D3 Diet Research Articles

Salvianolic Acid A Ameliorates Early-Stage Atherosclerosis Development by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats.

Salvianolic acid A (SAA), an important bioactive polyphenolic acid found in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, may be used for treating metabolic disorders due to its anti-inflammatory activity. Since chronic inflammation plays an important role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with atherosclerosis (AS), SAA may have beneficial effects on AS. Here, we evaluated the effects of SAA on metabolic disorders in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats induced by a high-fat diet and Vitamin D3 injections. Compared with the model group, the SAA high dosage (1 mg/kg) group exhibited decreased hemoglobin A1C levels but unchanged blood glucose levels. The disrupted lipid profiles were ameliorated by SAA, with significantly decreased levels of blood cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride. The protective effects of SAA against early AS were further confirmed by histopathological examination of aortic tissues. In addition, we observed that SAA decreased serum hs-CRP levels and suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling in aortic tissues of ZDF rats. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potential of SAA to alleviate AS and T2DM in ZDF rats as a result of its anti-inflammatory effects.

Assessing the effectiveness of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, blood health, immune response, and oxidative-related genes expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, blood profile, immune response, and oxidative status of Nile tilapia (12.4 ± 0.11 g, initial body weight). Five experimental diets were formulated containing CoQ10 at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg kg−1 diet (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively). The results of a 56-days feeding trial showed that, significantly higher weight gain % (WG %), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were recorded in fish groups fed diets supplemented with different levels of CoQ10 than fish fed the control diet, while survival rate (SR%), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) showed no obvious differences (P > 0.05) among all experimental groups. The highest activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase) were recorded in D3, D4, and D5 groups. Moreover, blood status of all experimental fish was within normal rates and significant alterations were only in the case of glucose, cortisol, total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglycerides, and total protein (TP), where fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 diets exhibited lower values of glucose, cortisol, T-Chol, and triglycerides and higher values of TP. Furthermore, the lowest values of immune response [lysozyme, bactericidal, respiratory burst (NBT), and alternative complement pathway activities (ACP)], antioxidant capacity and oxidative related genes expressions [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] resulted from feeding on the basal diet (D1) compared to CoQ10 diets, especially with its high levels {≥20 mg kg−1 diet (D3, D4, and D5)} in most cases. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of ≥20 mg CoQ10 kg-1 diet improves the growth and health being of Nile tilapia.

Adequate n-3 LC-PUFA levels in broodstock diets optimize reproductive performance in GnRH injected greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) equaling to spontaneously spawning broodstock

Dietary lipids and fatty acids composition play an important role in the reproductive processes, embryo development and larval survival in marine fish. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are especially important for egg and larval quality. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels on spawning performance and egg quality of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Sixteen mature broodfish were distributed in four 40 m3 circular tanks and fed four diets containing different levels of n-3 LC-PUFA: diet D1 with 1% of the dry weight basis (dw), diet D2 with 1.7% dw, diet D3 with 2.3% dw and diet D4 with 3% dw. The fecundity was significantly higher (P < .05) in broodstock fed D2. Moreover, a higher fertilization rate (P < .05) was obtained from broodstock fed D2 (91.8 ± 3.1%) and D1 (86.3 ± 1.7%) in comparison to those fed D3 (69.0 ± 7.4%) and D4 (52.4 ± 10.6%). The same trend was found in egg viability at 24 h, hatching and larval survival rates, where highest (P < .05) when broodstock were fed D1 and D2. In addition, fertilization, hatching rates and larval survival at 1- and 3-days post-hatching showed a negative correlation with dietary n-3 LC-PUFA. The fatty acid composition of eggs showed marked differences, reflecting the influence of fatty acid profiles in the broodstock diets. Based on the overall results the recommended dietary n-3 LC-PUFA level for greater amberjack broodstock suggested is between 1 and 1.7% dw.

Foam cells promote atherosclerosis progression by releasing CXCL12.

