Cytology Samples Research Articles

Comparison of liquid-based cytology and conventional preparations in nongynecological cytology

Abstract Introduction: The liquid-based cytology (LBC) has shown significant advantages over conventional preparation in cervical cytology. The use of LBC in aspiration and exfoliative nongynecologic cytology has been on the rise since the last few years with relatively few studies being available depicting its role in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from other sites. The study aimed to determine the diagnostic efficacy of LBC in nongynecological exfoliative as well as FNAC samples and compare the conventional and LBC methods for cytomorphological differences. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, analytical study that included the samples collected from two tertiary care centers over 8 months (January 2022 to August 2022). A total of 168 consecutive samples of aspiration and exfoliative nongynecological cytology were included. In each case, two passes were carried out one for a conventional smear (CS) and the other for LBC by Eziprep/Thin Prep (TP) method followed by smear staining with H and E stain and Leishman’s stain. The slides were studied by two observers for cellularity, background (blood and necrotic cell debris), informative background (such as colloid, stromal fragments, etc.), presence of monolayer cells, and cell architecture with nuclear and cytoplasmic details by a semiquantitative scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test on the SPSS program and histopathology correlation was attempted wherever available by using OpenEpi software version 3. Results: The mean age was 40 years, with the majority being females (70%). The TP smears were qualitatively superior to CS with statistical differences observed in fluid cytology. There was no statistical difference observed at other sites; except TP being superior to CS with regard to the background in breast cytology. The arithmetic mean in TP was higher than CS in all the parameters. Conclusions: The cytology smears of TP were qualitatively superior to CS in aspiration and nongynecological cytology. Overall diagnostic accuracy was comparable in both techniques. The core competencies addressed in this article are: Medical knowledge, Procedural skills, Practice-based learning and improvement, and Professionalism.

Short-term clinical and hormonal effects of a deslorelin implant on late-prepubertal bitches – Based on flare-up signs

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists offer an alternative to surgical sterilization in prepubertal dogs, preserving ovarian and uterine functions. However, the clinical and hormonal effects of GnRH agonist application during the late-prepubertal stage remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to investigate the clinical effect (flare-up) and hormonal changes, specifically serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) levels, in bitches treated with 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate (DA) implants (Suprelorin®, Virbac, F) during the late prepubertal period. Sixteen clinically healthy kangal cross-breed bitches, aged 7–8 months, with a mean body weight of 20.5 ± 0.8 kg, were implanted with DA. Estrus signs were monitored daily, and blood and vaginal cytological samples were collected every other day for four weeks. Cytological changes were analyzed for overall and superficial cell index. Six out of sixteen DA-treated bitches (EST group; n = 6) exhibited clinical proestrus 8.6 ± 0.6 days after implant insertion. The mean serum concentrations of P4 and E2 at the onset of estrus were 1.38 ± 0.32 ng/ml and 37.38 ± 10.07 pg/ml, respectively. Notably, all non-estrus (N-EST group; n = 10) bitches demonstrated an increase in superficial cell index, in addition to expected cytological changes observed in the EST group. On the 18th day post-implantation, the EST group exhibited a significantly higher number of superficial cells compared to the N-EST group (p < 0.001). DA implantation resulted in cytological profile alterations accompanied by a slight increase in estrogen concentrations in all dogs. However, the flare-up response exhibited significant variability, differing from that observed in adult dogs. This study highlights the importance of meticulous timing and breed-specific considerations when utilizing DA for puberty manipulation in late-prepubertal bitches. The observed cytological and hormonal changes in response to DA implants provide valuable insights, but the variability in flare-up responses warrants further investigation.

Pilot Study on the Use of Untargeted Metabolomic Fingerprinting of Liquid-Cytology Fluids as a Diagnostic Tool of Malignancy for Thyroid Nodules.

