Levels Of Daidzein Research Articles

Association of serum metabolites with frailty phenotype and its components: a cross-sectional case-control study.

New insights into the metabolic mechanisms of frailty are needed. This study aimed to identify serum metabolites linked to frailty phenotype and its component through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis among community-dwelling older individuals. An exploratory, cross-sectional case-control study. Setting and participants: The participants were recruited from the ''Otassha Study,'' a cohort study conducted in Itabashi Ward, Tokyo, targeting women aged 65years and older. The study population included 39 frail and 76 robust individuals. Metabolomic analysis was performed using the GCMS-TQTM8040 NX system and the Smart Metabolites Database Ver.2 to explore the primary metabolite characteristic of a frailty state. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted with frailty as the outcome and with metabolites as exposures. Concentrations of seven metabolites, including caffeine, catechol, paraxanthine, niacinamide, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid, daidzein, and cytosine were lower in the frail than in the robust individuals. Odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] for frailty by halving the value were significant for catechol (1.26 [1.00, 1.59]), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (1.28 [1.04, 1.58]), caffeine (1.37 [1.07, 1.75]), paraxanthine (1.18 [1.00, 1.39]), and daidzein (1.29 [1.02, 1.62]). Furthermore, distinct patterns of metabolites associated with specific frailty symptoms, such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and reduced physical activity, were identified, especially with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid and caffeine commonly associated with these components. Metabolomic analysis identified metabolites associated with frailty. In particular, low levels of caffeine, catechol, paraxanthine, niacinamide, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoate, daidzein, and cytosine contributed to frailty. These results provide new insights into the pathophysiology of frailty through metabolomic analysis.

Dietary soy protein reverses obesity-induced liver steatosis and alters fecal microbial composition independent of isoflavone level.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major public health concern that is exacerbated by the obesity pandemic. Dietary interventions have the potential to alleviate obesity-associated MASLD through variable mechanisms, including optimizing the gut microbiota. Previously, we reported that soy protein concentrate (SPC) with low or high levels of isoflavone (LIF or HIF) protected young obese Zucker rats from developing liver steatosis. The current study was designed to test whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reverse liver steatosis and alter fecal microbial composition in adult obese Zucker rats with existing steatosis. Six-week-old male obese Zucker rats (n = 26) were fed a casein control diet (CAS) for 8 weeks and 7 rats were randomly selected and sacrificed to confirm liver steatosis. The remaining rats were randomly assigned to receive CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF diet (n = 6-7/group) for an additional 10 weeks. Compared to CAS diet, feeding SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets resulted in significantly lower liver weight, liver steatosis score, and liver microvesicular score (p < 0.05), but did not lead to difference in body weight, liver macrovesicular score, serum ALT, or serum AST. Isoflavone levels (e.g., LIF vs. HIF) did not affect any of these measurements except in the SPC-HIF group, which had an additional decrease in liver weight (p < 0.05) compared to the SPC-LIF group. The SPC-HIF group also had significantly higher levels of the aglycone forms of daidzein, genistein, and equol as well as the total levels of daidzein, genistein, and equol compared to SPC-LIF or CAS diet fed rats (p < 0.05). The distribution of microbial communities based on measures of beta diversity of both SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups were significantly different to that of the CAS group (p ≤ 0.005). Alpha-diversity did not differ between any of the groups. Taken together, dietary soy protein can reverse liver steatosis in adult Zucker rats, and the reversal of steatosis is accompanied by alterations in gut microbial composition.