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and foam cell formation plays important roles in the progression of AS. There is an urgent need to identify new molecular targets for treating AS, and thereby improve the quality of life and reduce the financial burden of individuals with CVD.Methods: An in vitro model of AS was generated by treating THP-1 cells and human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) with oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs). HA-VSMC proliferation and foam cell formation were detected by the MTT assay and Oil Red O staining. C–X–C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) expression was suppressed by siRNA. An AS rat model was established by feeding rats a high-fat diet and vitamin D2 for 3 weeks. Histopathology examinations were conducted by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and the levels ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) and α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression were determined by ELISA assays and immunohistochemistry.Results: An in vitro model of AS was established with THP-1 cells. CXCL12 expression in the model THP-1 cells was significantly increased when compared with its expression in control cells. Suppression of CXCL12 expression reduced the progression of AS in the cell model. Moreover, CXCL12 promoted AS in the in vivo rat model.Conclusion: Our results suggest that CXCL12 plays an important role in promoting the progression of AS. Furthermore, inhibition of CXCL12 might suppress the development of AS by inhibiting HA-VSMC proliferation and their transformation to foam cells.

An investigation on the effects of different diets on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linné, 1758)

The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of substituting a diet based on fish meal, for Nile tilapia fish fry (Oreochromis niloticus), by another food based agro-industrial by-products. Four plants and animal by-products were selected for the formulation of this diet, namely feathers Poultry flour (FPF), date stones flour (DSF), peas flour (PF) and tomato waste flour (TF). The four above-mentioned by-products were combined to obtain four experimental diets (D1-D4) containing isoproteic (29- 39% crude protein) and iso-energetic (15-21 kJ gross energy by g feed), so as to replace completely, fish meal. The fifth diet, based on fish meal was used as control died (CD). The results of livestock and biochemical analyses, such as the specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the apparent protein retention (APR) show that D3 and D4 give better results compared to the control diet (CD). The least interesting results were obtained with experimental D1 diet. Finally, for all analytical results obtained, it was highlighted that the diet D4 is relatively more efficient nutritionally, compared to the other diets formulated, which gives a better weight gain.

EFFECT OF PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON LABEO ROHITA FINGERLINGS THAT ARE FED BY PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTED DDGS BASED DIET

Phytate is not hydrolyzed by fish because natural phytase activity not present in some agastric fishes, phytate is present in grain products as the main form of phosphorus. The present study was aimed to check the effect of phytase supplementation on muscle proximate composition in Labeo rohita fingerlings that are fed by phytase supplemented distiller’s dried grain with soluble. Six experimental diets were prepared by supplementing phytase at graded levels. D1 diet contains no supplemented phytase, while, D2, D3, D4, D5 contain 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 FTU/kg phytase, respectively. The experiment continues for eight weeks. Water quality parameters including pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were controlled throughout the experiment. Results were analyzed through the Student-Newman-Keuls test for significant differences. Supplementation of phytase decreased the moisture and fat content of muscles in L. rohita fingerlings. Supplementation of phytase increases the crude protein and crude ash content of muscles in L. rohita fingerlings. In conclusion, phytase showed randomized responses to muscle composition.

The impact of different levels of L-methionine (L-Met) on carcass yield traits, serum metabolites, tibial characters, and profitability of broilers fed conventional diet.

Objectives:The experiment was undertaken to investigate the performances of broilers with respect to meat yield traits, leg bone quality, blood metabolites, and economic profitability fed conventional diets supplemented with L-methionine (L-Met).Materials and methods:Day-old broiler chicks (n = 144) of either sex were used to conduct the experiment from d1 to 33 days in a battery cage rearing system. Birds were distributed randomly into four dietary treatments, i.e., D0 (DL-Met), D1 (0.20% L-Met), D2 (0.25% L-Met), and D3 (0.30% L-Met) in a completely randomized design. Broiler chicks were fed complete starter ration for the first 2 weeks and then test diets were supplied ad libitum from d15 to 33 days. All the formulated rations had the same calorie and proteinous values. Similar housing, feeding, and rearing management were provided to the birds for all the experimental period. Data on carcass yield traits, such as dressing %, thigh, breast, back, drumstick, shank, neck, and wing weights, etc, were measured on the last day of the trial. Blood serum profile (total protein, glucose, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, and triglycerides), right tibial bone traits (bone weight, bone width), and mineral concentrations (Ca% and P%) were also assessed on the last day of the experiment. The economic profitability of broilers fed on the L-Met diet was also measured in this study.Results:The results revealed that except for dressing % (p < 0.05) and back weight (p < 0.01); all other meat characteristics measured this study were found similar (p > 0.05) between treatments. The highest dressing % and back weight were observed in the D3 group and the lowest being in D0. Blood serum metabolites did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments. Leg bone traits of broilers were found similar (p > 0.05) between treatments. Higher profit (p < 0.01) and lower production cost (p < 0.05) were observed in the birds fed the D3 diet than other treatments.Conclusion:It can be inferred that broilers might show improved dressed yield and profitable broiler production fed on L-Met supplemented diet (D3).

