasitic disease caused by helminths Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis. Vectors of pathogens are blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Climate change, urbanization, and importation of exotic mosquito species into the territory of Russia lead to the expansion of the Dirofilaria vector range and, consequently, an increase in the incidence of the disease among the population and animals. The purpose of this research was to study the literature data on factors of the dirofilariasis pathogen development in blood-sucking mosquitoes. An important factor in the development of Dirofilaria from the larval stage to the invasive stage is an optimal environmental temperature, the average daily value of which should not be less than 130. This number is referred to as the "Dirofilaria Development Unit (DDU)". The immune response of the insect plays an important role in the helminth development in the intermediate host. Melanin, which is produced by mosquito hemocytes, forms a capsule around the larvae thus preventing their maturation. However, the extent of this response depends on the phenoloxidase enzyme and the age of the mosquito. The symbiotic intracellular Wolbachia bacteria found in Dirofilaria are essential for the helminth development in mosquitoes. But no information has currently been found on interaction between mosquito immunity and these bacteria in the literature; although a correlation has been found between the mosquito infected with the bacteria and the probability of infection transmitted by them.

Definition of the dependence of QTc interval prolongation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the study: to assess the impact of glycemic variability on the duration of QTc interval in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. 68 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level ≤10% were examined. Of them – 37 (54.4%) men and 31 (45.6%) women. The average age – 46.0 (43.0; 54.0) years, the duration of DM type 2 – 7.0 (5.0; 9.0) years. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to HbA1c level: group 1 (n=31) with HbA1c <7% and group 2 (n=37) with HbA1c ≥7%. The control group consisted of 10 practically healthy people, compared by gender and age. The duration of the QTc interval was calculated automatically by Bazett's formula during 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Additionally, the percentage of cases of exceeding the QTc threshold over 450 ms (QTc>450) was also calculated. Simultaneously with 24-hour Holter monitoring, the continuous glucose monitoring was performed, using iPro2 system (Medtronic MiniMed, USA). The maximum value of glycemia (Gmax), the minimum value of glycemia (Gmin), as well as indicators of glycemia variability (GV) were analyzed: standard deviation of mean glycemia (SD) and glycemia range (GR). The duration of daily QTc and the value of QTc >450 in patients with type 2 DM were significantly greater compared with the control group (p<0.05) and did not depend on the HbA1c level. In type 2 DM patients without recorded hypoglycemic episodes, the characteristics of QTc did not differ from the results of the control group (p>0.05). At the time of the hypoglycemic episode, the QTc duration in patients with type 2 DM significantly increased compared with the average daily value of QTc in the same patients – 487 (466; 519.5) ms against 436.5 (431; 452) ms (p<0.001). A strong correlation between QTc duration and the presence of hypoglycemia was determined (rs=0.78; p=0.023). QTc duration also correlated with GR (rs=0.23; p=0.016) and SD (rs=0.21; p=0.021). Therefore, it was found that in patients with type 2 diabetes, the prolongation of QTc duration is associated with high glycemic fluctuations and hypoglycemia (p<0.05) regardless of the HbA1c level.

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #15): Applying the Theories of Elasticity, Plasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Viscoplasticity to Study the Estimated Daily Glucose (eAG) and Estimated Health Age Over a 10+ Year Period from Y2012 to Y2022 Based on the GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 594)

Since 2012, the author has collected his finger-piercing glucoses 4 times (1 FPG and 3 PPG) each day. Over the past 10+ years, he has collected a total of 14,724 glucose data from 3,681 days. He takes the daily average value from the 4 glucose data as his estimated daily glucose (eAG) value. As we know, diabetes (continuous high glucose level) causes many complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic heart disease (CHD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this article, the author applies the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories to conduct his research to discover some hidden behavior or relationship between the estimated health age (outcomes or strain), not equal to the real biological age, and eAG values (inputs or stress). The hidden behaviors and relationships between the two biomarkers, eAG values and health age, are time-dependent, which are changing from time to time.