Structure and physicochemical properties of starches from six accessions of the genus Pueraria in China

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) root contains abundant starch, but the physicochemical properties of kudzu starch are not well understood. In this study, we compared the compositions and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from six Pueraria accessions in China. Caige starch exhibited the highest purity (96.99%) and amylose content (24.76%), while Yege starch contained higher levels of puerarin (493.37μg/g) and daidzein (38.68μg/g). All kudzu starches were rich in resistant starch, with RS2 content ranging from 38.61% to 46.22% and RS3 content from 3.59% to 6.04%. The granules of kudzu starches varied in morphology, with Yege starch featuring larger polygonal granules. The kudzu starches presented either A-type or A-type-like C-type diffraction patterns. Caige starch had a higher IR2 value (1.28), higher gelatinization temperatures, wider temperature ranges, and greater enthalpy changes. Yege (JX) starch exhibited the highest peak viscosity but the lowest setback viscosity and pasting temperature. Fenge starch showed the highest final viscosity, with Fenge (ZJ) starch demonstrating the highest crystallinity (25.7%) and IR1 value (0.80). These results indicated that kudzu starches derived from various Pueraria species possess unique structural and physicochemical properties, which provide significant potential for applications in food and other industrial fields.

Associations of urinary phytoestrogens with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults: a population-based cohort study.

The overall understanding of the correlations between mortality risk and phytoestrogens in general population remains limited. We examined the association between urinary phytoestrogen levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were employed to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Nonlinear relationships were assessed using multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic splines (RCS). In the fully adjusted model, the highest quartiles of urinary genistein levels were correlated with significantly elevated all-cause (HR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.16-1.59) and cardiovascular (HR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.20-2.09) mortality. Urinary enterolactone levels in the third quartile were associated with reduced all-cause (HR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.65-0.90) and cardiovascular (HR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.55-0.99) mortality. In the highest quartiles of urinary daidzein levels, the cardiovascular mortality was significantly increased (HR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.09-1.90). RCS showed an non-linear relationship between urinary daidzein levels and all-cause mortality (P = 0.04). In the context of a nationally representative sample, genistein exhibited associations with elevated all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, whereas enterolactone showed an association with reduced mortality. The dose-response relationship between urinary daidzein levels and all-cause mortality as well as sex-specific disparities in the impact of phytoestrogen levels should be considered.

Exploring soybean cultivar susceptibility to sudden death syndrome: Insights into isoflavone responses and biocontrol potential

Exploring soybean cultivar susceptibility to sudden death syndrome: Insights into isoflavone responses and biocontrol potential

Validation and determination of Daidzein in Aspergillus oryzae using thin-layer chromatography-densitometry

Background: Daidzin (glycosidic isoflavone) bioconversion into daidzein (aglyconic isoflavone) increases its bioactivity. This bioconversion can be carried out using fermentation, using a fungus that has been widely used for making tempeh in Indonesia, Aspergillus oryzae. Objective: This study aimed to validate the method of analysis used and to determine the daidzein content in A. oryzae-fermented edamame using TLC densitometry. Method: Daidzein content determination was carried out on non-fermented (D0) and fermented edamame on days one to four (D1-D4) using the TLC densitometry method. The validation method of analysis was done previously using linearity, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), selectivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy parameters. Result: The TLC densitometry method used met all the validation method of analysis parameters, except for the selectivity. The daidzein content in edamame from D0 to D4 were 0.0433 ± 0.00221; 0.0336 ± 0.00698; 0.0276 ± 0.00039; 0.0219 ± 0.00041; 0.1002 ± 0.00924 % w/w, respectively. Conclusion: The highest daidzein level was obtained in day four of A. oryzae-fermented edamame.

Dairy calves are exposed to isoflavones during the developmentally most sensitive period of their life