Fishmeal can be replaced with a high proportion of terrestrial protein in the diet of the carnivorous marine teleost (Trachinotus ovatus)

In general, over 30% fishmeal (FM) is required in diets for marine teleosts, which limits the sustainable development of aquaculture. Here, seven isonitrogenous (46%) and isolipidic (12%) diets (namely D1-D7) were formulated with three compound proteins (CPro I, CPro II and CPro III), which consisted of terrestrial animal and plant proteins, as substitutes for FM. Diet D1 (control) contained 30% FM, while diets D2-D3, D4-D5 and D6-D7 were formed by replacing 40% and 60%, 40% and 60%, and 60% and 80% FM with CPro I, CPro II, and CPro III, respectively. Juveniles of the carnivorous marine teleost Trachinotus ovatus were fed the seven diets in floating sea cages for 8 weeks. Growth performance including weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), serum biochemical indices alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities, serum and liver antioxidant indices catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), fish proximate composition, muscle cooking percentage (CP) and textural properties of fish fed diets D2-D7 showed no difference or improved values compared with those of fish fed diet D1, suggesting no negative effects produced with 40–80% replacement of dietary FM by the compound proteins. Significantly higher contents of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and flavour amino acids (FAA) in muscle, as well as higher liver antioxidant capacity were found in fish fed diets D6 (12% FM) or D7 (6% FM) compared with those fed diet D1. The results demonstrated that 40–80% replacement of dietary FM by terrestrial compound proteins is feasible in T. ovatus, moreover 60% or 80% replacement brought a positive influence on antioxidant capacity and nutritional value.

Uncoupling proteins: are they involved in vitamin D3 protective effect against high-fat diet-induced cardiac apoptosis in rats?

This study aimed to assess the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) and vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiac apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac uncoupling proteins (UCPs) 2&3 expression. Forty rats were fed either (45%) or (10%) fat diet with or without vitamin D3 (500 U/kg/day) for 6 months, then cardiac tissue expression of Bax, Bcl2, Fas, Fas-L (markers for apoptotic pathways), TNF-α, MDA7, GPX1 (inflammatory and oxidative markers) and UCP 2&3 were assessed. Results revealed the enhancement of intrinsic and extrinsic cardiomyocyte apoptosis cascades and increased inflammatory and oxidative burdens on the heart in HFD rats. Downregulation of UCP2 and upregulation of UCP3 gene expression at 6 months. After vitamin D3 supplementation with HFD, cardiac apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative markers were mitigated and expression of UCP3 was downregulated and UCP2 was upregulated. This work highlights the novel cardioprotective effect of vitamin D3 in the experimental model of HFD feeding through the downregulation of UCP3.

USING ANISE LEAVES (PIMPINELLA ANISUM L.) FOR IMPROVING OF PERFORMANCE NEW ZEALAND RABBITS.

