D-optimal Mixture Design Research Articles

A novel approach for developing a green Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with advanced particles packing meso-structure

This paper presents a new approach for designing a green Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with advanced particles packing meso-structure. To achieve this goal, two mathematical models based on D-Optimal Mixture Design (DOMD) and Genetic Algorithm based Artificial Neural Network (GA-ANN) are firstly established. After detailed comparison, it is demonstrated that the GA-ANN has higher accuracy and practicability compared to DOMD. To experimentally verify that the GA-ANN approach is suitable to be utilized in producing green UHPC, some UHPC specimens are developed based on this model, and their properties (workability, mechanical properties, pore structures and ecological characteristics) are investigated. The obtained experimental results show that the optimized UHPC has higher wet packing density and lower porosity, leading to excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, based on economic and environmental evaluation, the newly developed UHPC exhibits lower cost and environmental impact, something that makes it a sustainable construction product.

Formulation of parenteral nutrition based on argan oil nanocapsule system using d-optimal mixture design

In parenteral nutrition, the lipid emulsions are usually presented separately from other components. The admixture is made just before or during administration because of limited stability. The purpose of the present study is the formulation of lipid nanocapsules (LNC) based on Argan-oil and their introduction into preparations for parenteral nutrition, then the evaluation of their stability. The lipid nanocapsules have been prepared according to the phase inversion temperature method. The experimental design was used to determine the feasibility of LNC with Argan oil (A.O.-LNC), the evaluation of their size and the stability in the final mixing parenteral nutrition. The average size of the LNC was chosen as a response. The LNC based on 14% Argan oil, 6% Labrafac ®, 55% water and 25% of Solutol ® with an average size of 44 nm was selected for the preparation of the parenteral nutrition. The particle size distribution with a value of 70 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.102 indicates the homogeneity of the populations of particles. The statistical analysis shows the excellent stability of parenteral nutrition for 14 days.

Optimization of athletic pasta formulation by D-optimal mixture design.

The aim of this study was to produce an athletic pasta by the addition of various sources of protein. For this purpose, D‐optimal mixture design used for optimization of formulation of athletic pasta and protein with considering the hardness as main parameter. Various properties of the optimized formulation were evaluated. The optimal formulation contained 45.41% of semolina, 24% of pea protein isolate (PPI), 18% of oat flour (OF), 5% of soy protein isolate (SPI), 5% whey protein isolate (WPI), and 2% of gluten (G). In optimized formulation, the protein content increased by more than 2.9 times compared to control with the hardness in the range (569 g). Hardness, optimal cooking time, and cooking loss of products increased as the level of protein increased. The optimal formulation had a higher sensory acceptance than the control, which is probably related to color changes. Due to the amount and biological value of the proteins used and the high acceptance obtained, this formulation can be suggested for athletes. The obtained results indicated that production of athletic pasta with high biological value by using mixture of SPI, PPI, WPI, OF, and G is possible.

Intranasal lipid nanocapsules for systemic delivery of nimodipine into the brain: In vitro optimization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study.

Nimodipine (NM) is FDA-approved drug for treating subarachnoid haemorrhage induced vasospasm. Intravenous (IV) administration, the most common route of NM, causes several side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias and inflammation at site of administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of intranasal (IN) lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) for effective delivery of NM into the brain. NM LNCs were prepared by solvent free phase inversion temperature technique using D-Optimal mixture design studying the effects of three formulation variables on the properties of the prepared LNCs. The prepared particles were evaluated for particle size, drug payload, PDI, Zeta potential and in-vitro drug release. The optimized NM loaded LNC showed particle size of 35.94±0.14nm and PDI of 0.146±0.045. The in-vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour of IN NM loaded LNC in blood and brain was compared with NM-solution after IV administration in rats. Results show that IN NM loaded LNC was capable to deliver the same amount of NM at brain tissue with lower drug levels in blood compared with IV administration of the NM solution which is greatly beneficial to minimize the cardiovascular side effects of NM. Contrary to most IN nanocarriers, systemic pathway rather than olfactory pathway plays the major role in brain delivery following IN administration of LNCs. The appropriate brain delivery with lower blood levels and slow elimination propose that intranasal LNCs could provide effective systemic delivery of NM into brain with lower frequency of administration and minimal side effects.

