Cytomorphological Changes Research Articles

Changes in the immunobiological reactivity of the organism of cows in the pathogenesis of mastitis

Immunobiological aspects of the pathogenesis of mastitis of cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white breed are considered in the article. Based on the relevance of the topic, the aim of our work was to study the functional state of nonspecific immunobiological resistance and the specific immunobiological reactivity of the cows' organism during the development of mastitis. The features of the manifestation of immune reactions in the organism of animals in the development of subclinical and purulent-catarrhal mastitis have been studied. Clinical and experimental studies were conducted in Ukrainian farms (Khmelnytsky and Vinnytsia region). Laboratory studies were carried out in the specialized laboratory of immunology of animal reproduction of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Podilsky State Agrarian and Technical University (Ukraine). Three groups of animals were formed to conduct clinical and experimental studies. As a result, it was found that subclinical mastitis of cows is accompanied by a change in the immunobiological reactivity. Purulent-catarrhal mastitis in cows was manifested by significant changes in the parameters of nonspecific immunological reactivity. The pathological process was accompanied by a sharp decrease in bactericidal activity of blood serum (P < 0.01), as well as by suppression of phagocytic reactivity of immunocompetent blood cells. In parallel with this, there was an increase in lysozyme activity of blood serum (P < 0.01), which was associated with active degranulation and neutrophil lysis. Obviously, microphages actively migrate to the zone of the pathological process and exhibit active phagocytosis, which was accompanied by partial excretion of cytoplasmic lysozyme. In the peripheral blood of cows with subclinical mastitis, the number of reactive microphages increased sharply (P < 0.001). Simultaneously, the number of activated phagocytes with myeloperoxidase granules also increased in the peripheral blood (P < 0.01). Activation of intra-leukocyte lysozyme phagocytic cells was less intensive. Subclinical udder pathology was accompanied by an increase in the number of degranulated cells (P < 0.001), which is one of the specific properties of cytomorphological changes in programmed death (apoptosis). Subclinical inflammation of the mammary glands mastitis of cows was accompanied by a certain decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes (P < 0.001). Clinical and experimental studies have shown that subclinical and purulent-catarrhal mastitis of cows undergo significant changes in systemic immunity. In the pathophysiological model of subclinical and purulent-catarrhal mastitis, the functional state of the T-link of specific immunity was disturbed, the bactericidal activity of blood serum and phagocytosis were suppressed, which occurred against the background of changes in the cytochemical reactivity of phagocytic cells circulating immune complexes and molecules with an average molecular weigh.

Assessment of Oral Cytomorphological Changes Associated with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

Assessment of Oral Cytomorphological Changes Associated with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

Aspergillus fumigatus in A Fine Needle Aspiration of a Cavitary Lung Lesion

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be quite helpful in distinguishing malignancy from infection. Fungal elements may be detected using routine stains as in our case. The present case describes a 64-year-old male presented with chills and mild dyspnea on exertion after completing four cycles of chemotherapy for stage IIA adenocarcinoma of the lung. Use of special stains to enhance cytomorphological changes in conjunction with microbiology culture results is critical to identify the specific microorganism.

Nucleoli cytomorphology in cutaneous melanoma cells \u2013 a new prognostic approach to an old concept