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #16): Applying the Theories of Elasticity, Plasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Viscoplasticity to Study the Body Weight and Estimated Daily Glucose (eAG) Over a 13+ Year Period from Y2010 to Y2022 Based on the GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 595)

Since 2010, the author has collected his finger-piercing glucoses 4 times (1 FPG and 3 PPG) each day. Over the past 13+ years, he has collected a total of 17,644 glucose data from 4,411 days. He takes the daily average value from the 4 glucose data as his estimated daily glucose (eAG) value. Furthermore, he measures his body weight, in the early morning, before breakfast and has collected 4,411 data over the same period. From previous research work, he learned that his type 2 diabetes (T2D) conditions are tightly related to body weight. There is a 92% correlation between his fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight during the period from 1/1/2012 to 1/31/2022. Therefore, in this article, the author applies the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories to conduct his research to discover some hidden behavior or relationship between the eAG (outcomes or strain) and body weight (inputs or stress). The hidden behaviors and relationships between these two biomarkers, eAG values and body weights, are time-dependent, which are changing from time to time.

Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #14): Applying the Theories of Elasticity, Plasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Viscoplasticity to Study the Estimated Daily Glucose (eAG) and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Probability Percentage Over a 10+ Year Period from Y2012 to Y2022 Based on the GH-Method: MathPhysical Medicine (No. 593)

Since 2012, the author has collected his finger-piercing glucoses 4 times (1 FPG and 3 PPG) each day. Over the past 10+ years, he has collected a total of 14,724 glucose data from 3,681 days. He takes the daily average value from the 4 glucose data as his estimated daily glucose (eAG) value. As we know, diabetes (continuous high glucose level) causes many complications, including but not limited to cardiovascular disease (CVD) or chronic heart disease (CHD). In this article, the author applies the viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories to conduct his research to discover some hidden behavior or relationship between the CVD risk probability (outcomes or strain) and eAG values (inputs or stress). The hidden behaviors and relationships between the two biomarkers, eAG values and CVD risks, are time-dependent, which are changing from time to time.

A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Phase I/IIa Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of YYD302 in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis.

This study was a phase I/IIa, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial that aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a single intra-articular injection of YYD302, a novel high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid with divinyl sulfone cross-linking. Thirty adults with knee osteoarthritis were randomized to receive a single 2 mL intra-articular injection of YYD302 (test group 1), 3 mL of YYD302 (test group 2), or 3 mL of the placebo (placebo group). We compared the changes from the baseline in the weight-bearing pain of 100 mm using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Rheumatology-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OASRSI) responder rates, and the use of rescue analgesics to assess the safety of this novel drug. A total of 26 subjects (10 in test group 1, 10 in test group 2, and 6 in the placebo group) were included in the full analysis set. At 12 weeks, only test groups 1 and 2 showed significant changes in the weight-bearing pain VAS scores (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.0085), symptoms, and average daily KOOS values compared to the baseline (p < 0.001, p = 0.0124, and p = 0.0018, p = 0.0426, respectively). While the rate and frequency of consuming the rescue drug continued to increase in the placebo group until 12 weeks, there was no change in the test groups. Our findings showed that YYD302, especially 2 mL of YYD302, reduced pain and improved knee joint function compared to the placebo.

Application of Functional Time Series Model in Forecasting Monthly Diurnal API Curves: A Comparison between Multi-Step Ahead and Iterative One-Step Ahead Approach

In Malaysia, Air Pollution Index (API) is used to assess the status of background air quality. The computation of API involved six major air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, SO2 and NOx. Due to the harmful effect of air pollution, forecasting API is important. This paper introduces the application of Functional Time Series (FTS) model in forecasting monthly diurnal maximum API curves at two selected sites in Peninsular Malaysia; namely Shah Alam Selangor and Pasir Gudang Johor. Two FTS models were compared which include Multi-Step ahead and Iterative One-Step ahead approach. The results show that the Multi-Step ahead model has produced better performance giving the lowest error measures; FMSE, FRMSE and FMAPE compared to Iterative One-Step ahead. This study has shown that FTS model has the advantage because it enables the prediction of continuous API levels within a defined continuum time, which in this study was the interval time within 24 hours. Functional descriptive mean shows a bimodal pattern with a peak at 3.00 pm and the average levels are at a healthy level. Functional mean of API exhibits an increasing pattern after sunrise towards 10.00 am at both sites, which inform that, this is the time with a higher contribution of vehicles emission while the standard deviation differs in the pattern. The model is recommended as an alternative model to be used by the government and environmentalists in providing input for guiding pollution control and protecting public health at the early stage. Furthermore, as for the private sector and industries, this study might provide a predictive analytic tool for forecasting daily API curves instead of a single daily average API value.