Sucrose substitution by polyols for the production of shelf stable macaroon: attribution of their molecular weight and synergy

This study evaluates the feasibility of sucrose replacement by erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol and maltitol to double the shelf stability of cookies with insight into the molecular weight impact. These sucrose-rich products have difficulty to retain softness beyond a week if they are not protected in the package and are devoid of flour in their formula (eg; coconut macaroon in this study). Sucrose was substituted completely or partially with polyols to examine the impact of molecular weight on physicochemical properties of samples within 6 days. D-optimal mixture design was applied to determine optimum formula and synergistic effect of the mixed polyols. Fitted model for responses on day 6 indicated the highest coefficient factor of lower molecular weight polyols (LMWP), mainly xylitol, on moisture content, water activity and color lightness with negative synergistic effect when it was combined with other polyols. Comparatively, LMWP exhibited higher enthalpy on day 1, which induced higher moisture content on day 6 and resulted in a softer product. Statistical design with the lowest hardness and water activity and highest moisture response after 6 days contained xylitol and scored highest acceptancy by sensory panelists, and presented low glycemic index.

Optimization of aerobic composting process of Camallia oleifera Seed Cake and its fertilizer efficiency

[Objective] In order to promote the development of camellia oil processing enterprises and solve the problem of waste of camellia oil enterprises, Camallia oleifera cake that tea saponin has been removed was composted to form organic fertilizer. [Method] The D-optimal mixture design method was utilized and the seed germinate rate was defined as evaluation index. The optimized formula was obtained by establishing regression equation and response surface optimization analysis based on single factor experiments. [Results] Under the condition that fermentation bacteria agent was 1% of the mixture, the best composting process was: 74.8% of remove tea saponin of Camallia oleifera cake (dry), 12.5% of pig manure (dry), 8.0% of straw and 4.7% of rice husk. Its seed germination rate predicted value was 150.56%, which was basically consistent with the measured value 151.23%; Its total nutrient content was 5.17%, which was up to organic fertilizer standard (NY525-2012). [Conclusion] The optimized formula can be used as composting process of Camallia oleifera cake, which has good repeatability, and provide scientific basis for rational utilization of Camallia oleifera cake and development of organic fertilizer.

D-optimal mixture design for the optimization of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for multielemental determination in edible vegetable oils by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry

A sample pretreatment based on an extraction process by emulsion breaking for multi-element determination in edible oils was developed. The determination of eight trace elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Cr, P, Ni, Ti, and Zn) was carried out by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) after the extraction procedure. A D-optimal mixture experimental design was used to obtain the best experimental conditions for the extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB). The proportion of HNO3 solution, Triton X-100 solution and sample was evaluated in a multivariate manner. The best recovery efficiency was obtained with 1.0 mL of 30% (v/v) HNO3, 1.0 mL of 30% (w/v) Triton-X 100 and 3.0 mL of the sample. The precisions, established as the relative standard deviation (RSD, %), were better than 2.5% for all analytes. The developed method was applied to the analysis of commercial vegetable oils with low limits of detection and good precision.

Robust Design of PC/ABS Filled with Nano Carbon Black for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Surface Resistivity

This study focuses on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), dissipation of electrostatic discharge (ESD), and surface resistivity of polymer blends between polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) filled with carbon black powder (CBp) and carbon black masterbatch (CBm). The mixtures of PC/ABS/CB composites were prepared by the injection molding for the 4-mm thickness of the specimen. The D-optimal mixture design was applied in this experiment. The EMI SE was measured at the frequency of 800 and 900 MHz with a network analyzer, MIL-STD-285. The result showed that the EMI SE was increased when the amount of filler increased. The surface resistivity of the composites was determined according to the ASTM D257. It was found that the surface resistivity of the plastic with no additives was 1012 Ω/ square. When the amount of fillers was added, the surface resistivity of plastic composites decreased to the range of 106–1011 Ω/square, which was suitable for the application without the electrostatic discharge. The optimization of multi-response showed using high amounts of PC and CB was the best mixture of this research.

Adsorptive removal of enrofloxacin with magnetic functionalized graphene oxide@ metal-organic frameworks employing D-optimal mixture design.