BackgroundThe nucleolus is an organelle that is an ultrastructural element of the cell nucleus observed in H&E staining as a roundish body stained with eosin due to its high protein content. Changes in the nucleoli cytomorphology were one of the first histopathological characteristics of malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the cytomorphological characteristics of nucleoli and detailed clinicopathological parameters of melanoma patients. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation between cytomorphological parameters of nucleoli and immunoreactivity of selected proteins responsible for, among others, regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (SPARC, N-cadherin), cell adhesion and motility (ALCAM, ADAM-10), mitotic divisions (PLK1), cellular survival (FOXP1) and the functioning of Golgi apparatus (GOLPH3, GP73).MethodsThree characteristics of nucleoli – presence, size and number – of cancer cells were assessed in H&E-stained slides of 96 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary cutaneous melanoma tissue specimens. The results were correlated with classical clinicopathological features and patient survival. Immunohistochemical analysis of the above mentioned proteins was described in details in previous studies.ResultsHigher prevalence and size of nucleoli were associated with thicker and mitogenic tumors. All three nucleolar characteristics were related to the presence of ulceration. Moreover, microsatellitosis was strongly correlated with the presence of macronucleoli and polynucleolization (presence of two or more nucleoli). Lack of immunologic response manifested as no TILs in primary tumor was associated with high prevalence of melanoma cells with distinct nucleoli. Interestingly, in nodular melanoma a higher percentage of melanoma cells with prominent nucleoli was observed. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, increased prevalence and amount, but not size of nucleoli, were connected with shorter cancer-specific and disease-free survival.Conclusion(1) High representation of cancer cells with distinct nucleoli, greater size and number of nucleoli per cell are characteristics of aggressive phenotype of melanoma; (2) higher prevalence and size of nucleoli are potential measures of cell kinetics that are strictly correlated with high mitotic rate; and (3) high prevalence of cancer cells with distinct nucleoli and presence of melanocytes with multiple nucleoli are features associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

Self-perceived oral health status and cytomorphological changes in individuals with addictive oral habits: assessed by WHO oral health questionnaire for adults

Background: Oral diseases related to tobacco use are relatively widespread and common in the Pakistani community but epidemiological data regarding maintenance of oral hygiene and suggested treatment is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted in an under developed district (Muzaffargarh) of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate oral health status and to determine frequency of cytomorphological changes in buccal mucosa of habitual tobacco users. Methods: Oral examination of all the subjects was carried out using mouth mirrors and gauze under good illumination. Cytology samples were taken from buccal mucosa. The smears were later stained with Papanicolaou stain and microscopy was performed. All the cytological data was recorded in the respective proformas. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: When cross relations were studied among the demographics, addictive habits and cytological variables, soft drink usage was associated with epithelial atypia (p=0.05), marijuana usage was associated with inflammatory infiltrate on cytology (p=0.047) and snuff/niswar usage was associated with inflammatory atypia (p=0.048). No associations were found among the other studied variables. Conclusions: The results of cellular changes in the smears from subjects with addictive habits can be utilized as an educational and screening tool in cessation therapy. The results attained in this study proposed that tobacco addictive habits produce cellular modifications in clinically normal mucosa on exfoliation cytology.

Chitosan Nano-encapsulation Enhances Gedunin Cytotoxicity A gainst Human Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NCI-H292) Cell Line

Background: Poor pharmacokinetic profile, bioavailability, solubility and toxicity to healthy tissues hamper clinical application. Encapsulation of gedunin from the neem plant possessing anticancer potential, in chitosan nanoparticles, may overcome these issues and increase antiproliferative property. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic gelation method. Cells were exposed to gedunin (1.5625 - 50 µg/mL) and the nanoformulation (0.469 - 15 µg/mL) for 24, 48 and 72 h, with paclitaxel as the positive control. Their inhibitory activities were investigated by Sulphorhodamine B assay, coupled with microscopic visualization through a phase-contrast microscope. Results: Encapsulation efficiency of gedunin in chitosan was 98 %, with average particle size of 163.2 ± 24.28, and a zeta potential of +24.2 ± 3.75. Dose- and time-dependent cytomorphological changes resulting in cell death were observed. Nano-gedunin demonstrated much higher antiproliferative activities against NCI-H292 cells at significant levels (p < 0.05). The mean IC50 values for gedunin were approximately 26, 23, and 20 µg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. In contrast, chitosan- encapsulated gedunin recorded a 3 to 8-fold decrease (7.5, 5, and 2 µg/mL). Conclusion: The chitosan nano-delivery system enhanced the cytotoxic activity of gedunin in vitro against NCI-H292 cells and reduced cytotoxicity towards normal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). Keywords: Apoptosis, lung cancer, chitosan, nanoencapsulation, gedunin, cytotoxicity., Apoptosis, lung cancer, chitosan, nanoencapsulation, gedunin, cytotoxicity.

