Daily Activity Patterns Research Articles

DISASTER MITIGATION FOR PEOPLE WITH CEREBRAL PALSY BASED ON BEHAVIORAL ARCHITECTURE IN RESIDENTIAL USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

At this time, most houses for persons with disabilities are not yet equipped with a disaster mitigation system. It may be difficult for persons with disabilities to be able to save themselves when a disaster occurs. Therefore, in this study, a system for disaster mitigation, especially fires in the residence of a child with cerebral palsy, has been successfully designed. The optimal placement of the wireless sensor network is decided based on a behavioral architectural analysis using the DepthMapX-0.7.0 software. Behavioral architecture assessment begins by observing patterns of daily activities and a simulation of human movement in the house to find out the most frequent activity places used by children with cerebral palsy. Based on the test results with DepthMapX-0.7.0, it can be concluded that the optimal location of the sensor node points is in the child's bedroom, kitchen, and TV room. The designed wireless sensor network consists of three sensor nodes and a gateway node. Data sampling is performed every 15 seconds. If a fire is identified, the buzzer will emit a warning signal. In addition, the child's family can monitor home conditions from the ThingSpeak.com website and Telegram.

Beyond adult models: Tribolium castaneum larval timekeeping reveals unexpected robustness and insights into circadian clock.

Circadian rhythms are self-sustained endogenous oscillations that are found in all living organisms. In insects, circadian rhythms control a wide variety of behavioral and physiological processes, including feeding, locomotion, mating, and metabolism. While the role of circadian rhythms in adult insects is well-understood, it is largely unexplored in larvae. This study investigates the potential for larval synchronized activity in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), a species exhibiting solitary and aggregation phases. We hypothesized that, similar to adults, larvae would exhibit a daily activity pattern governed by an endogenous circadian clock. We further predicted that the transition between the solitary and gregarious phases extends to unique temporal activity patterns. Our results revealed unique timekeeper gene expression in larvae, leading to a distinct daily rhythm characterized by nocturnal activity. Cues indicating on potential cannibalism did not change daily activity peak. However, the absence of these cues significantly reduced the proportion of rhythmic larvae and led to higher variation in peak activity, highlighting the crucial role of social interactions in shaping their rhythmicity. This study sheds light on the evolution and function of larval synchronization in group-living insects, offering novel insights into this complex behavior.

Local resource availability drives habitat use by a threatened avian granivore in savanna woodlands.

Conserving threatened species relies on an understanding of their habitat requirements. This is especially relevant for granivorous birds, whose habitat use and movement patterns are intricately linked to the spatial and temporal availability of resources such as food and water. In this study, we investigated the habitat use, home range and daily activity patterns of the Endangered Southern Black-throated Finch (SBTF; Poephila cincta cincta) within a 75,000 ha savanna woodland study area in northeastern Australia. This semi-arid region is one of the key remaining strongholds for the species and is characterised by substantially different habitat and climatic conditions than areas where previous research on this species has been undertaken. We radio tracked 142 SBTF using both manual tracking and an array of 27 automated radio towers, which revealed a strong preference for eucalypt-dominated grassy woodland communities. The preference for these habitats also increased with decreasing distance to permanent water. While SBTF occupied large home ranges, individual SBTF were largely sedentary during the radio tracking period (21.8, range = 0.83-120 days), with few landscape-scale movements of more than 4.5 km. Daily foraging activity of SBTF exhibited bimodal peaks in the early morning and late afternoon, while other activities were greatest from the late morning to the early afternoon. Compared to other estrildid finches, our research suggests that SBTF track resources at a local scale across a large home range. We postulate that in times of resource scarcity SBTF may use dietary diversification, instead of landscape or regional-scale nomadic movements, to meet their resource needs. The species' movement patterns underscore the importance of local scale habitat management to facilitate resource availability throughout the year. Furthermore, our research helps target monitoring designs for granivorous birds that focus on the species' diurnal activity patterns.

Temperature and time of host-seeking activity impact the efficacy of chemical control interventions targeting the West Nile virus vector, Culex tarsalis.