Although it is the gold standard for assessing the malignancy of thyroid nodules (TNs) preoperatively, the cytological analysis of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples results in 20-30% of cases in indeterminate lesions (ITNs). As two-thirds of these lesions will appear benign after diagnostic surgery, improved preoperative diagnostic methods need to be developed. In this pilot study, we evaluate if the metabolomic profiles of liquid-based (CytoRich®) FNAC samples of benign and malignant nodules can allow the molecular diagnosis of TNs. We performed untargeted metabolomic analyses with CytoRich® FNAC in a monocentric retrospective study. The cohort was composed of cytologically benign TNs, histologically benign or papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) cytologically ITNs, and suspicious/malignant TNs histologically confirmed as PTCs. The diagnostic performance of the identified metabolomic signature was assessed using several supervised classification methods. Seventy-eight patients were enrolled in the study. We identified 7690 peaks, of which 2697 ions were included for further analysis. We selected a metabolomic signature composed of the top 15 metabolites. Among all the supervised classification methods, the supervised autoencoder deep neural network exhibited the best performance, with an accuracy of 0.957 (0.842-1), an AUC of 0.945 (0.833-1), and an F1 score of 0.947 (0.842-1). Here, we report a promising new ancillary molecular technique to differentiate PTCs from benign TNs (including among ITNs) based on the metabolomic signature of FNAC sample fluids. Further studies with larger cohorts are now needed to identify a larger number of biomarkers and obtain more robust signatures.

Using a deep learning neural network for the identification of malignant cells in effusion cytology material.

To evaluate the application of an artificial neural network in the detection of malignant cells in effusion samples. In this retrospective study, we selected 90 cases of effusion cytology samples over 2 years. There were 52 cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma and 38 benign effusion samples. In each case, an average of five microphotographs from the representative areas were taken at 40× magnification from Papanicolaou-stained samples. A total of 492 images were obtained from these 90 cases. We applied a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model to identify malignant cells in the cytology images of effusion cytology smears. The training was performed for 15 epochs. The model consisted of 783 layers with 188 convolution-max pool layers in between. In the test set, the DCNN model correctly identified 54 of 56 images of benign samples and 49 out of 56 images of malignant samples. It showed 88% sensitivity, 96% specificity and 96% positive predictive value in the screening of malignant cases in effusion. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.92. DCNN is a unique technology that can detect malignant cells from cytological images. The model works rapidly and there is no bias in cell selection or feature extraction. The present DCNN model is promising and can have a significant impact on the diagnosis of malignancy in cytology.

Cytological Features of a Metastatic Angiosarcoma in the Lymph Node Diagnosed via Liquid-Based Cytology.

Angiosarcoma is a soft tissue sarcoma of vascular origin, with more than half of the cases arising in the skin and affecting primarily the face and scalp of elderly males. Furthermore, cutaneous angiosarcoma exhibits a higher incidence of lymph node metastases than other types of sarcomas. Angiosarcomas are rarely aspirated and are occasionally encountered on cytological samples. It is a diagnostic challenge in evaluating fine needle aspiration (FNA) from a metastatic angiosarcoma without the knowledge of prior history. We present a case of scalp angiosarcoma with disease progression to erythroderma and cervical lymphadenopathy 20 months after. FNA of the cervical node revealed vasoformative features, including hemophagocytosis, formation of an intracytoplasmic lumen/vacuole, endothelial wrapping, and cell grasping. The diagnosis of nodal metastasis by angiosarcoma was confirmed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using two vascular markers on cell block sections. Our case demonstrates the recognizable cytomorphologic clues for this rare metastatic malignancy.

Current Status and Future Prospects for the Genomic Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Using Cytological Samples

Current Status and Future Prospects for the Genomic Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Using Cytological Samples

Rapid Onsite Evaluation for Specimen Adequacy and Triage of Breast Masses in a Low-Resource Setting.

Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) is critical in determining sample adequacy and triaging cytology samples. Although fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the primary method of initial tissue sampling in Tanzania, ROSE is not practiced. To investigate the performance of ROSE in determining cellular adequacy and providing preliminary diagnoses in breast FNAB in a low-resource setting. Patients with breast masses were recruited prospectively from the FNAB clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital. Each FNAB was evaluated by ROSE for overall specimen adequacy, cellularity, and preliminary diagnosis. The preliminary interpretation was compared to the final cytologic diagnosis and histologic diagnosis, when available. Fifty FNAB cases were evaluated, and all were adequate for diagnosis on ROSE and final interpretation. Overall percentage of agreement (OPA) between preliminary and final cytologic diagnosis was 84%, positive percentage of agreement (PPA) was 33%, and negative percentage of agreement (NPA) was 100% (κ = 0.4, P < .001). Twenty-one cases had correlating surgical resections. OPA between preliminary cytologic and histologic diagnoses was 67%, PPA was 22%, and NPA was 100% (κ = 0.2, P = .09). OPA between final cytologic and histologic diagnoses was 95%, PPA was 89%, and NPA was 100% (κ = 0.9, P = <.001). False-positive rates of ROSE diagnoses for breast FNAB are low. While preliminary cytologic diagnoses had a high false-negative rate, final cytologic diagnoses had overall high concordance with histologic diagnoses. Therefore, the role of ROSE for preliminary diagnosis should be considered carefully in low-resource settings, and it may need to be paired with additional interventions to improve pathologic diagnosis.

A Cytological Study of Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Among Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara.

Objective This study aims to determine how electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use contributes to the spread of the human papillomavirus (HPV) and to assess the potential cellular proliferative activity it may produce. Methodology In Madinah, a case-control study was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023. Two oral cytologic smear samples were collected from each of the 500 volunteers; 250 consumers of electronic cigarettes and 250 non-smokers each provided two samples. To detect cytological changes and HPV infection, these samples were stained using Papanicolaou and immunocytochemical techniques. Results Twelve (4.8%) of the electronic cigarettes exhibited cytological atypia, while only one (0.4%) of the nonsmokers' group did. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected in eight (3.2%) of the e-cigarette users, but it was only found in two (0.8%) of the nonsmokers (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Electronic cigarette smokingincreases the likelihood of contracting HPV and developing cytological atypia, both of which, if left untreated, can contribute to the development of precancerous and cancerous lesions in the mouth.

Real-Life Management of Pancreatic Cysts: Simplified Review of Current Guidelines.

Pancreatic cysts are becoming a popular diagnostic tool due to the increased availability of high-quality cross-sectional imaging. Pancreatic cystic lesions constitute closed, liquid-containing cavities, which are either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. While serous lesions often follow a benign course, mucinous lesions can hide carcinoma and, therefore, require different management. Moreover, all cysts should be considered mucinous until proven otherwise, thus limiting the errors in managing these entities. Due to the need for high contrast soft tissue imaging, magnetic resonance imaging represents an elective, non-invasive diagnostic tool. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has started gaining more prominence with regard to the proper diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts, offering quality information with minimal risks. Enabling both the acquisition of endoscopic images of the papilla and the endosonographic high-quality evaluation of septae, mural nodules along with the vascular patterns of the lesion contribute to a definitive diagnosis. Moreover, the possibility of obtaining cytological or histological samples could become mandatory in the foreseeable future, allowing for more precise molecular testing. Future research should focus on detecting methods to quickly diagnose high-grade dysplasia or early cancer for patients with pancreatic cysts, thus allowing time for appropriate treatment and avoiding surgical overtreatment or over surveillance in selected cases.

Dual immunocytochemical staining of annexin A10 and p53 in low-grade and papillary urothelial carcinoma contributes to improvement of diagnostic accuracy in urine cytology.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common type of human cancer and, although urine cytology is a useful method for identifying high-grade UC (HGUC), its ability to diagnose low-grade UC (LGUC) is limited. The authors previously reported that annexin A10 (ANXA10) expression was strongly linked to both papillary and early stage LGUC and was inversely correlated with p53 expression in upper tract UC (UTUC) and bladder UC. However, it remains largely unknown whether ANXA10 is useful as a diagnostic marker for urine cytology. In this study, the authors used 104 biopsy and 314 urine cytology samples to investigate the efficacy of ANXA10 and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In immunohistochemistry analysis, expression levels of ANXA10 and p53 were either weak or absent in noncancerous tissues, whereas ANXA10 overexpression was observed patients with LGUC, and strong expression of p53 was identified in patients with HGUC. In immunocytochemistry analysis, sensitivity was not good for the detection of UC, especially UTUC, by cytology alone, but it was improved by combining cytology with ANXA10 and p53 to detect both bladder UC and UTUC. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis also confirmed the diagnostic superiority of cytology combining ANXA10 and p53 for the detection of all UCs, including both HGUC and LGUC (area under the curve, 0.84). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that the combination of ANXA10 and p53 has potential application as a diagnostic immunomarker for improving the diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology.