Preclinical Testing of an Oncolytic Parvovirus: Standard Protoparvovirus H-1PV Efficiently Induces Osteosarcoma Cell Lysis In Vitro.

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant disease of the bone. On the basis of early clinical experience in the 1960s with H-1 protoparvovirus (H-1PV) in osteosarcoma patients, this effective oncolytic virus was selected for systematic preclinical testing on various osteosarcoma cell cultures. A panel of five human osteosarcoma cell lines (CAL 72, H-OS, MG-63, SaOS-2, U-2OS) was tested. Virus oncoselectivity was confirmed by infecting non-malignant human neonatal fibroblasts and osteoblasts used as culture models of non-transformed mesenchymal cells. H-1PV was found to enter osteosarcoma cells and to induce viral DNA replication, transcription of viral genes, and translation to viral proteins. After H-1PV infection, release of infectious viral particles from osteosarcoma cells into the supernatant indicated successful viral assembly and egress. Crystal violet staining revealed progressive cytomorphological changes in all osteosarcoma cell lines. Infection of osteosarcoma cell lines with the standard H-1PV caused an arrest of the cell cycle in the G2 phase, and these lines had a limited capacity for standard H-1PV virus replication. The cytotoxicity of wild-type H-1PV virus towards osteosarcoma cells was compared in vitro with that of two variants, Del H-1PV and DM H-1PV, previously described as fitness variants displaying higher infectivity and spreading in human transformed cell lines of different origins. Surprisingly, wild-type H-1PV displayed the strongest cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in this analysis and thus seems the most promising for the next preclinical validation steps in vivo.

Can liquid-based preparation substitute for conventional smear in thyroid fine-needle aspiration? A systematic review based on meta-analysis.

ObjectiveConventional smear (CS) using fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been established as the test of choice for diagnosing thyroid lesions, despite low sample adequacy and inter-individual variations. Although a liquid-based preparation (LBP) technique has been recently applied to overcome these limitations, its clinical utility and its accuracy over CS are controversial. This study aimed to determine the true sensitivity and specificity of LBP in thyroid FNAC by meta-analysis.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched major electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Google Scholar) with queries of ‘thyroid’, ‘LBP’ and ‘liquid-based cytology’. Original articles including cytohistologic correlation data comparing the accuracy of any LBP technique, such as ThinPrep, SurePath and Liqui-Prep, with CS were included for qualitative meta-analysis and preparation of synthesized reporter-operating curves (sROC).ResultsA total of 372 studies were screened and 51 original articles were eligible for full-text review; finally, 24 studies were chosen for the meta-analysis. Average sample inadequacy was significantly lower in two mainstream LBP methods (ThinPrep and SurePath) than CS. Specificity and sensitivity by sROC were similar or slightly superior for LBP vs CS. Various cytomorphologic changes by each method have been reported.ConclusionsAlthough a learning curve is essential for adapting to the cytomorphologic features of the LBP technique, our results support the use of two mainstream LBPs alone in thyroid FNAC that LBP will increase the sample adequacy and reduce the workload with similar accuracy. More data and further evaluation are needed for the other LBP methods.

Is mobile phone radiation genotoxic? An analysis of micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal cells

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are classified as “possibly carcinogenic” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Some publications have reported associations between EMF exposure and DNA damage, but many other studies contradict such findings. Cytomorphological changes, such as micronuclei (MN), indicative of genomic damage, are biomarkers of genotoxicity. To test whether mobile phone-associated EMF exposure affects the MN frequency in exfoliated buccal cells, we obtained cells smears from the left and right inner cheeks of healthy mobile phone users, aged 18–30 (n=86), who also completed a characterization survey. MN frequencies were tested for potential confounding factors and for duration of phone use and preferential side of mobile phone use.No relationship was observed between MN frequency and duration of mobile phone use in daily calls. Cells ipsilateral to mobile phone use did not present a statistically significantly higher MN frequency, compared to cells contralateral to exposure. A highly statistically significant (p<0.0001) increase in MN frequency was found in subjects reporting regular exposure to genotoxic agents. Therefore, our results suggest that mobile phone-associated EMF do not to induce MN formation in buccal cells at the observed exposure levels.