Isoflavones represent a class of phytoestrogens present in plants. In dairy cows, dietary isoflavones have been shown to negatively affect reproductive performance. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have yet been conducted to determine if calves are pre- or neonatally confronted with isoflavones and their metabolites. In the present study, we hypothesize that isoflavones are passed on from the dam to the offspring in utero. Twenty-three pregnant Holstein Friesian dams and their calves, originating from three commercial dairy farms in Belgium, were included. Heparin blood samples were collected during the first, second, and third trimester of gestation from all pregnant dams. Heparin blood and hair samples were obtained from the offspring within 24h after parturition. Colostrum samples were collected from a subset of eight dams to determine the concentration of isoflavones and their metabolites. During the first and second trimester of gestation, the dams were fed either a youngstock (nulliparous dams) or a lactation (multiparous dams) diet. During the third trimester, both groups received a similar dry cow diet. Genistein and daidzein levels were unaffected by diet type, while their metabolite [equol, dihydrodaidzein (DHD), and o-desmethylangolensin (ODMA)] concentrations were significantly higher in the lactation group. Furthermore, metabolite concentrations decreased significantly during gestation. Isoflavones and their metabolites were detected in all colostrum samples. No correlation could be found between levels in colostrum and blood of pregnant dams or calves. Peripheral levels of isoflavones and their metabolites were significantly lower in newborn calves in comparison to their dams. Genistein and daidzein concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the calves' hair versus blood samples, suggesting prenatal exposure to isoflavones for an extended period of time. In contrast, no isoflavone metabolites were detected in the calves' hair samples. This is the first study to demonstrate that dairy calves are exposed to isoflavones during the developmentally most sensitive period of their lives. Results obtained pave the way for more extensive research to examine which effects isoflavones might have on developing organ systems like the reproductive system.

Effects of selected Bacillus strains on the biogenic amines, bioactive ingredients and antioxidant capacity of shuidouchi

The control of biogenic amines (BAs) is crucial to guarantee the safety of fermented soybean products. In this study, the BAs composition of eleven shuidouchi samples was analyzed, and the BAs degradation strains were selected from shuidouchi samples with a low BAs content. Then the influences of screened BAs degradation strains on BAs, total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), isoflavones and the antioxidant ability of fermented shuidouchi were evaluated. Results showed that the total BAs content of all shuidouchi samples was within the safe range, while the GZXQ, GZQY and GZMX samples had higher levels of tyramine. Meanwhile, 109 strains were isolated from the YNLJ, GZLG, GZMZ, GZDY, and YNHY sample. Bacillus tropicus A11, Bacillus siamensis D11, Bacillus subtilis T2, and B. subtilis U2 with higher BAs degradation capacity and lower BAs production ability were selected to ferment shuidouchi. These four Bacillus strains could effectively control the BAs concentration of fermented shuidouchi, especially B. tropicus A11 and B. siamensis D11. Furthermore, compared to naturally fermented shuidouchi, higher levels of antioxidant ability, TP, TF, daidzein, glyciein, and genistein were found in the shuidouchi fermented with selected strains. These findings demonstrated that these screened strains could be applied as potential candidates for the production of high quality shuidouchi.

Changes of γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Phytoestrogens, and Biofunctional Properties of the Isoflavone-Enriched Soybean (Glycine max) Leaves during Solid Lactic Acid Fermentation

The present study documents the changes in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and isoflavone contents, the antioxidant activities and the digestive enzyme inhibition during the solid lactic acid fermentation of isoflavone-enriched soybean leaves (IESLs) with starters Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P1201 and Levilactobacillus brevis BMK184. The contents of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA remained almost unchanged during fermentation with P1201. In contrast, the contents of GABA increased from 144.24 to 173.09 and 175.59 mg/100 g, and the contents of GA decreased from 43.68 to 18.26 and 11.25 mg/100 g during the IESLs’ fermentation with BMK184 and the combined use of P1201 + BMK184, respectively. The total isoflavone content decreased during fermentation, but the isoflavone aglycone levels increased; in fact, the levels of daidzein and genistein were the highest after the use of P1201 + BMK184 (2265.57 μg/g) and BMK184 (1055.27 μg/g), respectively, at 72 h of fermentation. Correspondingly, the DPPH (90.90%), the ABTS (91.09%), and the hydroxyl (74.88%) radical scavenging activities, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (2.45), as well as the α-glucosidase (49.86%) and pancreatic lipase (37.30%) inhibition activities exhibited their highest levels after fragmentation with P1201 + BMK184.

Changes in secondary metabolites in soybean (Glycine max L.) roots by salicylic acid treatment and their anti-LDL oxidation effects.