Thirty-six of unsexed New Zealand rabbits (5-6 weeks old and average weight 654.64± 2.75 g were randomly distributed into 4 groups (9 each, in 3 replicates. Experimental rabbits were fed on a basal diet containing anise leaves (Pimpinella anisum L.) by levels 0, 2, 4 and 6% to the experimental animal groups. All the experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). The feeding trail extending to 56 days. The diets containing different levels of anise leaves (D2, D3 and D4%) were the highest (P<0.05) significantly of DM, OM and CP% digestibility, the highest values digestibility was recorded with diet (D4) by 19.29, 25.42 and 19.81%, followed by diet (D3) by11.50, 7.79 and14.07 %, finally diet (D2) by 10.35, 4.11 and 15.16% compared with control diet (D1) which values 64.90, 64.74 and 67.14%, respectively. Whereas, EE did not differ significantly among the experimental diets. Otherwise, anise leave 2% in diet D2 decreased (P<0.05) CF digestibility by 6.51%, but the diet (D3) was significant increased by 82.70%, the highest values were recorded with D4 by 214.32%. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and NDF-cell soluble% tend to be higher in diet D4, followed by D3 compared to the control. Nutritive values TDN, DCP and DE were significant increased with diet D4 by 16.42%, 25.88% and 21.64(kcal/ kg DM), followed by D2 by14.04%, 15.35% and 10.62(kcal/ kg DM), while the lowest nutritive values recorded with diet D3 by 20.19% ,16.42% and 13.21(kcal/ kg DM), respectively. Blood plasma constituents of the dietary rations as not significantly affected by anise leaves. Plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, lipids (total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, Triglycerides), kidney function (urea, creatinine) and liver function alkaline phosphatase, AST and ALT).The inclusion of anise leaves in rabbits’ diets significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the body weight and the body weight gain as compared to the control diet. Rabbits fed diet containing (6%) D4 anise leaves showed significantly (P<0.05) enhancing in the final body weight, average daily gain and total feed intake and the best decrease of FCR and economic efficiency compared to control D1. No significant differences were observed in total giblet, lung and kidney among the experimental groups. The testes percent showed significant increase due to feeding diet containing anise leaves which may be due to anise phytoestrogens effect. Costing of one kg feed, (LE) was decreased by inclusion anise leaves in test diet compared to control diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can used anise leaves (Pimpinella anisum L.) in rabbit diets up to 6% to improve nutritive and feeding values, growth parameters as well as realized the highest value of feed efficiency and relative economic efficiency.

Dietary Effects of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus) on Egg and Milt Quality of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Broodstocks (Burchell, 1822)

The dietary effect Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) seed powder was examined on the egg and milt quality of African catfish broodstock.45 Female catfish broodstock of average body weight, 475 ± 25.00g and male catfish broodstock of average body weight, 487.09±13.57 g. Five diets with crude protein of 40% were formulated with different inclusion levels of Cyperus esculentus seed powder; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g per 100 g of experimental diet (D1, D2 ,D3, D4 and D5). The experiment was carried out for 70 days and fish fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Fish fed experimental diets showed significantly improved growth performance and reproductive indices over the control treatment. Fish fed D3 had the highest weight gain (173.6±10.98) in female catfish while D5 had highest weight gain (215.17±11.62) in male catfish. Fish fed with D4 had the highest percentage fertilization (93.00±3.05) and percentage hatchability (85.00±2.64) in female catfish while in male catfish the highest percentage fertilization (94.00±1.29) and hatchability (79.17±10.09) was from D5. Percentage survival and gonadosomatic index was higher in fish fed D5 in both female and male catfish. Histology of fish fed with Cyperus esculentus diets revealed oocytes formation within the ovaries. Ovary of fish fed D1 showed primary oocytes, with primary yolk accumulation in the ovary of fish fed D2 and there were improvement in the oocytes. Fish fed D3, D4 and D5 showed more matured oocytes and ripe yolk of late maturing stage. There was reduced seminiferous tubular lumen and scanty spermatozoa in D1 and D2 and there was high spermatozoa density in the seminiferous lumen seen in the testicular histology of fish fed diets D3, D4 and D5. This result revealed that dietary inclusion of Cyperus esculentus seed powder enhance growth and improves fertility in Clarias gariepinus which will improve the quantitiy of its seed production.

Dietary profile of n‐3 series LC‐PUFAs in rainbow trout under regular stripping condition: Semen production and quality, hepato‐somatic index, haemato‐immunologic values, oxidative stress and fatty acid composition of liver, muscle and semen

In this study, the semen production and quality, hepato-somatic index, haemato-immunologic values, oxidative stress and the fatty acid contents in liver, muscle and semen of rainbow trout fed diets supplemented n-3 series long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) under regular stripping condition were investigated. For this aim, three diets (Control, D1 and D2) were prepared. These diets were contained n-3 LC-PUFAs (as a percentage of dietary total fatty acid) at 3.14%, 7.84% and 13.63% respectively. Experimental fish were fed with the control and test diets. The highest hepato-somatic index, spermatologic (semen pH and volume, sperm motility and density), haematologic (haematocrit value, haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, corpuscular volume, haemoglobin and its concentration in corpuscular), immunologic (nitroblue tetrazolium activity, leucocyte count, phagocytic index, protein and immunoglobulin [IgM] in total plasma) and antioxidants (reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) values were found in fish fed the D2, D1 and control diets respectively (p < 0.01). Increase in the dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs was not significantly (p > 0.01) increased the oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) in fish. The results indicated that the n-3 LC-PUFAs at 13.63% level of total fatty acid in the diet could increase the semen production and quality, hepato-somatic index, haematologic and immunologic values, and the n-3 LC-PUFA contents in liver, muscle and semen of rainbow trout broodstock under regular stripping condition.