ВИВЧЕННЯ СТАНУ СИСТЕМИ ІМУНІТЕТУ У МОБІЛІЗОВАНИХ ТА ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗА КОНТРАКТОМ ПІД ЧАС АТО, ХВОРИХ НА ГРЗ

Мета роботи – розробка способу виявлення прихованої недостатності функції системи імунітету наоснові цитоморфологічних досліджень, виявлення й визначення вмісту атипових, морфологічно змінених лімфоцитів у військовослужбовців із хворобами органів дихання.Пацієнти і методи. Наведено інформацію про цитоморфологічні зміни формених елементів крові у 84 хворих на ГРЗ військовослужбовців. Вміст лейкоцитів периферичної крові та відносний вміст елементів лейкограми периферичної крові визначали за допомогою звичайних методів. Приховану недостатність системи імунітету за показниками функціонально здатних й атипових лімфоцитів визначали за методом Ракші-Слюсаревої та співавторів, 2016.Результати. Встановлено, що у перші дні захворювання на ГРЗ у 54,5 % хворих реєструвались лімфоцити у вигляді ручки дзеркала, у 27,2 % – аберантні лімфоцити, пул молодих лімфоцитів й широкоплазмених лімфоцитів мав тенденцію до майже подвійного збільшення, у 54,5 % виявлялись плазмоциnи, їх вміст збільшувався майже вдвічі, у 72,0 % – широкоплазменіb й у 63,6 % – фестончасті лімфоцити, у 27 % – природні великі гранульовані лімфоцити, у 54,5 % – бобоподібні лімфоцити, у 27 % хворих – Ріддерівські лімфоцити, у 54,5 % – лімфоцити з ядром у вигляді сухого листка.Висновок. Отримані результати свідчили про недостатність системи імунітету у 95,3 % хворих на ГРЗ, яка у більшості в період ранньої реконвалесценції зникає

Detection of Cytomorphological Changes in Buccal Mucosal Cells of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Oral Exfoliative Cytology

AbstractBackground: Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common endocrine metabolic disorder that results in chronic hyperglycemia. It has effects on various tissues of the body. Due to this increased blood glucose levels considerable cellular changes occur in oral cavity as well. This field has attracted little research. The aim of the study was to analyze the changes in morphology and cytomorphometric measurements in the buccal mucosal cells of type 2 diabetic patients.Objectives: The Objective of this study was to detect the cytological and morphological alterations of oral epithelial cells, in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy control subjects in exfoliated cytology smears, to com-pare the cytoplasmic diameter, nuclear diameter, and nucleus: cytoplasm ratio in type 2 diabetics and heal-thy control subjects and to analyze the above mentioned cellular alterations in patients with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes.Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was performed in three groups on the bases of HbA1c levels. Group 1 was uncontrolled diabetics with HbA1C ≥ 7.0%, Gro-up 2 was well controlled diabetics with HbA1c ≤ 7.0% and Group 3 was Control healthy having HbA1C ≤ 5. 6%. Smears from normal buccal mucosa were obtai-ned from each subject and stained with Papanicolaou method. An eyepiece micrometer was used to take mean values of ND, CyD, and N: C ratio. Fifty (50) clearly defined cells were measured in each case in a step wise manner, to evade quantifying cells once more. Comparison of Nuclear Diameter (ND), Cytoplasmic Diameter (CY D) and ratio of two Diameters (N: C) among three groups was performed by using ANOVA. TUKEY’S test for post –hoc analysis was used where required.Results: The variability in diameter of nucleus among all three sample groups showed significant p-value &lt; 0.001.Whereas the measurement for cytoplasmic diameter between three groups was not significant (p-value 0.178). The ratio of nuclear diameter to cytoplasmic diameter calculated was significant (p-value &lt; 0.001). Hence it proved from the results that considerably exaggerated ND and N: C ratios were seen as the glycemic control (HbA1C) is poorer.Conclusion: The results suggested that nuclear size of buccal mucosal cells increased in type 2 diabetic pati-ents while no change was observed in cytoplasmic dimensions.