Abundance of metabolites in plant is a critical factor toward being functional food stuff. Salicylic acid (SA) treatment led significant changes in levels of the secondary metabolites in soybean roots. Notably, the exposure of 3 mM of SA aqueous solution to soybean plants for 24 h resulted in distinctive increases in the levels of coumestrol (16-fold, 0.3–4.8 mg/g DW) and daidzein (7-fold, 1.2–8.9 mg/g DW) in roots part. These changes were systematically investigated by LC-ESI-TOF/MS analysis to afford a clear difference of PLS-DA score, heatmap, and box plots. Quantitative analysis showed that SA treatment played to stimulate biosynthesis of coumestrol as well as hydrolysis of its glycosides (coumestrin and malonylcoumestrin). The highly improved anti-LDL oxidation effect was observed in the SA treated soybean roots in the three different assay systems. It might be rationalized by the increased levels of coumestrol and daidzein.

Development of Kudzu (Pueraria Montana var. lobata) Reference Materials for the Determination of Isoflavones and Toxic Elements.

In collaboration with the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Standards and Technology issued a suite of botanical matrix reference materials (RMs) and Standard Reference Material® (SRM) for determination of isoflavones and toxic elements in kudzu dietary supplement ingredients. RM 8650 Pueraria montana var. lobata (Kudzu) Rhizome, SRM 3268 Pueraria montana var. lobata (Kudzu) Extract, and RM 8652 Kudzu-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form were issued with values assigned for isoflavones (puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein), toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, and lead), and selenium. Isoflavone values were assigned using liquid chromatography with UV absorbance or mass spectrometry detection. Element values were assigned using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and results from an interlaboratory comparison exercise. Mass fractions for puerarin were 32.2 ± 3.2 mg/g, 128 ± 13 mg/g, and 68.2 ± 6.9 mg/g in RM 8650, SRM 3268, and RM 8652, respectively. Arsenic increases from 156 ± 14 ng/g to 849 ± 83 ng/g and cadmium decreases from 348 ± 14 ng/g to 82.1 ± 4.9 ng/g from rhizome to extract. The kudzu RM/SRM suite complements previously issued soy-related SRMs with values assigned for isoflavones, which have been studied for their potential health benefits, and expands the analytical resource by providing values for puerarin, an isoflavone not found in soy. The three new kudzurmaterials are for use in the determination of isoflavones, toxic elements, and selenium. For the isoflavones, these new kudzu materials provide higher levels of daidzin and daidzein than existing soy-related SRMs, and they provide a value for an isoflavone not in existing SRMs (puerarin). Toxic elements in RM 8650 and SRM 3268 provide new botanical matrixes for use by dietary supplement manufacturers for the verification of the safety of their raw materials.

Metabolomics Differences of Glycine max QTLs Resistant to Soybean Looper.

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) E and M are major soybean alleles that confer resistance to leaf-chewing insects, and are particularly effective in combination. Flavonoids and/or isoflavonoids are classes of plant secondary metabolites that previous studies agree are the causative agents of resistance of these QTLs. However, all previous studies have compared soybean genotypes that are of dissimilar genetic backgrounds, leaving it questionable what metabolites are a result of the QTL rather than the genetic background. Here, we conducted a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach without liquid chromatography to identify differences in metabolite levels among QTLs E, M, and both (EM) that were introgressed into the background of the susceptible variety Benning. Our results found that E and M mainly confer low-level, global differences in distinct sets of metabolites. The isoflavonoid daidzein was the only metabolite that demonstrated major increases, specifically in insect-treated M and EM. Interestingly, M confers increased daidzein levels in response to insect, whereas E restores M’s depleted daidzein levels in the absence of insect. Since daidzein levels do not parallel levels of resistance, our data suggest a novel mechanism that the QTLs confer resistance to insects by mediating changes in hundreds of metabolites, which would be difficult for the insect to evolve tolerance. Collective global metabolite differences conferred by E and M might explain the increased resistance of EM.