A novel sorbent based on a mixture of magnetic functionalized graphene oxide and MOFs was developed to remove enrofloxacin (EFX) from water samples. The prepared sorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscope images, and X-ray powder diffraction pattern. The sorbent compositions were optimized by the mixture experimental design. Under the optimal condition, the percentages of each sorbent component, including triethylene tetramine-functionalized graphene oxide (FGO), Fe3 O4 , and MOF-5, were 40%, 21%, and 39%, respectively. Besides, the intraparticle diffusion and pseudo-second-order kinetic models can describe the EFX adsorption procedure because of two adsorption mechanisms of EFX on FGO and MOF-5. A positive standard enthalpy of 49.80kJ/mol indicated the EFX adsorption is endothermic with a chemisorption process. The negative values of ΔGo obtained in the range of -8.979 to -3.431kJ/mol at all studied temperatures showed that the adsorption process was also spontaneous. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were analyzed with the partition coefficient to reduce bias in the isotherm model evaluation. The maximum adsorption capacity of 344.83mg/g and a high partition coefficient of 17.42g/L in an initial EFX concentration of 10mg/L were obtained for the EFX removal. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Magnetic functionalized graphene oxide @MOF-5 as a sorbent for the enrofloxacin removal is synthesized. The percentage amount of each component of the sorbent is optimized using the D-optimal mixture design. Adsorption mechanisms of enrofloxacin on magnetic functionalized graphene oxide @MOF-5 are discussed. Thermodynamic parameters for the enrofloxacin adsorption with the sorbents are determined. Isotherm model for the enrofloxacin removal with the sorbent is investigated.

Supersaturated LFCS type III self-emulsifying delivery systems of sorafenib tosylate with improved biopharmaceutical performance: QbD-enabled development and evaluation.

The current studies investigate the application of quality by design-enabled type III self-emulsifying delivery system (Type III-SEDDS) of sorafenib tosylate (SFN) in improving its biopharmaceutical attributes. Initially, lipidic and emulsifying excipients were selected by carrying out solubility and phase titration experiments. After screening studies using Taguchi OA design, Type III-SEDDS were further optimised using D-optimal mixture design. The prepared formulations were assessed for globule size, zeta potential and percent of drug release. Following graphical optimisation, the optimum formulation was earmarked and further supersaturated to form saturated Type III-SEDDS (Sat-Type III-SEDDS) using a combination of HPMC and PVP to improve the stability of the formulation for a prolonged period. In vitro drug release of Type III-SEDDS study indicated approximately 8-fold improvement in dissolution rate over the pure powder drug. Cell uptake studies demonstrated higher uptake of dye-loaded Type III-SEDDS formulations in Caco-2 cells vis-à-vis plain dye. Cytotoxicity assay on Hep G2 cells revealed significant reduction in cell growth with Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS vis-à-vis the pure drug. Furthermore, in situ permeation studies carried out using Wistar rats exhibited nearly 8.3- to 10.2-fold augmentation in permeation and absorption parameters of the drug from the Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, vis-à-vis the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated nearly 3.98- and 3.62-fold improvement in AUC0-72, and 8.01- and 5.42-fold in Cmax, along with 0.25-fold decrease in Tmax of the drug from Type III- and Sat-Type III-SEDDS, respectively, in comparison with the SFN suspension. Furthermore, high degree of level A linear correlation was established between fractions of drug dissolved (in vitro) and of drug absorbed (in vivo) at the corresponding time points for Sat-Type III-SEDDS and pure drug, whereas the Type III-SEDDS exhibited a nonlinear relationship. Stability studies indicated the robustness of Sat-Type III-SEDDS, when stored at 25°C for 3months. Overall, the manuscript documents the successful systematic development of SFN-loaded Sat-Type III-SEDDS with distinctly improved biopharmaceutical performance. Graphical abstract.