The Role of Early Postoperative Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Predicting the Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Performed in Infants With Congenital Hydrocephalus: A Prospective Analysis.

IntroductionHydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cavity and spaces of the brain. To date, there is no single method to accurately assess the compliance of subarachnoid spaces after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).ObjectiveTo analyze the intracranial pressure (ICP) trends in the early postoperative period in infants undergoing ETV for congenital hydrocephalus and correlate them with the final outcome.Material and methodsThis is a single-center prospective study conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery of our institute from January 2019 to February 2020. Infants presented with congenital hydrocephalus mandating ETV were included in the study. ICP was continuously monitored for the first three days after the procedure. ICP values were recorded hourly, and 24 ICP values obtained daily were averaged to obtain a daily average value (DAV).ResultsForty patients were recruited in the study. The mean age of the study population was 4.7 ± 2.8 months; 80% of the infants were <6 months of age. The male/female ratio was 5.7:1. The most common etiology was congenital aqueductal stenosis, which was observed in 18 (45%) of the patients, followed by Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) in 11 (27.5%) of the patients. On considering a difference of >1 mmHg between the first and third postoperative day, the ETV success rate was dropped from 50% in stable trend to 11% in progressive increase trend, which was statistically significant (p = 0.044). At DAV variation of >2 mmHg in progressive increase trend, the sensitivity of stable ICP trend increased to 100% in predicting ETV success. Also, the negative predictive value (the ability of a stable trend to rule out ETV failure) reached 100%. The overall success rates of ETV in our study at one, three, and six months were 62.5%, 40%, and 35%, respectively.ConclusionA progressive increase in the ICP trend (with a difference of >2 mmHg between postoperative days 1 and 3) was the best predictor of ETV failure in our study. It was superior to any other clinical or radiological variable in our study, which was affecting the outcome.

Urinary analysis reveals high Alternaria mycotoxins exposure in the general population from Beijing, China

Alternaria mycotoxins are of concern due to its adverse health effect, they affect various cereal crops and grain-based food along with modified forms that contribute to overall exposure. This study aimed to determine the frequency and level of exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins (tenuazonic acid, TeA; alternariol, AOH; alternariol monomethyl ether, AME; tentoxin, TEN; and altenuene, ALT) in human urine from Beijing adults. A total of 2212 urine samples were collected and analyzed for five mycotoxins using LC–ESI–MS/MS. More than 98% of the samples had at least one Alternaria mycotoxin detected. Among the mycotoxins, AME had the highest detection rate (96.0%), followed by TeA (70.5%). The calculated average daily intake values of AME (12.5 ng/kg b.w.) was 5 times the TTC value (2.5 ng/kg b.w.) set by the EFSA, indicating the potential health risks associated with mycotoxins. Immediate attention and subsequent actions should be taken to identify the sources of mycotoxins and the corresponding exposure pathways to humans in the investigated regions.

Возможности ГИС-технологий для прогнозного выделения ареалов разгрузки твердого стока в границах водоохранных зон

The article considers the modern possibilities of GIS technologies for monitoring the state of the soil cover and water erosion processes. The possibilities of using the Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess various types of vegetation cover are shown. The substantiation of the choice of a key site, which includes both water protection zones and landscape positions associated with them in terms of material and energy flows, is presented. A method for obtaining a vector layer of NDVI values calculated from 9 Sentinel-2 satellite images for the period from March to November 2021 is presented. NDVI values are classified and the cells of the vector layer are combined into classes. Methods for obtaining rasters (with formula reduction) of the Topographical Wetness Index (TWI) and the Stream Power Index (SPI) on the territory of a key area are presented. The vector layer of NDVI values was compared with the TWI and SPI rasters, as well as with the average daily air temperature values. The dynamics of NDVI values for March–November 2021 is shown in the key area, a schematic map of the vector layer of NDVI values, ranked by class, is shown. The calculation of the ratio of areas of different classes in the key area was carried out. Topographical Wetness Index (TWI) and Stream Power Index (SPI) rasters are shown. Examples of queries to databases of layers obtained as a result of intersection of vector layers are given: TWI and NDVI, SPI and NDVI. Schematic maps have been obtained based on a combination of NDVI, TWI, SPI values, showing potentially erosion-hazardous areas. When comparing the average daily air temperature values with the average NDVI values, it was found that the correlation between them is 0.89. Possible measures aimed at reducing the environmental load on the water protection zone are proposed.

Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on postweaning heifer performance

The objective of the experiment was to compare the effect of dietary inclusion of a prebiotic fermentation product of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LaP, RumaCell; 5 mL animal−1 d−1) or monensin on performance of replacement beef heifers. Heifers received a total mixed ration containing either LaP (n = 77) or monensin (MON; Rumensin; 200 mg animal−1 d−1; n = 79). Heifers were fed for 71 d in a GrowSafe unit, so individual feed intake could be measured. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk and feed efficiency calculated by residual feed intake (RFI). At the end of the RFI trial, heifers remained on their diets for an additional 27 d and were estrus synchronized using the 14-d CIDR + PG protocol and bred by artificial insemination (AI) followed by natural service. Prior to estrous synchronization, reproductive tract scores (RTS; 1 = infantile to 5 = cycling/presence of corpus luteum) were measured. Continuous variables were analyzed using generalized mixed models, whereas categorical data were analyzed by logistic regression. Body weights, average daily gain, feed intake, and RFI value were similar (P > 0.30) among MON- and LaP-supplemented heifers. Across treatments, heifers gained 0.9 ± 0.1 kg/d while consuming 9.3 ± 0.5 kg of diets daily. Reproductive development as indicated by RTS was similar (P > 0.28) between treatments. However, estrus response increased (P < 0.01) and AI pregnancy rates tended to be greater (P < 0.07) for MON compared to LaP heifers. In contrast, the percentage of heifers pregnant by 60 and 100 d (80.4% and 90.5%, respectively) was not different (P > 0.33) for MON and LaP heifers. In conclusion, addition of LaP to replacement heifer diets may result in growth and reproductive performance similar to an ionophore, if dietary energy is adequate for normal heifer growth.

Load Profile Validation for Design of Sustainable Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

This study focuses on the validation of load profile and energy usage of Itie-Ikpe, a rural community located in the southern part of Nigeria, for the purpose of designing sustainable optimal hybrid renewable energy systems. A two-year monthly estimated load profile data was obtained from an energy distribution company, monthly averages and overall annual daily load demand of 557.59 kWh/d were determined using mathematical method while a field survey was conducted to obtain the actual load demand figure 562.25 kWh/d for the study community with a difference of 4.66 kWh/d. The two independent results were comparatively analyzed with the field survey result higher than the estimated value obtained from the energy distribution company by 0.84%. Findings also showed that the error margin or difference was relatively negligible with little or no significant effect on the design of the optimal hybrid renewable energy system. Therefore, the daily load demand figure from the field survey result validated the average daily load demand value determined from the obtained estimates. This validation is a crucial step in designing an optimal hybrid renewable energy system for energy sustainability of the study community, as the modeling and selection of systems components of the hybrid renewable energy system depends on the knowledge of accurate average daily load demand in order to avoid design of ineffective energy systems whose performances might not be optimal.

Creating a Solar Radiation Measuring System (SRMS) Operated by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

In this study, it is aimed to create a PLC controlled SRMS to be used in rural areas. Firstly a SRMS hardware was prepared consisting of power supply, PLC, analogue module and pyranometer units. Then, a SRMS software was written using CODESYS programming language to measure and record data and to control the hardware by PLC. SRMS software firstly collected the solar radiation in cumulatively by measuring every 30 minutes during the one-day period, and determined the daily total solar radiation. Then it calculated the daily average solar radiation by dividing the daily total solar radiation by the number of measurements. It recorded the daily total and average solar radiation amounts on the SD card. SRMS was tested in Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University (KSU) during the July-November period of the 2019. The daily average solar radiation data recorded at KSU were compared with the data measured in the same period at the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Area Agricultural Research Institute (DAGTEM), located 10 km away. The daily average solar radiation data measured in KSU and DAGTEM varied between 3.63-33.48 MJ m-2 day-1 and 3.00-33.00 MJ m-2 day-1, respectively. Five-month averages of daily solar radiation data measured at both regions were determined 20.20 MJ m-2 day-1 and 19.64 MJ m-2 day-1, respectively. The difference between the mean of KSU and DAGTEM data groups was not found to be statistically significant (p&amp;gt; 0.05). This result revealed that the daily average solar radiation values measured in both regions can be used interchangeably. As an expression of the deviation between data groups measured in both regions, the MAPE and RMSE were determined as 14.57% and 2.68 MJ m-2 day-1. The compatibility level of the data groups was obtained as “good” (MAPE= 10-20%). It was concluded that SRMS could measure the daily average solar radiation with high accuracy and could be used in sensitive measurements.