An ELISA Test Able to Predict the Development of Oral Cancer: The Significance of the Interplay between Steroid Receptors and the EGF Receptor for Early Diagnosis.

Oral disorders including non-homogeneous leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erosive lichen planus, and many others can potentially progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Currently, the late diagnosis of OSCC contributes to high mortality rates, emphasizing the need for specific markers and early intervention. In this study, we present a novel, quick, sensitive, and non-invasive method for the early detection and screening of oral cancer, enabling the qualitative assessment of neoplastic forms even before the onset of symptoms. Our method directly examines the expression of oral cancer biomarkers, such as the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), and steroid receptors, including the androgen receptor (AR) and the estrogen receptor (ER). The crosstalk between sexual hormones and the EGF receptor plays a crucial role in the progression of different types of cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. To implement our method, we developed a kit box comprising nine wells or stations, each containing buffers, lysis systems, and dried/lyophilized antibodies stored at room temperature. The kit includes instruments for sample collection and a PVDF strip (Immobilon) with specific primary antibodies immobilized on it. These antibodies capture the target proteins from cytological samples. Additionally, complementary tools are provided to ensure efficient utilization and optimal test performance. The technique can be performed outside the laboratory, either "patient side" with an instant chemocolorimetric response or with a digital reader utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

Toluidine Blue Stain as a Rapid Onsite Tool for Preliminary Diagnosis in Imprint Smears of Bronchoscopic Biopsy: A Cytohistopathological Correlation.

Introduction Lung cancer is currently the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, with 11.4% of cancers and 18% of cancer-related deaths worldwide whereas Indian figures are 6.9 and 9.3%, respectively. Hence, the need for early diagnosis. Bronchial biopsy has the highest sensitivity among all the samples that can be obtained by bronchoscopic techniques in case of endobronchial lesions. Imprint cytology has emerged as an important cytological method. Toluidine blue has been studied for its use as rapid onsite stain for cytological evaluation on various samples of cytology in different anatomic sites. This has helped in quick and less expensive, preliminary reporting. Objectives This article aims to assess the efficacy of onsite toluidine blue stain on imprint smears of bronchoscopic biopsies to diagnose malignancy in suspected cases of lung carcinoma. Study Type Prospective study on accuracy of a diagnostic test. Materials and Methods A total of 100 cases of bronchoscopy were included in the study. The patients were clinico-radiologically suspected to have brochogenic carcinoma and all of them were subjected to biopsy. Imprint smears were prepared from the bronchoscopy biopsy specimens. Smears were stained onsite with toluidine blue stain, and histopathology sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Results Sensitivity and specificity of onsite toluidine blue stain for malignancy reporting were 97.9 and 80%, respectively, when compared to histopathology as standard. Conclusion Toluidine blue can be used as an onsite staining method on imprint smears of bronchoscopic biopsy for preliminary detection of lung malignancy.

Efficacy and safety of sunvozertinib in treatment naïve NSCLC patients with EGFR exon20 insertion mutations.