Optimization of antibacterial and mechanical properties of an active LDPE/starch/nanoclay nanocomposite film incorporated with date palm seed extract using D-optimal mixture design approach

A novel active LDPE/TPS nanocomposite films containing date palm seed extracts (Kabkab variety) were developed using D-optimal mixture design. 20 different blends of components including LDPE, TPS, Cloisite 20A, PE-g-MA, EDTA and date palm seed extract in different proportions were prepared. Using trace and counter plots the effects of each component on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of the composites were studied. The results showed that the films containing a mixture of date seed extract and EDTA had notable antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus; however, these components weakened the mechanical properties of the prepared films. At the same time Cloisite 20A nanoparticles strengthened the films mechanical properties.The optimized formulation for the overall best antibacterial and mechanical properties was 67.5 wt% for LDPE, 4.1 wt% for date seed extract, 2.8 wt% for Cloisite 20A and 2.5 wt% for EDTA. The studied properties of the manufactured film samples were close to the values predicted by the model.

A highly sensitive ion selective electrochemical sensor amplified with ionic liquid for determination of lanthanum ion in real water samples

ABSTRACT Lanthanum(La) has been utilised in various industries and entered water samples through the discharge of industrial wastewater. Exposure to La (III) ion can damage some human organisms, such as the nervous system and lungs, and increase the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, the measurement of lanthanum in water samples is very important to control its adverse effects. In this study, a new and cheap potentiometric sensor was developed to determine La(III) ion in real water samples. A carbon paste electrode (CPEs) as an indicator electrode was prepared using graphite powder, commercial ionic liquids as a binder, graphene oxide and a synthetic ligand as an ionophore. The complex reaction between the 2-((2-(5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)methyl)phenol Schiff base and La(III) ion has been explored by employing the density functional theory (DFT). The results of the theoretical were shown the complex formation La(III) is thermodynamically favourable and confirmed the obtained experimental results. The percentage of components present in La(III) ion electrode was optimised by an experimental design based on D-optimal mixture design, which reduces the cost and time of the electrode optimisation process. A Nernstian behaviour was observed by the electrode in a concentration range from 7.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−1 M to measure La(III) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9832. Also, a low LODs (5.16 × 10−8) and RSDs (2.05%) were obtained with the sensor. Application of the sensor for the real samples was indicated the La(III) sensor can be well utilised for the analyte determination with a suitable recovery (≥97.4).

Development, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of a new tablet formulation based on Cassia grandis fruit extract

The treatment of Diabetes mellitus (DM) involves drugs for controlling the blood glucose level, and for treating concomitant disorders such as obesity. Based on the potent antioxidant activity, the α-glycosidase and lipase inhibitory effect, and the potent hypoglycemic effect of the fruit extract of Cassia grandis Lf (CgE), in this work it was developed a novel tablet formulation (CgET) using CgE as the active ingredient. The excipients proportion was optimized by using a D-optimal mixture design. The effect of the compaction force (10, 13, 16, 19, and 22 kN) on the technological properties of tablets was evaluated. The optimized granules formulation was compressed at 16 kN, for producing tablets with excellent technological properties. Tablets showed a potent antioxidant effect (IC50 = 1.45 μg/mL), and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 34.96 μg/mL) more potent than Acarbose (IC50 = 63.25 μg/mL). Tablets exhibited a strong antiglycant effect by the oxidative (IC50 = 22.45 ± 1.80 μg/mL) and non-oxidative (IC50 = 25.49 ± 1.80 μg/mL) pathways, and produced (at 100 mg/kg) a hypoglycemic effect statistically equal to glibenclamide (25 mg/kg). CgET did not show oral acute toxicity (LC50 > 2000 mg/kg), framed as a non-toxic products. Fruits of the Cassia grandis L f, an underutilized species from the Cuban’ eastern region; allow developing a novel tablet formulation that could be used for the treatment of diabetic patients.

Development and Optimization of Stereoselective Liquid Chromatographic Method for Chiral Separation of (±)-cetirizine and Enantiopurity Assessment of R-levocetirizine

R-levocetirizine, the racemic switch of (±)-cetirizine, is a potent H1-receptor antagonist. R-levocetirizine is currently marketed as oral dosage forms used to prevent and treat allergic conditions. In the present study, a stereoselective HPLC method was developed and optimized for the determination of cetirizine enantiomers in bulk and formulations by employing a chemometric tool. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Chiralpak AS-3R analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 3 µm). D-optimal mixture design was employed to study the effect of solvent composition, viz. acetonitrile (75–85%, v/v), MeOH (5–15%, v/v) and water (5–15%, v/v), by keeping other factors constant, such as mobile phase additives, flow rate (1.0 mL/min) and wavelength (235 nm) on output responses: retention factor and resolution of S- and R-enantiomers and analysis time. The mobile phase system comprising of acetonitrile−methanol−water−acetic acid−diethylamine (85 : 10 : 5 : 0.1 : 0.1, v/v) was selected as optimal by a graphical optimization trade-off technique. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the quantitation of cetirizine enantiomers in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The present study resulted in a fast and efficient liquid chromatographic method for the enantiopurity assessment of R-levocetirizine in real samples.