West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading mosquito-borne disease causing-pathogen in the United States. Concerningly, there are no prophylactics or drug treatments for WNV and public health programs rely heavily on vector control efforts to lessen disease incidence. Insecticides can be effective in reducing vector numbers if implemented strategically, but can diminish in efficacy and promote insecticide resistance otherwise. Vector control programs which employ mass-fogging applications of insecticides, often conduct these methods during the late-night hours, when diel temperatures are coldest, and without a-priori knowledge on daily mosquito activity patterns. This study's aims were to 1) quantify the effect of temperature on the toxicity of two conventional insecticides used in fogging applications (malathion and deltamethrin) to Culex tarsalis, an important WNV vector, and 2) quantify the time of host-seeking of Cx. tarsalis and other local mosquito species in Maricopa County, Arizona. The temperature-toxicity relationship of insecticides was assessed using the WHO tube bioassay, and adult Cx. tarsalis, collected as larvae, were exposed to three different insecticide doses at three temperature regimes (15, 25, and 35°C; 80% RH). Time of host-seeking was assessed using collection bottle rotators with encephalitis vector survey traps baited with dry ice, first at 3h intervals during a full day, followed by 1h intervals during the night-time. Malathion became less toxic at cooler temperatures at all doses, while deltamethrin was less toxic at cooler temperatures at the low dose. Regarding time of host-seeking, Cx. tarsalis, Aedes vexans, and Culex quinquefasciatus were the most abundant vectors captured. During the 3-hour interval surveillance over a full day, Cx. tarsalis were most-active during post-midnight biting (00:00-06:00), accounting for 69.0% of all Cx. tarsalis, while pre-midnight biting (18:00-24:00) accounted for 30.0% of Cx. tarsalis. During the 1-hour interval surveillance overnight, Cx. tarsalis were most-active during pre-midnight hours (18:00-24:00), accounting for 50.2% of Cx. tarsalis captures, while post-midnight biting (00:00-06:00) accounted for 49.8% of Cx. tarsalis. Our results suggest that programs employing large-scale applications of insecticidal fogging should consider temperature-toxicity relationships coupled with time of host-seeking data to maximize the efficacy of vector control interventions in reducing mosquito-borne disease burden.

Deciphering a Beetle Clock: Individual and Sex-Dependent Variation in Daily Activity Patterns.

Circadian clocks are inherent to most organisms, including cryptozoic animals that seldom encounter direct light, and regulate their daily activity cycles. A conserved suite of clock genes underpins these rhythms. In this study, we explore the circadian behaviors of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, a significant pest impacting stored grain globally. We report on how daily light and temperature cues synchronize distinct activity patterns in these beetles, characterized by reduced morning activity and increased evening activity, anticipating the respective environmental transitions. Although less robust, rhythmicity in locomotor activity is maintained in constant dark and constant light conditions. Notably, we observed more robust rhythmic behaviors in males than females with individual variation exceeding those previously reported for other insect species. RNA interference targeting the Clock gene weakened locomotor activity rhythms. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a circadian clock and of clock-controlled behaviors in T. castaneum. Furthermore, they highlight substantial individual differences in circadian activity, laying the groundwork for future research on the relevance of individual variation in circadian rhythms in an ecological and evolutionary context.

STAGE: a spatiotemporal-knowledge enhanced multi-task generative adversarial network (GAN) for trajectory generation

Individual trajectory data play a pivotal role in various application fields, such as urban planning, traffic control, and epidemic simulation. Despite the diverse means for data collection in current times, the real-world trajectory data in practical application remains severely limited due to concerns over personal privacy. In this study, we designed a Spatiotemporal-knowledge enhanced multi-TAsk GEnerative adversarial network (GAN), named STAGE, to generate synthetic trajectories that statistically resemble the real data without recycling personal information. In STAGE, we designed a multi-task generator with three stages of spatio-temporal generation tasks, i.e. activity-sequence generation task, township-level trajectory generation task, and neighborhood-level trajectory generation task, with the last one as the main task while the other two as auxiliary tasks. Meanwhile, we designed a spatial consistency loss in the adversarial training process to assess the spatial consistency of generated trajectories at different spatial scales. Experiment results show that compared to the baselines, trajectories generated by our method have closer data distributions to the real ones. We argued that the designs of spatiotemporal-knowledge enhanced generation tasks and training loss benefit the spatiotemporal generation processes, which help reproduce the temporal patterns of human daily activities and spatial distribution of human movements.