Red clover-rich grassland increases equol concentration in eggs from free-range laying hens

ABSTRACT 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of equol (4ʹ,7-isoflavandiol; a bacterial polyphenol metabolite which is an isoflavandiol oestrogen metabolised from daidzein from plants) enriched eggs from free-range hens fed different pasture species. Four species were tested: red clover, white clover, ryegrass and chicory. 2. The study was conducted from June to September 2017 on eight free range, outdoor areas, each containing fifteen laying hens and sown with a single pasture species 3. Precursors of equol (daidzein, formononetin) were analysed every fortnight from the fresh pasture cover in each area, as well as equol and daidzein levels in eggs. 4. Daidzein and formononetin concentrations in the fresh pasture samples differed significantly according to species (P < 0.001), whereby red clover had the highest concentrations of daidzein and formononetin (85 and 996 µg/g DM, respectively). 5. Equol concentration in eggs differed according to pasture species (P < 0.001). Equol concentrations reached about 1,200 ng/g DM in eggs from hens with access to red clover. These eggs can represent a valuable source of equol in the human diet.

A Comparison of Nutritional Values, Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acids, and Antioxidant Activities of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Plant and Pellet for Use as Beneficial Material Ruminant Feed

Aqueous extracts of whole alfalfa plants (AP) and alfalfa pellets (APe) were examined for nutritional values, bioactive compounds (total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic compounds (PC), total flavonoids content (TFC), flavonoids compounds (FC), isoflavones), amino acids (AA) and antioxidant activity of AP and APe assessed via a DHHP radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The potential ingredients in the form of AP and APe were used to evaluate the nutritional values measured by chemical composition, and to investigate bioactive compounds, AA and antioxidant activity to further contribute to use as a feed ingredient or application as a high-value alternative feed supplement in the ruminant diet. Crude protein and tannins were higher in the APe (18.17 and 3.08 %) than the AP (16.21 and 1.80 %). Higher content of organic matter, crude fiber, neutral-detergent fiber, acid-detergent fiber, acid-detergent lignin was observed for AP than APe. The TPC and TFC were more abundant in AP than in APe and AP also showed stronger antioxidant activity via DPPH than APe, with positive correlations of TPC, TFC and DPPH. The highest values of gallic acid in terms of PC and apigenin in terms of FC of APe were 215.30 and 2278.27 µg/g dry weight (DW), respectively, while the highest levels of genistein and daidzein occurred in AP at 104.37 and 130.91 µg/g DW, respectively. The total of essential AA was found to be in vary the range of 9.33 to 16689.47 µg/g DW in different forms of samples, with valine as the highest (5451 µg/g DW) in APe, followed by phenylalanine (4.30 µg/g DW) in AP.

Phytoestrogen blood levels and adverse outcomes in women with suspected ischemic heart disease.

Prior studies linked higher blood phytoestrogen (phytoE) levels of daidzein to beneficial lipoprotein profiles, and higher genistein levels related to worse coronary microvascular dysfunction in women with suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, relationships to adverse outcomes remain unclear. We investigated the associations between eight serum phytoE and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure and angina, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, in women undergoing functional coronary angiography (FCA) for suspected ischemia. We evaluated 143 women enrolled in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (1996-2001) for serum phytoE levels and 10-year outcomes. Median follow-up duration was 6.08 years (range 0.01-8.16) for time to MACE and 9.11 years (range 0.01-11.08 years) for time to death. Kaplan-Meier plots were analyzed and Cox regression models adjusted for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and tobacco use. The median age was 54.7 (range 20.6-76.1) years and BMI was 29.3 (range 18.4-57.2). Of the cohort, 80.4% had nonobstructive coronary artery disease, 56% had hypertension, 22.4% had diabetes, 58.1% had dyslipidemia and 59.4% of the women used tobacco. Each unit decrease in log glycitin was associated with increased MACE hazard (HR 1.97, 95% [CI 1.23, 3.14], p = 0.005). Glycitin absence was associated with earlier angina hospitalization (log rank p = 0.05). After 6 years, MACE increased with each unit decrease in log genistein (HR 6.17, 95% [CI 1.81, 20.8], p = 0.0036). Other phytoE did not show statistically significant associations with outcomes. Among women with suspected IHD undergoing clinically indicated invasive FCA, low serum glycitin was associated with increased MACE and earlier angina hospitalization, while low genistein was associated with increased MACE after 6 years. Future studies are needed regarding phytoE, nutrition, outcomes and possibly supplementation.