The effect of replacement of fish meal with Amino Acids and Optimized Protein Levels in the diet of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.

This study was conducted to determine an appropriate replacement of fishmeal with amino acids (AAs) and optimized protein levels in practical diets for Oreochromis niloticus with mean initial body weight 12.52±0.63g. Six experimental and a control diet (total 7 diets) divided into two groups, and a control diet (D1) containing 32% protein. The first group contained three diets that included different dietary protein levels, viz. 20 (D2), 25 (D3), and 30% (D4) with AAs when replacing fishmeal by plant protein sources. In the second group, the diets were contained 20 (D5), 25 (D6), and 30% (D7) without AAs. The best growth performance was achieved in fish fed with diet D1. Total feed intake was increased with an increase in dietary protein level with AAs. The specific growth rate showed a similar pattern with a significant difference between control, D4 and D7 compared to other groups. The feed conversion ratio decreased when protein levels in the diets increased. The protein efficiency ratio showed a similar performance, with a slight increase between the control diet and diets with AAs. However, insignificant differences (P>0.05) were observed between diets with and without AAs. An economic evaluation indicated that inclusion of low fishmeal in tilapia diets reduced the price/kg of diets compared to control.

Dietary dl-methionyl-dl-methionine supplementation increased growth performance, antioxidant ability, the content of essential amino acids and improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

AbstractThe dipeptide dl-methionyl-dl-methionine (Met-Met) has extremely low water solubility and better absorption than other methionine sources (such as dl-methionine and l-methionine) available in the market. Therefore, six diets (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) containing 0, 0·07, 0·15, 0·21, 0·28 and 0·38 % Met-Met were formulated to investigate the effects of Met-Met in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (17 g initial body weight). The results indicated that percentage weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed with D2 and D3 diets were higher than those fed with D1, D4–D6 diets. The levels of total essential amino acid in whole body of fish fed with D3 and D4 diets were significantly higher than those fed the D1 diet. Superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content have no significant difference in fish fed the diet with or without Met-Met supplementation. Majority of reads derived from the fish intestine belonged to members of Fusobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Diversity of intestinal microbiota and total antioxidant capacity in fish fed with D3 diet was significantly higher than that of other groups. Based on the growth results, the authors conclude that the optimal level of Met is 0·61 % Met with the addition of 0·15 % Met-Met for grower-phase O. niloticus.

Knowledge of middle-aged women regarding the prevention of osteoporosis

Women constitute the most important segment of our population. Most of the middle-aged women are affected with Osteoporosis which is one of the most prevalent bone diseases in the world. The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge of middle aged women regarding the prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects 55% aged 50 and above of this approximately 80 % are women one in three women and one in twelve men over the age of 50 years worldwide are estimated to have osteoporosis. Primary prevention of osteoporosis is the first and most important one especially among the middle-aged women, as they are going to attain menopause soon. As a part of primary prevention they should follow a balanced diet, calcium and vitamin D3 supplements, physical activity, prevents falls, hormone replacement therapy. Calcium and vitamin D exert a positive effect on a muscular tissue which helps in building up the mass and strength of muscles thereby promotes osteoporosis prevention. By using non experimental univarient descriptive design 60 women who met inclusion criteria were selected with convenient sampling technique. Out of 60 sample 23 (38%) had very good knowledge, twenty one had (35%) had average knowledge, nine (15%) had excellent knowledge, seven (12%) of them had good knowledge and none of them had poor knowledge. As a middle aged women attains menopause it is necessary to boost their knowledge regarding osteoporosis, where the main study focused to assess the knowledge of middle aged women on osteoporosis.