Effect of Photoperiod and Illuminance on Daily Activity Patterns, Physiology, and NPY Peptide Expression in Migratory Redheaded Buntings (Emberiza bruniceps).

Light is the primary source of energy and regulates seasonal changes in physiology and behavior. The role of photoperiod has been much investigated in several bird species, but the role of illumination in seasonal adaptations of passerine finches is less understood. We, therefore, investigated the effects of photoperiod and illuminance on migratory physiology in a Palearctic-Indian migratory finch, redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruncieps). Photosensitive buntings maintained under short days (8L:16D) were divided into three groups receiving 5, 25, and 100 lux of white daytime illuminance, respectively. Thereafter, using photoperiodic manipulation three life history states, i.e., nonmigratory (NM), premigratory (PM), and migratory (MIG) states were induced in the buntings. The birds in the MIG state were consecutively perfused after seven nights of Zugunruhe (nighttime migratory restlessness) for neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunohistochemistry, which is involved in a wide range of functions including energy homeostasis, vision, and fat deposition in birds. We found differential effects of illuminance on locomotor activity and physiology. Photostimulated birds showed intense nighttime activity in the MIG state. We observed premigratory hyperphagia in the birds, with increased food intake in the 100 lux group, which was reflected in the body mass gain in the MIG state. NPY expression on the periphery of the nucleus rotundus suggests its potential role in visual acuity, where the NPY-cell count significantly decreased under 25 lux illumination. We demonstrate that migrating birds may also experience physiological effects from changes in daytime illumination. We observed illuminance-dependent variations in the quantity of food consumed by the birds. It indicates that the illuminance may also impact the encephalic centers that control food intake.

Predictors of animal sponsorship to support zoo‐based conservation activities

AbstractPublic donations are an important form of fundraising for zoos and are used to support conservation activities. Understanding what influences zoo animal sponsorship by the public is crucial if zoos are to optimize strategies for increasing income from sponsors. Using sponsorship data obtained from seven diverse zoos within the UK, we used a phylogenetically informed approach to investigate predictors of the number of sponsors a species receives. We found no support for an effect of body mass, conservation status, solitary versus group housing, phylogenetic distance from humans, daily activity patterns, or the diet of the species on the number of sponsors a species attracts. However, we found strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting that particular groups of animals attract disproportionate sponsorship attention (but the specific species within these groups is of limited importance). Moreover, we found support for species with common names that are found toward the start of the alphabet having more sponsors. This is likely driven by the common practice of listing species that can be sponsored in alphabetical order when presenting them to potential sponsors (with people being more likely to choose species near the start of a list). Interestingly, the lack of effect of body mass, phylogenetic distance, and conservation status contrast with previous work on non‐zoo conservation preferences, suggesting possible differences between motivations of zoo and non‐zoo conservation donors, or between animal sponsorship and other forms of conservation involvement. We suggest two strategies for maximizing sponsorship for zoo animals. If zoos manage sponsorship income as a collective pool then allowing sponsorship of a range of species within particularly well‐sponsored animal groups should improve uptake. Alternatively, if zoos allocate sponsorship income to the specific species sponsored, then funding may be effectively diverted to priority species simply by altering the order of lists of animals which can be sponsored.

Correction: Effect of group size and period of the day on daily activity patterns of yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus; (Boddaert, 1783) in Northern India

Correction: Effect of group size and period of the day on daily activity patterns of yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus; (Boddaert, 1783) in Northern India

Effect of group size and period of the day on daily activity patterns of yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus; (Boddaert, 1783) in Northern India

Effect of group size and period of the day on daily activity patterns of yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus; (Boddaert, 1783) in Northern India

Sirenian genomes illuminate the evolution of fully aquatic species within the mammalian superorder afrotheria