Expression Analyses of Embryogenesis-Associated Genes during Somatic Embryogenesis of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. In vitro: New Insights into the Evolution of Reproductive Organs in Land Plants.

An efficient in vitro regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis (SE) was developed for a fern species Adiantum capillus-veneris. Adventitious shoots, green globular bodies (GGBs) and calli were obtained with the maximal induction rate on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium of low concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0–1.0 mg/L), 2.0 mg/L BA without 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5–1.0 mg/L 6-BA, respectively. Cyto-morphological and histological changes in the shoot development via calli and GGBs were examined. For a better understanding of these developmental events, expression patterns of six genes, AcLBD16, AcAGL, AcBBM, AcWUS, AcRKD, and AcLEC1, were characterized during SE. AcBBM and AcLEC1 were ubiquitously expressed in direct SE (adventitious shoots and GGBs) the maximal expression of AcBBM in mature GGBs, and the high expression of AcLEC1 in GGB initiation and adventitious shoots. During the indirect SE, AcLBD16, AcLEC1, AcRKD, and AcWUS were highly expressed in mature calli. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses showed that AcWUS, AcBBM, AcLBD, AcAGL, AcRKD, and their homologs of other green plants formed monophyletic clades, respectively. Some of these gene families, however, diversified rapidly with the occurrence of embryophytes, suggesting that embryogenesis-associated genes could experience a rapid evolution with the colonization of plants to terrestrial environments. Expression and phylogenetic analyses of those embryogenesis-associated genes by the aid of in vitro regeneration system of A. capillus-veneris provide new insights into the evolution of reproductive organs in land plants.

Cytomorphological changes induced by intraperitoneal chemotherapy present important diagnostic pitfalls in peritoneal fluid cytology

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IP ChT) is an emerging modality in the treatment of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma with peritoneal disease. Cytological evaluation of peritoneal fluid specimens from patients undergoing IP ChT is important in clinical management. However, direct intraperitoneal exposure to chemotherapeutic agents induces cytomorphological changes in benign constituents of peritoneal fluid, presenting particular challenges to accurate cytological interpretation. These morphological changes have not been well characterised in the literature. We systematically reviewed the cytomorphological features in immunocytochemically-confirmed positive and negative IP ChT peritoneal fluid samples to elucidate the degree of morphological overlap between malignant and reactive cells. We reviewed 39 peritoneal fluid samples of patients treated with IP ChT, and scored specific cytomorphological parameters of both benign and malignant cells with the aid of relevant immunocytochemical interrogation. The present findings show a significant degree of morphological overlap between reactive and malignant cells. Abnormal, "exploding" mitotic figures, nuclear membrane irregularities, multi-nucleation and cytoplasmic vacuolation were commonly observed in negative fluid specimens. The most helpful feature that favoured malignant cells was the increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. A background inflammatory milieu of eosinophils and/or neutrophils was seen in 45-58% of post IP ChT peritoneal fluid specimens. The presence of pseudoparakeratotic cells, a novel observation in post IP ChT fluid specimens is also described. The extent of reactive cytomorphological anomalies arising from treatment with IP ChT poses unique diagnostic challenges and may prompt a malignant or 'atypical' diagnosis in benign reactive samples.

Differential pro-apoptotic effects of synthetic 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3288, doxorubicin and temozolomide in human glioma U251 cells.

AimTo compare various pro-apoptotic effects of synthetic 4-thiazolidinone derivative (Les-3288), doxorubicin (Dox) and temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of human glioma U251 cells to improve treatment outcomes of glioblastoma and avoid anticancer drug resistance.MethodsThe cytotoxic effects of drugs used in human glioma U251 cells were measured by cell viability and proliferation assay (MTT), Trypan blue exclusion test, and Western-blot analysis of the apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, flow cytometry study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in glioma cells was carried out. Cytomorphological changes in treated cells were monitored by fluorescent microscopy after cell staining with Hoechst 33342 and ethydium bromide.ResultsHalf-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Les-3288, Dox, and TMZ was calculated for human glioblastoma U251 cells. The rating of the values of this indicator of cellular vitality was assessed. The results of MTT assay proved the superiority of Les-3288 vs Les-3288>Dox>TMZ, which is in agreement with the results of Trypan blue testing showing Les-3288 ≈ Dox>TMZ. In general, such ranking corresponded to a scale of pro-apoptotic impairments in the morphology of glioma U251 cells and the results of Western-blot analysis of cleaved Caspase 3. Contrary to Dox, Les-3288 and TMZ did not affect significantly ROS levels in the treated cells.ConclusionThe effect of the synthetic 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3288 is realized via apoptosis mechanisms and does not involve ROS. In comparison with Dox and TMZ, it is more effective in destroying human glioblastoma U251 cells. Les-3288 compound has a potential as an anticancer drug for glioblastoma. Nevertheless, further preclinical studies of the blood-brain barrier are needed.