The Connection between Urinary Equol Levels and the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis

Background: Soy isoflavones and their metabolites such as equol have been associated with a reduced risk of hormone-sensitive tumors and metabolic syndromes. However, individual soy isoflavones and equol levels in atopic dermatitis remain uninvestigated. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the levels of urinary daidzein, genistein, and equol between atopic dermatitis patients and normal subjects and to examine the correlation between equol concentration and the severity of clinical symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Akita University Hospital and Aso Iizuka Hospital in Japan. Fifty patients with confirmed atopic dermatitis diagnosis and 67 healthy controls were recruited. Daidzein, genistein, and equol in urine were measured by using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Results: Urinary equol levels were significantly lower in the atopic dermatitis patients than in the healthy controls (p = 0.002). The difference was particularly noticeable in young people (6–19 years, p < 0.001). No correlations were found between urinary equol levels and the severity of clinical symptoms and laboratory data in the atopic dermatitis patients. Conclusion: Equol levels in childhood might be involved in the development of atopic dermatitis.

Abstract 4642: Effects of soy protein diet on plasma isoflavones levels in obese DMBA-induced mammary tumor rat model

Abstract Obesity epidemic in the US and world grows as the number of overweight and obese adults continues to rise. Obese women have higher mortality rates from all cancers including breast cancer. Several studies have reported the protective effects of soy intake on breast cancer development, while other studies report the adverse effects of soy protein diet on breast cancer development. Soybeans contain isoflavones genistein, daidzein and glycitein, known as isoflavonoids, which are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens, have estrogenic properties and are potential anticarcinogens. Gut flora metabolizes daidzein into equol, a non-steroidal estrogen and has cancer chemopreventive property. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of obesity and a high isoflavones soy protein diet on plasma isoflavones; genistein, daidzein, glycitein, equol and O-Desmethylangolensin (O-MDA) levels using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor model. Five-week-old female Zucker rats (45 obese fa/fa and 54 lean) were used. After one week of acclimation (age 42 days), rats were randomly assigned to the following diet groups; 1) Lean, casein; 2) Obese, casein; 3) Lean, soy and 4) Obese, soy. Rats had ad lib access to water and diet with either casein or soy protein isolate as source of protein. All rats were orally gavaged at age 50 days with 65 mg/kg DMBA. Rats were weighed and palpated twice weekly and sacrificed 21 weeks post-DMBA treatment. Plasma was collected to measure genistein, daidzein, glycitein, equol and O-MDA levels using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). At end of the experiment, 69% of the Lean casein rats developed mammary tumors compared to 50% in lean soy group (p= 0.176). In the obese group, 76% of the soy-fed rats developed mammary tumors compared to 15% (P&amp;lt;0.001) of obese casein- fed rats. Plasma daidzein and genistein concentration were not significantly different in lean vs obese soy-fed rats. However, O-MDA and equol concentration were significantly lower (P&amp;lt;0.05) in obese soy-fed rats compared to lean soy rats. These data suggests that obese rats fed soy protein diet containing high isoflavone levels promoted DMBA-induced mammary tumor development compared to a casein-based diet. Also, obese soy-fed rats exhibited significantly lower plasma equol concentrations than those observed in lean soy-fed rats and this reduction may aid in explaining soy's impaired cancer chemopreventative effects in obese breast cancer model. Citation Format: Reza Hakkak, Soheila Korourian. Effects of soy protein diet on plasma isoflavones levels in obese DMBA-induced mammary tumor rat model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4642.