Sirenians of the superorder Afrotheria were the first mammals to transition from land to water and are the only herbivorous marine mammals. Here, we generated a chromosome-level dugong (Dugong dugon) genome. A comparison of our assembly with other afrotherian genomes reveals possible molecular adaptations to aquatic life by sirenians, including a shift in daily activity patterns (circadian clock) and tolerance to a high-iodine plant diet mediated through changes in the iodide transporter NIS (SLC5A5) and its co-transporters. Functional in vitro assays confirm that sirenian amino acid substitutions alter the properties of the circadian clock protein PER2 and NIS. Sirenians show evidence of convergent regression of integumentary system (skin and its appendages) genes with cetaceans. Our analysis also uncovers gene losses that may be maladaptive in a modern environment, including a candidate gene (KCNK18) for sirenian cold stress syndrome likely lost during their evolutionary shift in daily activity patterns. Genomes from nine Australian locations and the functionally extinct Okinawan population confirm and date a genetic break ~10.7 thousand years ago on the Australian east coast and provide evidence of an associated ecotype, and highlight the need for whole-genome resequencing data from dugong populations worldwide for conservation and genetic management.

Behavioral hotspots of bottlenose dolphins in industrialized ship channels

Anthropogenic activity in coastal areas can damage marine habitats and alter marine mammal behavior and habitat use. Understanding behavioral associations with diverse habitat features in industrialized coastal areas is crucial for marine mammal conservation management. A shore-based digital theodolite was used to assess the behavioral states and habitat use of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Port Aransas, Texas across seasons. The relationship between behavioral states and environmental and geographical variables were analyzed. Behavioral hotspots were identified. Dolphins frequently foraged (46%), indicating the area is an important feeding ground. Dolphins also traveled (25%) and milled (22%), with less frequent occurrences of socializing (6%) and resting (1% of observations). Season, time of day, and distance to shoreline were significant predictors of foraging and traveling behavioral states. Dolphins engaged in all behavioral states closer to seawall shorelines than to mangroves and natural seagrass beds, suggesting that hard shoreline features may influence daily activity patterns. Despite daily anthropogenic operations, bottlenose dolphins use features of the industrialized area (i.e., deeply dredged channels, human-engineered seawalls) to engage in a variety of behaviors. Monitoring of dolphin behavioral states and habitat use in active ship channels are needed to assess changes from baseline data from increasing coastal development and vessel activities.

Altered circadian rhythm, sleep, and rhodopsin 7–dependent shade preference during diapause in Drosophila melanogaster

To survive adverse environments, many animals enter a dormant state such as hibernation, dauer, or diapause. Various Drosophila species undergo adult reproductive diapause in response to cool temperatures and/or short day-length. While flies are less active during diapause, it is unclear how adverse environmental conditions affect circadian rhythms and sleep. Here we show that in diapause-inducing cool temperatures, Drosophila melanogaster exhibit altered circadian activity profiles, including severely reduced morning activity and an advanced evening activity peak. Consequently, the flies have a single activity peak at a time similar to when nondiapausing flies take a siesta. Temperatures ≤15 °C, rather than photoperiod, primarily drive this behavior. At cool temperatures, flies rapidly enter a deep-sleep state that lacks the sleep cycles of flies at higher temperatures and require high levels of stimulation for arousal. Furthermore, we show that at 25 °C, flies prefer to siesta in the shade, a preference that is virtually eliminated at 10 °C. Resting in the shade is driven by an aversion to blue light that is sensed by Rhodopsin 7 outside of the eyes. Flies at 10 °C show neuronal markers of elevated sleep pressure, including increased expression of Bruchpilot and elevated Ca2+ in the R5 ellipsoid body neurons. Therefore, sleep pressure might overcome blue light aversion. Thus, at the same temperatures that cause reproductive arrest, preserve germline stem cells, and extend lifespan, D. melanogaster are prone to deep sleep and exhibit dramatically altered, yet rhythmic, daily activity patterns.