9073 Background: Sunvozertinib (DZD9008) is a rationally designed, irreversible EGFR inhibitor targeting EGFR mutations with wild-type EGFR selectivity. Two pivotal second line studies (WU-KONG1 [NCT03974022] and WU-KONG6 [NCT05712902 and CTR20211009]) are ongoing in NSCLC patients with EGFR exon20 insertion mutations (exon20ins). Primary analysis of WU-KONG6 study demonstrated promising efficacy and safety of sunvozertinib in ≥ second line setting. Herein, we reported preliminary results of sunvozertinib in the first line setting. Methods: Two ongoing studies WU-KONG1 and WU-KONG15 (NCT05559645) enrolled treatment naïve advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR exon20ins. WU-KONG1 is a multinational phase I/II study, and WU-KONG15 is an investigator-initiated phase II study in China. EGFR mutation status was confirmed by local or central testing using tissue or cytological samples. Sunvozertinib was administered orally until disease progression or other discontinuation criteria were met. Patients who had at least one post-treatment RECIST assessment by investigators were evaluable for efficacy analysis, and all patients who received at least one dose of sunvozertinib were included in the safety analysis. Results: As of January 15, 2023, a total of 36 treatment naïve advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR exon20ins received sunvozertinib daily dosing at RP2Ds. Median age was 66.5 years, and 63.9% (23/36) were female. The baseline ECOG PS was 0 or 1. Majority of patients (33/36, 91.7%) had metastatic diseases at study entry, with 22.2% (8/36) having &gt; 3 metastatic sites and 22.2% (8/36) having baseline brain metastasis (BM). The most frequent mutation subtypes included 769_ASV (13/36, 36.1%), 770_SVD (2/36, 5.6%) and others (21/36, 58.3%). In 26 efficacy-evaluable patients, 19 patients showed tumor response, with a best objective response rate of 73.1%, among them 14 patients had confirmed response, and another 3 patients were still on treatment and pending confirmation. In patients with BM, tumor response was also observed intracranially. Median duration of response had not been reached by the data cut-off date. Safety findings were consistent with what was observed in previous studies of sunvozertinib. The most common treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included diarrhea, CPK increase, and skin rash. The majority of adverse events were CTCAE grade 1 or 2 and manageable with supportive measures. Conclusions: Consistent with second line results, sunvozertinib demonstrated promising efficacy and safety profile as monotherapy in the first line setting for patients with advanced EGFR exon20ins NSCLC. The updated data will be presented at the conference. A phase III, multinational, randomized study (WU-KONG28, NCT05668988) is ongoing to compare sunvozertinib to chemotherapy as first line treatment for EGFR exon20ins NSCLC. Clinical trial information: NCT03974022 , NCT05559645 .

Endometrial inflammatory response to insemination in jennies

In the jenny introduction of semen into the uterus triggers an endometrial inflammatory response characterized by polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltration. The presence of cryoprotective agents in frozen-thawed semen may increase the inflammatory reaction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two cryoprotective agents in the induction of endometrial inflammatory response in jennies inseminated with extended semen or sham-inseminated with extender only or with deionized water. Eight Creole donkeys were inseminated or sham-inseminated in successive cycles with each one of the following treatments: DW: deionized water; B: a commercial cryopreservation extender containing glycerol (BotuCrio®, Botupharma); LDL: a cryopreservation extender that contains low density lipoproteins instead of glycerol (UNAM-extender); FS: fresh semen in a extender which contains no cryoprotective agents (INRA96, France); S-B: Semen extended in Botucrio; and S-LDL: Semen extended in UNAM-extender. The order in which jennies received each treatment was randomized. In each case, four 0.5 ml straws were used for deep insemination in the uterine horn ipsilateral to ovulation. In the case of treatments that included semen, each straw contained 200 million sperm cells. After each treatment the jennies were administered 5 mg of PGF2α at day 5 post-ovulation to induce return to estrus in order to administer the next treatment, until each jenny had received allthe treatments. Endometrial cytology samples were obtained before each treatment (time 0) and at 8, 12, 24 and 48-h after treatment. Smears were fixed and stained with Diff-Quik. Five fields were randomly chosen for microscopic observation. The total number of PMN and the total number of cells of any type were counted. The proportions of PMN in the smears were compared using the "generalized linear models" procedure of the SPSS program. Predictors were treatment, post-treatment time, treatment x time interaction. The jenny was used as a block. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni method was used. Extenders with cryoprotective agents and no semen resulted in higher proportion (p˂ 0.05) of PMN than the same extenders containing semen (B 43% vs S-B 26.9 % LDL 36% vs S-LDL 25.3%). The duration of significantly elevated PMN was also higher when extenders contained no semen. The extender with no cryoprotective agent (INRA96) also resulted in a higher proportion of PMN (39.6 %) than S-B and S-LDL. DW resulted in a proportion of PMN (44.8%) similar to those of the extenders containing no semen, and higher than those of the extenders containing semen. The results suggest that the presence of semen modulates and reduces the endometrial inflammatory response of jennies. The cryoprotective agents by themselves do not appear to exacerbate the inflammatory response, as a similar response was produced by an extender containing no cryoprotective agent and even by DW.