Fatty acid, fat‐soluble vitamin and sterol contents in testis and semen, testis‐somatic index and spermatologic values of broodstock rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fed with different levels of omega‐3 fatty acids under regular stripping conditions

In this study, the testis and semen fatty acid, fat-soluble vitamin and sterol levels, testis-somatic index and spermatological values were investigated in the broodstock rainbow trout fed with the different levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) under the regular stripping conditions. For this purpose, a control and three test diets were prepared. The control, D1, D2 and D3 diets were contained the omega-3 PUFA at 3.14%, 7.84%, 13.63% and 20.54% as a percentage of the total fatty acids respectively. The fish in the experimental groups were fed with these diets for 60 days. The testis-somatic index (3.81–4.50), semen volume (9.30–18.5 ml) and pH (8.05–8.99), initial sperm motility (68.1%–93.7%), duration of 50% sperm motility (141.3–258.9 s), total duration of sperm motility (268.7–489.6 s) and sperm density (9.95–17.5 cells × 109 ml−1) values of the fish fed the control diet were significantly decrease (p < 0.05) depending on decline of the omega-3 PUFA, fat-soluble vitamin and sterol contents in the testis and semen. The omega-3 PUFA (3.40%–14.76% and 3.96%–16.31%), vitamin A (33.9–61.2 ml/mg and 9.12–26.7 ml/mg), D2 (0.10–0.19 ml/mg and 0.04–0.10 ml/mg), D3 (0.75–1.30 ml/mg and 0.06–0.24 ml/mg), alpha-tocopherol (30.1–60.4 ml/mg and 8.93–25.3 ml/mg), K1 (0.30–0.94 ml/mg and 0.03–0.08 ml/mg) and K2 (2.0–3.19 ml/mg and 0.25–0.34 ml/mg) vitamins, cholesterol (1,201–1,588 ml/mg and 330–596 ml/mg), ergosterol (3.12–6.40 ml/mg and 2.10–4.08 ml/mg), stigmasterol (5.57–10.4 ml/mg and 10.2–12.6 ml/mg) and beta-sitosterol (0.20–0.60 ml/mg and 0.14–0.41 ml/mg) contents in the testis and semen of the fish were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the dietary omega-3 PUFA supplementation. The highest values for these parameters were provided from the fish fed the D2 and D3 diets (p > 0.05), followed by the fish fed the D1 diet (p < 0.05). These results showed that the dietary omega-3 PUFA at 13.63% of the total fatty acids could increase the omega-3 PUFA, fat-soluble vitamin and sterol contents in the testis and semen, the testis-somatic index and spermatologic values of the broodstock rainbow trout under the regular stripping conditions.

Influence of technological processing on lipid-lowering activity of substances containing in porcine hearts and aortas

Edible by-products are a good source of nutrients and bioactive substances and could be used as functional ingredients or for biopeptides production natively contained in raw materials. A wide range of peptides are also formed during the enzymatic hydrolysis or food processing. The comparative results of the effectiveness of isolated certain protein and peptide fractions by ultrafiltration with the same natively presented in raw tissues, as well as the influence of heat treatment on biological activity of origin active substances are presented. The model of rat alimentary hyperlipidemia was developed by adding cholesterol and fat to the standard diet and vitamin D2 injection per os. Serum lipid profile was determined on automatic analyzer BioChem FC-360. Dynamic of changes in serum lipid profile was assessed as corresponding control group medium results in ratio to certain rat data. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) was performed according to the method of O’Farrell with isoelectric focusing in ampholine pH gradient (IEF-PAGE) with following identification by MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS mass spectrometry. Consumption of native pig aorta and pig heart during 14th days led to normalization of lipid profile in serum of hyperlipidemic rats, while low molecular weight (LMUF, MW &lt;5 kDa) and medium molecular weight (MMUF, MW = 5 – 30 kDa) ultrafiltrates of pig aorta extract did not strongly influenced on level of triglicerides and, on contrary, elevated high density cholesterol. Consumption of developed product by hyperlipidemic rats during 28th days did not lead to significant changes in serum lipid profile, while on 42nd day all ratios reached ones in group, which were treated with native raw material or isolated active fractions. The stability of developed product was confirmed by proteomic studies. Obtained results open prospects to modernization the technology, presumably use as a matrix dietary meat (e.g. poultry) with incorporated active identified components.