Fine-tuning coexistence: Wildlife's short-term responses to dynamic human disturbance patterns

Anthropogenic disturbance elicits adaptive responses in wildlife, generally aimed at risk-avoidance, ultimately imposing constraints on their spatial and temporal niches. Previous studies have largely focused on long-term adaptive responses to stable human pressure, but rapid adjustments in wildlife’s diel and habitat use patterns in response to fine-scale variations in human presence have so far been overlooked. In this study we estimate short-term spatio-temporal deviations in local habitat use and diel activity of medium and large mammal species in response to rapid variations in human disturbance. We employed a year-long camera-trapping within a small private reserve, and recorded spatio-temporal information on all sources of anthropogenic disturbance in the area. By controlling for the average habitat use and diel activity, we explored fine-scale spatiotemporal adjustments in seven mammal species. We found evidence of spatial and/or temporal avoidance across all species, except wild boar, with variations in magnitude and direction coherent with species traits and expected levels of human-tolerance. Most species exhibited temporal avoidance of human activities, with porcupine and roe deer eliciting particularly strong responses. Notably, foxes concurrently displayed temporal avoidance and spatial attraction, likely driven by the presence of anthropogenic trophic resources. Our study underscores the role of behavioral plasticity in enabling wildlife to adjust daily habitat use and activity patterns to varying levels of human pressure across space and time. Understanding these nuanced behavioral strategies can help to promote wildlife-human coexistence and mitigating the adverse impacts of human presence on wildlife fitness.

Effects of physical activity patterns on myopia among children and adolescents: A latent class analysis.

The daily physical activity (PA) patterns of children and adolescents are intricate and ambiguous, with varying effects on myopia resulting from different combinations of PA. This study aims to scrutinize the spectrum of PA patterns among children and adolescents and assess their impact on myopia. Data sourced from the 2014 National Student Physical Fitness Survey (Tianjin segment) encompassed PA records and visual acuity measurements of participants. Latent Class Analysis and a generalized linear model were employed to investigate the relationship between PA categories and visual acuity across different educational stages. The study comprised 6465 primary and middle school students, among whom 50.13% were male. PA patterns were categorized into high (27.16%), medium (29.88%) and low visual acuity regulation groups (13.97%) and the nonmainstream group (28.99%). Following adjustments for sex, age, region and BMI, the medium visual acuity regulation group exhibited a lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.617, 95% CI = 0.424-0.897, p = 0.012; OR = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.438-0.976, p = 0.038) compared to the nonmainstream group among junior and senior middle school students. The efficacy of diverse PA patterns in mitigating myopia risk varies across educational stages and is influenced by sex-specific factors. It is imperative to advance myopia management strategies by emphasizing tailored PA interventions, discerning between PA patterns and delivering timely guidance and interventions tailored to distinct educational stages and sexes.

Morning physical activity may be more beneficial for blood lipids than afternoon physical activity in older adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe effect of differences in daily physical activity patterns on blood lipids has not been determined. This study examines the effects of the differences in free-living daily physical activity patterns (amount and intensity) on blood lipid levels in older adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 51 older participants (71.8 ± 0.6 years, men = 8, women = 43). A triaxial accelerometer was used to assess physical activity patterns. The time from awakening to bedtime for each participant was used for group classification based on the amount (number of steps) and intensity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of physical activity. The morning step group (M Step) was defined as those who took more steps in the morning, and the afternoon step group (A Step) was defined as those who took more steps in the afternoon. The same method was used for MVPA (morning MVPA: M MVPA; afternoon MVPA: A MVPA). Blood samples were collected at the start of the study to determine blood lipid levels.ResultsNumber of steps taken showed a trend toward lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the M Step group compared with the A Step group. The LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio was significantly lower in the M Step group than the A Step group (p < 0.05). The M MVPA group also had higher HDL-C levels and significantly lower LDL/HDL ratios than the A MVPA group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThese results suggest that compared with afternoon physical activity, daily morning physical activity (amount and intensity) is more effective in improving blood lipid levels.

Activity of bats (Chiroptera) in extensive livestock systems in the Colombian Caribbean

Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Objetive: In this study, the effect of conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive livestock management on the bat activity patterns in the Colombian Caribbean was determined. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with CS and SPS was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records of more than 10 days in within management systems were determined. Results: Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems, in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Species with higher energetic requirements and degree of specialization (Phyllostomus hastatus, P. discolor and Glossophaga soricina) modified their activity patterns between CS and SPS management types. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated in SSP, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats assemblage stability.