4-Thiazolidinone derivative Les-3833 effectively inhibits viability of human melanoma cells through activating apoptotic mechanisms

AimTo evaluate cytotoxic action of 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3833 and study the mechanisms of its pro-apoptotic action toward human melanoma cells and human tumor cell lines of other tissue origin.MethodsThe effect of Les-3833 or doxorubicin on the viability of 9 cell lines was studied using MTT assay, while human melanoma cells of WM793 line were additionally examined using light and fluorescent microscopies for evaluating cytomorphological changes. The Western-blot and flow cytometric analyses were carried out to study signaling pathways of melanoma cell cycling and death.ResultsLes-3833 was the most efficient against melanoma cells. Its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.22 μg/mL for WM793 cells and 0.3 μg/mL for SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells. For human lung A549, breast MCF-7, colon HCT116, and ovarian SKOV3 carcinoma cell lines IC50 was in between 2.5 to >5.0 μg/mL. Les-3833 was relatively not toxic (IC50 ˃ 5 μg/mL) for human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. Results of Annexin V/PI staining of melanoma cells and activation of caspase 3, PARP, MAPK, and EndoG protein suggest apoptosis in Les-3833-treated cells. Les-3833 also induced ROS production in melanoma cells and their arrest in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle.ConclusionNovel 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3833 is effective against human melanoma cells in vitro, and such effect is tumor specific since it is much less pronounced in human carcinoma and leukemia cells. In melanoma cells Les-3833 induces apoptosis (morphological changes and increased pro-apoptotic proteins), ROS production, and arrest in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle.

Lower respiratory tract viral infections: Diagnostic role of exfoliative cytology.

Viral lower respiratory tract infections (VLRTI) remain one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For many years, the diagnosis of VLRTI was based on laboratory techniques such as viral isolation in cell culture, antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay. Radiological imaging and morphology also play an important role in diagnosing these infections. Exfoliative cytology provides a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and valuable means to diagnose and manage VLRTI. Here we review viral‐associated cytomorphological changes seen in exfoliated cells of the lower respiratory tract. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:614–620. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of endometriosis.

Endometriosis commonly involves the pelvis, but may also present as a palpable mass in extrapelvic sites, such as the abdominal wall or inguinal region, where it can be evaluated by fine needle aspiration (FNA). In this report, we illustrate the findings seen in seven cases of endometriosis diagnosed by FNA in patients with a chief complaint of pain associated with an abdominal wall or pelvic mass, occurring in a setting of prior pelvic surgery. The most common previous surgery was Cesarean section (n = 6), followed by hysterectomy (n = 2), and hernia repair (n = 1). In all cases, cytologic examination revealed a glandular component composed largely of orderly fragments of cohesive epithelial cells, a spindle cell stromal component presenting either as loosely organized tissue fragments or single cells, and rare hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Four cases showed focal cytologic atypia in the glandular component with extreme nuclear atypia identified in two of these cases. Atypical features included nuclear crowding and disorganization, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia with irregular chromatin distribution and anisonucleosis, raising the possibility of a coexistent malignancy and recommendation for excision. Although malignancy was not identified in follow-up surgical excision specimens, the wide range of cytomorphologic changes that can be seen in FNA specimens of endometriosis should be recognized. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:359-363. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Study of cytodiagnosis of discharge per vaginum with specific reference to human papilloma virus and herpes simplex virus at tertiary care center, Indore