Effects of herbal preparations containing isoflavones on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women

The effects of the mixed herbal preparation "Tzuo-Kuai-Wuan" (TKW) on bone metabolism were compared with a single herb containing equivalent amounts of isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, and a combined estrogen-progesterone therapy (EPT). One hundred women completed the trial, 33 in group A, consuming a single herb, 30 in group B, consuming TKW, and 37 in group C, receiving EPT. In both herbal groups, the serum levels of daidzein significantly increased after treatment for 6 months (224% in group A and 234% in group B, both p < 0.01), though the serum levels of genistein did not change significantly. In group C, serum levels of either isoflavone changed only slightly. After 6 months of treatment, the bone formation marker (bone specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP]) significantly increased in group B, but not in group A (25.4% vs. 15.9%, p < 0.01 and p = 0.09, respectively). The elevation of BSAP was related to increased serum daidzein and genistein (β = 0.498 and 0.248, p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). The bone resorption marker (urinary deoxypyridinolines/creatinine [Dpd/Cr]) was nearly the same at beginning of the study and after treatment in both herbal groups. In contrast, BSAP and Dpd/Cr significantly decreased after 3 and 6 months of treatment in group C (BSAP: 10.4% and 30.3%; Dpd/Cr: 21.7% and 43.8%, all p < 0.01 in paired t-tests). Thus, we conclude that TKW stimulates bone formation, in contrast to EPT which primarily inhibits resorption. This effect appears to be related to the amount of isoflavones. Further, the stronger effect in women consuming TKW than consuming a single herb that contains equivalent amounts of isoflavones suggests higher synergistic or additive effect of other components than isoflavones in TKW.

The Effect of Soybeans Germination on Nutrition Potentials and Bioactive Components of Fresh and Semangit Tempe

Tempe is a traditional food from Indonesian made from soybeans fermented with Rhizopus spp. Based on the fermentation time, tempeh is divided into fresh tempeh and semangit tempe. Purpose of t his study to determine the difference in chemical composition between fresh tempe flour from germination soybean (SG) and non-germination (SNG) and semangit tempe flour made from germination soybean (TG) and non-germination (TNG). Stage of the research include soybean germination process for 24 hours, making fresh tempe (48 hours fermentation), making semangit tempeh (120 hours fermentation), the process of making fresh tempe flour and semangit tempe flour. Analysis carried out on all tempeh flour includes yield, proximate, crude fiber, antioxidants and isoflavones. The process of germination of soybean as a raw material and the addition of fermentation time had no significant effect (p> 0 , 05) on the nutritional component, but had a significant effect (p <0 , 05) on the isoflavone levels and antioxidant activity of fresh tempe flour and semangit tempe flour produced. TNG has the highest levels of isidlavone daidzein and genistein, which are 432 , 8 and 707 , 8 μg / g, respectively. TNG has the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value of 2109 ppm) which is significantly better than SG and SNG, but not significantly different from TG.

The Effect of Soybeans Germination on Nutrition Potentials and Bioactive Components of Fresh and Semangit Tempe

Tempe is a traditional food from Indonesian made from soybeans fermented with Rhizopus spp. Based on the fermentation time, tempeh is divided into fresh tempeh and semangit tempe. Purpose of this study to determine the difference in chemical composition between fresh tempe flour from germination soybean (SG) and non-germination (SNG) and semangit tempe flour made from germination soybean (TG) and non-germination (TNG). Stage of the research include soybean germination process for 24 hours, making fresh tempe (48 hours fermentation), making semangit tempeh (120 hours fermentation), the process of making fresh tempe flour and semangit tempe flour. Analysis carried out on all tempeh flour includes yield, proximate, crude fiber, antioxidants and isoflavones. The process of germination of soybean as a raw material and the addition of fermentation time had no significant effect (p&gt; 0,05) on the nutritional component, but had a significant effect (p &lt;0,05) on the isoflavone levels and antioxidant activity of fresh tempe flour and semangit tempe flour produced. TNG has the highest levels of isidlavone daidzein and genistein, which are 432,8 and 707,8 μg / g, respectively. TNG has the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value of 2109 ppm) which is significantly better than SG and SNG, but not significantly different from TG.