Neighborhood ethnicity is related to mammal occupancy and activity across a desert metropolitan area

AbstractCities support abundant human and wildlife populations that are shaped indirectly and directly by human decisions, often resulting in unequal access to environmental services and accessible open spaces. Urban land cover drives biodiversity patterns across metropolitan areas, but at smaller scales that matter to local residents, neighborhood socio‐cultural factors can influence the presence and abundance of wildlife. Neighborhood income is associated with plant and animal diversity in some cities, but the influence of other social variables is less well understood, especially across desert ecosystems. We explored wildlife distribution across gradients of neighborhood ethnicity in addition to income and landscape characteristics within residential areas of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Utilizing data from 38 wildlife cameras deployed in public parks and undeveloped open spaces within or near suburban neighborhoods, we estimated occupancy and activity patterns of common mammal species, including species native to the Sonoran Desert (coyote [Canis latrans] and desert cottontail rabbit [Sylvilagus audubonii]), and non‐native domestic cat (Felis catus). Neighborhood ethnicity (percentage of Latino residents) appeared to exhibit a negative relationship with occupancy for coyotes and cottontail rabbits. Additionally, daily activity patterns of coyotes occurred later in the evenings and mornings in neighborhoods with higher proportions of Latino residents, but activity was unaffected by differences in neighborhood income. This study is one of the first to show that social‐ecological mechanisms associated with patterns of neighborhood ethnicity as well as income may help to shape wildlife distribution in cities. These findings have implications for equitable management and provisioning of ecosystem services for urban residents and highlight the importance of considering a range of social covariates to better understand biodiversity outcomes in urban and urbanizing areas.

Early Marriage Phenomena in Pandemic Era at Luwu Utara, Indonesia

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected every aspect of life. Not only the decline in the economic situation, but it has also had an impact on the emergence of social problems such as the high rate of early marriage. Early marriage has been a scientific concern for a long time. However, scientific studies have not been able to reduce the rate of increase in the number of children marrying early. The loss of the rights of children who should receive proper education, play and the right to protection are forced to be “bound” in a marriage. The purpose of this article is to add references to solving the problem of early marriage which has been long problematic on an international, national and regional scale. This article discusses the objective conditions of early marriage during a pandemic and criticizes the implementation of strategies for preventing and handling cases of the early child marriage. The data in this study were taken from the main data in the form of in-depth interviews with competent informants. Additional data was taken from existing data at the related office in North Luwu Regency along with the news from online sites, became a reference in this article. This study establish that the number of early marriages has rising due to the widespread use of social networks and changes in daily activity patterns. For future studies, it is recommended to consider the determinant factors in different locations and in a wider scope.

Supplementation with autologous adipose stem cell-derived mitochondria can be a safe and promising strategy for improving oocyte quality.

In our previous study, we confirmed that the supplementation of vitrified-warmed murine oocytes with autologous adipose stem cell (ASC)-derived mitochondria during intracytoplasmic sperm injection enhances post-fertilization developmental competence in mice. To ensure the safety of this technology, we conducted a thorough study in mice to investigate the potential presence of specific malformations in offspring developed from this approach. A transgenerational comparative analysis was conducted on founder mice from embryos that developed after mitochondrial supplementation, and two subsequent generations. Reproductive performance, body growth rate, histopathological parameters, hematological parameters, daily activity patterns, and daily body temperature changes in male and female mice across these three generations were assessed in comparison to wild-type mice of the same age. Both male and female animals in all three generations showed comparable reproductive performance to the control group. Additionally, body growth rate by the age of 8weeks were found to be comparable to controls across all three generations. Notably, no significant histopathological abnormalities were detected in vital organs, including the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, ovaries, and testes, in any individuals from the studied cohorts. The blood parameters were consistent with the control data. The continuous monitoring of activity and body temperature changes (both day and night) over a 1-week period revealed a pattern closely resembling that observed in the control animals. Injection of ASC-mitochondria into oocytes may be a promising technique to support developmental potential without causing adverse epigenetic events in the offspring in mice. However, before considering clinical application, additional safety screening using larger animals or non-human primates is essential.