Dairy dessert processing: Effect of sugar substitution by date syrup and powder on its quality characteristics

Second-grade dates can be valorized by its uses in the production of nutritive foods with health benefits. Date syrup (DS), date powder (DP), and their different concentrations, using D-optimal mixture design, were used for the formulation of dairy desserts: syrup dairy dessert (SDD) and mixture dairy dessert (MDD). The optimized mixture proportions of the best dairy dessert formulation, containing date syrup (14%) and powder (2%) as a sugar substitute (0%), were determined to achieve the desired sensory for the effective formulation process. Significant differences in water, protein, fat, and sugar contents were found between SDD, MDD, and commercial dairy dessert (CDD) used as standard, respectively. SDD exhibited the highest total phenolic content (0.65 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g), DPPH inhibition (4.00 ± 0.82%), and reducing power (2.75 ± 0.10%) followed by MDD and CDD. The absence of germs indicated a high microbiological quality of dairy desserts. Rheological measurements revealed that all samples exhibited a weak gel structure and shear thinning behavior. Desserts supplemented with dates led to desserts with an homogeneous structure. Practical applications The evolution of technological processes, conservation techniques, and distribution has led to the development of a wide range of “milks for consumption”. The success of these fresh dairy desserts is explained by their beneficial effect on health and organoleptic properties that are appreciated by the consumers. The most delicate in the production of dairy dessert is the development of a “formulation” with the choice of ingredients, and their respective proportion; the amount of sugar, aroma, taste, and color. Phoenix dactylifera L. have a vital therapeutic properties, it represents an inexhaustible source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. So the objective of the present study is to formulate new dairy desserts with date syrup and powder (by-products from common date fruits) as a sweetener-ingredient in order to substitute sugars.

Optimization of Brinzolamide Loaded Microemulsion using Formulation by Design Approach: Characterization and <l>In-vitro</i> Evaluation

Background: The clinical application of Brinzolamide, a drug used in the treatment of glaucoma is limited due its poor aqueous solubility. Microemulsion based ocular delivery can be an effective means to improve its solubility and in turn the bioavailability. Objective: The main objective of the present work was optimization and characterization of Brinzolamide loaded microemulsion for the treatment of glaucoma. Method: The solubility of Brinzolamide in various oils and surfactants was checked in order to identify components of microemulsion. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram using Prosim software was plotted to identify microemulsion existence area. D-optimal mixture design was used for optimization of microemulsion. The optimized formulation consisted of Isopropyl myristate, Tween-80 and Transcutol-P as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively, and water. The chosen critical responses were droplet size, zeta potential, nepheloturbidimetric unit, and viscosity. Results: The selected optimal composition shows favorable features, such as droplet size (41.69 nm), Zeta potential (-9.496 mV), Viscosity (170.8 cps), Transparency (1.483 NTU) and pH (7.646) that are suitable for ocular delivery. Moreover, a prolonged drug release (78.08 % within 7 hour) was found in in-vitro experiments. By and large the formulation was found to be safe and nonirritant as proven by the ocular irritation study. Conclusion: Our study illustrated potential of Brinzolamide loaded microemulsion for ocular delivery for the treatment of glaucoma.