Achyranthes aspera (Prickly chaff flower) leaves- and seeds-supplemented diets regulate growth, innate immunity, and oxidative stress in Aeromonas hydrophila-challenged Labeo rohita

ABSTRACT The immunostimulatory and disease-resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera were evaluated in rohu (Labeo rohita) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental diets were enriched with leaves at 0.25% (D1) and 0.5% (D2) and seeds at 0.5% (D3); the control diet (D4) was without any enrichment. Rohu (2.02 ± 0.23 g) were cultured for 75 days and then challenged with bacteria. The highest average weight was observed in the D3 diet-fed fish. The cumulative mortality rates were 70%, 60%, 40%, and 30% in the D4, D1, D2, and D3 diets fed to rohu respectively. Enriched diets significantly increased myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and serum lysozyme levels and decreased malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein content. Expressions of lysozyme C and lysozyme G were significantly (P < .05) higher in the D3 diet-fed fish. In the kidney, IL-1β and TLR 4 were up-regulated in enriched-diet-fed fish. Supplementation of seeds and leaves at 0.5% showed a positive impact in fish.

Nutritional evaluation of a short-horned grasshopper\u201a Oxya hyla hyla (Serville) meal as a substitute of fishmeal in the compound diets of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

BackgroundAqua feed demand is rising with the growth of intensive aquaculture. Fishmeal is the major conventional protein source of fish feed but its production cannot be increased due to resource limitation. Thus, suitable fishmeal (FM) substitute is a need to sustain the growth of aquaculture. Use of edible insects in animal and fish feed is gaining interest. Grasshoppers are edible insect and contain considerably high percentage of crude proteins and other nutrients. In the present study, the nutritional efficiency of Oxya hyla hyla meal as replacer of FM was evaluated by feeding Labeo rohita fingerlings with seven iso-nitrogenous compounded diets (33% crude protein) where FM was substituted by Oxya meal (OM) at 0%, 17%, 33%, 50%, 67%, 83% and 100% levels in diet 1 (D1) to diet 7 (D7) respectively. Feeding trail was continued for 100 days.ResultsFeeding experiments showed that OM-incorporated diets were acceptable to the fish and feeding on the diets they grew significantly after 100 days feeding trial in wet weight and length. Results revealed that up to 50% replacement of FM (up to diet 4) did not affect the growth performances, condition factor of fish, apparent protein digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) with respect to reference diet (D1, without OM). FCR and PER were found inferior in the diets D5, D6 and D7 where more than 50% FM was replaced. Moreover, diets regardless of FM replacement level showed no negative impact on hepato-somatic index, digesto-somatic index, relative length of gut, retention of protein, lipid and ash and on carcass compositions of the fish.ConclusionThe results revealed that the grasshopper species, O. hyla hyla, might be a new protein-rich ingredient for aqua feed formulation and up to 50% replacement of FM by OM did not affect the growth performances, feed utilisation parameters and flesh quality of the fish L. rohita fingerlings. Therefore, this study suggested that OM meal could be incorporated at least as partial substitute of FM in the compounded carp diet.

Compounding effect of vitamin D3 diet, supplementation, and alcohol exposure on macrophage response to mycobacterium infection

Vitamin D3 is known to be a key component in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection through the regulation of cytokine and effector molecules. Conversely, alcohol exposure has been recognized as an immune dysregulator. Macrophages were extracted from D3 deficient and sufficient diet mice and supplemented with D3 or exposed to ethanol during ex vivo infection using M. bovis BCG, as a surrogate for Mtb. Results of our study indicate that while exogenous supplementation or alcohol exposure did alter immune response, in vivo diet was the greatest determinant of cytokine and effector molecule production. Alcohol exposure was found to profoundly dysregulate primary murine macrophages, with ethanol-exposed cells generally characterized as hyper- or hyporesponsive. Exogenous D3 supplementation had a normative effect for diet deficient host, however supplementation was not sufficient to compensate for the effects of diet deficiency. Vitamin D3 sufficient diet resulted in reduced cell cytotoxicity for the majority of time points. Results provide insight into the ramifications of both the individual and combined health risks of D3 deficiency or alcohol exposure. Given the clinical relevance of D3 deficiency and alcohol use comorbidities, outcomes of this study have implications in therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tuberculosis disease.