Background: Cervical cancers are the second most frequent type of female cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. Objective: The aim is to detect cytomorphological changes of HPV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) to early diagnose cervical cancer to prevent it at early stage. Materials and Methods: The study includes total 1542 patients presenting with the complaints of vaginal discharge and/or associated symptoms. Samples were taken, and prepared smear was stained with papanicolaou (PAP) stain and reporting was done according to The Bethesda system - 2014. The study was prospective study and statically analyzed. Results: Totally, 1542 PAP smears were analyzed. Out of which, normal smears 364 (23.61%), inadequate smears 58 (3.76%), inflammatory smear 1093 cases (70.88%), and epithelial cell abnormality comprises 27 cases (1.75%). Out of 27 cases, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance was the most common epithelial cell abnormality (63%). Cytomorphological features of HPV infection are seen in 2 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 2 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 5 cases of the malignant lesion while inflammatory smear suspicious of HSV comprises 2 cases (0.13%). Conclusions: The incidence of cervical cancer can be decreased if PAP smear screening is done at an early age and in the females having high-risk factors.

Cytomorphology of Conjunctival Epithelium in Ocular Surface Disorders

Introduction: To study cytomorphological changes in various ocular surface disorders and find out the sensitivity, specificity and the diagnostic accuracy of impression cytology. Materials and Methods: One hundred and ten patients (84 cases and 26 controls) were included in this study. Out of these 84 cases, 25 cases having vitamin A deficiency (VAD), 19 cases are having vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), 30 of dry eye and 10 of chemical burn. Impression cytology was performed with each patient and the results were noted. Biopsy was done in 2 patients from each group. Patients were examined for goblet cell density in the form of clumping of goblet cells and degree of squamous metaplasia in terms of loss of cell cohesion, altered cell morphology and keratinisation. Results: On impression cytology, all cases of vitamin A deficiency showed loss of goblet cells and 92% showed squamous metaplasia. In case of vernal conjunctivitis showed clumping (37%), loss of goblet cells (63%) and squamous metaplasia (64%). In dry eye group, severe reduction of goblet cells (73%) with moderate to severe grade of squamous metaplasia (88%) was seen. All cases of chemical burn showed marked reduction of goblet cells and squamous metaplasia. Control group, showed mild reduction in goblet cells (23%) and mild grade of squamous metaplasia (15%). Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of impression cytology was 89.28%, 76.92% and 86.36% respectively. Cytological findings are well correlated with histological findings. Conclusion: Impression cytology was found to be good technique for diagnosing metaplastic changes in various ocular surface disorders.

Cytomorphometric analysis and morphological assessment of oral exfoliated cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals: A comparative study.

Context:Oral exfoliative cytology is a simple, nonaggressive technique that is well accepted by patients. Therefore, it is an attractive option, which aids in the diagnosis and observation of epithelial atypias associated with oral mucosal diseases.Aims:The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the quantitative and qualitative alterations in exfoliative smears from type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals.Patients and Methods:The study includes 30 type 2 diabetics and 30 healthy persons of both sexes. PAP and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained smears were prepared from buccal mucosa (BM), tongue (T), floor of the mouth (FOM), and palate (P). Under a light microscope, 50 clearly defined unfolded epithelial cells were quantitatively evaluated for cellular area (CA), nuclear area (NA), and cellular-to-nuclear area ratio (CA:NA) and assessed for morphological features.Statistical Analysis:Collected data was manually entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.5 for analysis. Student's t-test was used at 95% confidence interval.Results:Quantitative assessment of the overall mean CA was less, mean NA was more, and mean CA:NA was less in diabetics than that in healthy persons at all the four sites. Diabetic oral cells showed qualiative cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations: cytoplasmic vacuoles, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, pyknosis, peri-nuclear halo, binucleation, nuclear vacuoles, inflammation, and microbial colonies.Conclusion:Oral cytology from type 2 diabetics is associated with detectable cytomorphological changes with alteration in size of the cell and nucleus, which is site specific, indicating epithelial cell degeneration in cytoplasm and nucleus.