Research on public emotional polarization and public opinion evolution of OTC and learning during the COVID-19 epidemic: taking the topic of OTC on Zhihu as an example

PurposeThe outbreak and continuation of COVID-19 have spawned the transformation of traditional teaching models to a certain extent. The Chinese Ministry of Education’s guidance on “keep learning and teaching during class suspension” has made OTC and learning (OTC) become routinized, and the public’s emotional attitudes toward OTC have also evolved over time. The purpose of this study is to segment the emotional text data and introduce it into the topic model to reveal the evolution process and stage characteristics of public emotional polarity and public opinion of OTC topics during public health emergencies in the context of social media participation. The research has important guiding significance for the development of OTC and can influence and improve the efficiency and effect of OTC to a certain extent. The analysis of online public opinion can provide suggestions for the government and media to guide the trend of public opinion and optimize the OTC model.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes the topic of “OTC” on Zhihu during the COVID-19 epidemic as an example, combined with the characteristics of public opinion changes, chooses Boson emotional dictionary and time series analysis method to build an OTC network public opinion theme evolution analysis framework that integrates emotional analysis and topic mining. Finally, an empirical analysis of the dynamic evolution of the communication network for each stage of the life cycle of a specific topic is realized.FindingsThis paper draws the following conclusions: (1) Through the emotional value table and the change trend chart of the number of comments, the analysis found that the number of positive comments is greater than the number of negative comments, which can be inferred that the public gradually accepts “OTC” and presents a positive emotional state. (2) By observing the changing trend of the average daily emotional value of the public, it is found that the overall emotional value shows a stable development trend after a large fluctuation. From the actual emotional value and the fitted emotional value curve, it can be seen that the overall curve fit is good, so ARIMA (12, 1, 6) can accurately predict the dynamic trend of the daily average emotional value in this paper. Therefore, based on the above-mentioned public opinion, emotional analysis research, relevant countermeasures and suggestions are put forward, which is conducive to guiding the development direction of public opinion in a positive way.Originality/valueTaking the topic of “OTC” in Zhihu as an example, this paper combines Boson emotional dictionary and time series to conduct a series of research analyses. Boson emotional dictionary can analyze the public’s emotional tendency, and time series can well analyze the intrinsic structure and complex features of the data to predict the future values. The combination of the two research methods allows for an adequate and unique study of public emotional polarization and the evolution of public opinion.

A Comparison of the Combined HbA1C values from Two Predicted HbA1C Results Against 13 Lab-Tested HbA1C Results Within a 41-Month Period Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 522)

Since 1/3/2012, the author utilized his collected data of finger pierced glucose readings 4 times each day to estimate the predicted daily HbA1C value also known as the “Daily finger A1C” by dividing the daily average finger glucose value by a factor of 18.7. Starting from 5/5/2018, along with his finger glucoses, he has been collecting 96 glucoses each day using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor device until present day. Based on the collected CGM sensor glucoses, he further estimated another predicted HbA1C value known as the “daily sensor A1C” by dividing the daily average sensor glucose value by a factor of 16.7. Finally, in this article, he merges the above-mentioned two HbA1C values into a “Combined HbA1C” with different assigned weighting factors for each A1C value. His simple equation of the combination is as follows: Combined A1C= 0.4*Finger A1C + 0.6*Sensor A1C Although his initial dates for his finger glucoses and CGM sensor glucose are different, he has chosen an overlapping period of 1,233 days, 41 months, or 3.4 years from 5/8/2018 to 9/22/2021. In addition, he accumulated his 13 lab-tested HbA1C values within the same period approximately 3.2 months with one lab-test done quarterly. He then compares his combined A1C waveform against the lab-tested A1C waveform to check the suitability of the developed equation for the combined HbA1C.