Performance and optimization of castor beans-based bio-asphalt and European rock-asphalt modified asphalt binder

This study aims at investigating the composite modification effect of castor beans-based bio-asphalt and European rock asphalt on the properties of asphalt binders and optimizing the blending ratio of composite modified asphalt for specific properties by D-optimal mixture design (DMD). Penetration, softening point, ductility, rotary viscosity and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests results revealed the addition of rock asphalt could compensate the adverse effect of bio-asphalt on the high-temperature performance of asphalt, and bio-asphalt could promote the swelling of rock asphalt by increasing complex modulus (G*) and decreased phase angle (δ). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated that there no true chemical reaction occurred between bio-asphalt, rock asphalt and base asphalt. Additive bio-asphalt could effectively reduce the cost of asphalt binders. The optimal blending ratio of alternative AH-70 and AH-50 asphalt is obtained aiming at the requirement of penetration, softening point, ductility and viscosity by DMD: for AH-70, the optimal replacement ratio is 2.9% bio-asphalt, 16.7% rock asphalt, and 80.4% base asphalt; the optimal replacement ratio of AH-50 is 7.9% bio-asphalt, 6.3% rock asphalt, and 85.8% base asphalt. The application of DMD made the analysis of experimental data more intuitive and helped in composition optimization of bio-asphalt and rock-asphalt composite modified asphalt which meets specific properties, which provides a reference for the selection of other composite modified asphalt.

Design and optimization of candesartan loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving its dissolution rate and pharmacodynamic potential

During the last decades, much attention has been focused on SNEDDS approach to resolve concerns of BCS II class drugs with accentuation on upgrading the solubility and bioavailability. The present hypothesis confirms the theory that SNEDDS can reduce the impact of food on Candesartan solubilization, thereby offering the potential for improved oral delivery without co-administration with meals. The present studies describe quality-by-design-based development and characterization of Candesartan loaded SNEDDS for improving its pharmacodynamic potential. D-optimal mixture design was used for systematic optimization of SNEDDS, which showed globule size of 13.91 nm, more rapid drug release rate of >90% in 30 min and 16 s for self-emulsification. The optimized formulations were extensively evaluated, where an in vitro drug release study indicated up to 1.99- and 1.10-fold enhancement in dissolution rate from SNEDDS over pure drug and marketed tablet. In vivo pharmacodynamic investigation also showed superior antihypertensive potential of SNEDDS in normalizing serum lipid levels as compared to pure drug and marketed tablet that was executed on male Wistar rats. Overall, this paper reports successful systematic development of candesartan-loaded SNEDDS with distinctly improved biopharmaceutical performance. This research work interpreted a major role of SNEDDS for enhancing the rate of dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.

Development of Nanoemulsion-based Hydrogel Containing Andrographolide: Physical Properties and Stability Evaluation.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Andrographolide is a compound that shows various pharmacological activities, which can be applied topically or orally. Nanoemulsion can improve drug solubility and stability, but has limitations for topical application. Incorporation of nanoemulsion into hydrogel can increase the viscosity of the system which can prolong the drug residence time. The aim of this study was to develop andrographolide nanoemulsion-based hydrogel for topical application.Method:Andrographolide nanoemulsion was prepared using Capryol 90 as the oil, Kolliphor RH 40 as the surfactant, and propylene glycol as the cosurfactant. Droplet size and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsions were evaluated using particle size analyzer. D-optimal mixture design was employed to generate the total number of runs (formulation), and obtain the optimum formulation. Fourteen formulations of nanoemulsion-based hydrogel were prepared by incorporating nanoemulsion into the hydrogel base (1:1). Carbopol was employed as the gelling agent, whereas other excipients including propylene glycol, oleic acid, triethanolamine, methylparaben, and propylparaben were also added to produce hydrogel base. Nanoemulsion-based hydrogel was evaluated for its pH, viscosity, and physical appearance (after 8 weeks of storage).Results:The result revealed that nanoemulsion-based hydrogel containing 34.65% of carbopol, 1.35% of triethanolamine, and 9% of propylene glycol was selected as an optimum formulation which shows acceptable pH, viscosity, and physical appearance. This optimum nanoemulsion-based hydrogel has pH of 6.50 ± 0.02, and 2492.33 ± 36.91 cP of viscosity with milky white color, and smooth homogeneous texture.Conclusion:This study suggested that andrographolide can be successfully formulated into an acceptable nanoemulsion-based hydrogel.

Optimization of blending ratios of wheat-maize-sprouted mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) composite flour bread using D-optimal mixture design

A D-optimal mixture design was used to study the effects of blending ratio of wheat, sprouted mungbean, and maize flour on functional properties of composite flour and physico-chemical properties a...