Estrogen immunomodulatory role during transitory post-breeding endometritis in mares

This study aimed to verify the immunomodulatory influence of pre-artificial insemination (AI) estrogen exposure on endometrial cytology and histopathology in mares. Healthy and virgin, 3 to 4 year-old mares were monitored by ultrasound (US) and synchronized by two injections of sodium cloprostenol (0,26mg; Sincrocio®), 24 hours apart, four days after ovulation (D-2 and D-1; D0 = 1st follicular aspiration). On D0 and D2 every visible follicle was ablated by US-guided follicle aspiration. On D2 mares were randomly divided to receive two injections of 17β estradiol (5 mg; 17 BETA®; group estradiol; GE; n=8) or saline (group control; GC; n=8), 24 hours apart, under a crossover design. On D4 all mares were inseminated with refrigerated semen with a total of 1 × 109 spermatozoon. Cells from the endometrial wall were obtained by cytobrush at four timepoints: immediately prior to AI (0h), 10 hours post-AI (10h), 24 hours post-AI (24h) and 48 hours post-AI (24h). Cells on a glass slide were stained with Fast Panoptic and counted under the microscope at 400x magnification. Endometrial biopsy was obtained at 48h post-AI and processed for histopathological examination. The statistical model analyzed the effects of group, time and the group*time interaction for cytology samples. Preliminary histopathology data was analyzed by descriptive statistics of morphological aspects. Cytology revealed a peak infiltration of viable neutrophils in both groups at 10h, followed by marked reduction at 24h post-AI in both groups, validating the transitoryendometritis experimental model. Despite a marked reduction of the neutrophilic infiltration at 24h and 48h, the GC group did not return to pre-AI levels, whereas in the GE group, infiltration reached 0h levels. Lymphocyte infiltration was influenced by group, where GE had lower overall infiltration. Preliminary histopathological analysis demonstrated greater levels on the GE group for edema, neutrophilic infiltrate, microhemorrhage and hyperemia. Results suggest that the pre-AI exposure to 17β estradiol alters endometrial tissue architecture by modifying the microcirculation during the first phase of acute inflammation with increased vascular permeability, favoring chemotaxis and transmigration of polymorphonuclear cells into the endometrial lumen, and preventing the continuity of the transitory post-AI endometritis. We propose that the reduction of viable neutrophils in the uterine lumen of GE mares at 48 hours post-AI may be due to a greater secondary cell damage promoted by neutrophilic activity. This observation suggests that in the GE group the resolution of the inflammatory event was accelerated by greater neutrophilic luminal influx and better uterine recovery. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. Acknowledgements: Itapitocai Farm, INCT-CNPq (406866/2022-8), FAPERGS-RITEs (22/2551–0000391–5).

Presence of human papillomavirus in the buccal mucosa of blood donors

ObjectiveTo determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the oral mucosa of blood donors (BD) and risk factors associated with HPV and oral cancer. Materials and methodsProspective cross-sectional study, population matched to BD from the National Cancer Institute, Mexico for HPV identification in oral cytological samples using the CLART® Human Papillomavirus 2 Kit (35 genotypes) and risk factors. ResultsOf 352 BD with signed informed consent, 285 were selected by simple randomization. The prevalence of oral HPV was 17.5% (95% CI 13–21.9%), the genotype was identified in 13 cases, with a total of 16 genotypes (10 high-risk), the most common being 16 and 84. Five cases had multiple infections, three with at least one high-risk type. Associations were found for marital status (OR 3.3) and educational level (OR-1.9). ConclusionsThe percentage of HPV-positive cases in blood donors with no risk practices was similar to that found in Spanish-speaking population studies in which at least one risk practice was described. The presence of other genotypes with high oncogenic risk and multitype infection, described as a marker of persistence of HPV infection, is highlighted.

Pathological Characteristics of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Procedure in Ulin General Hospital, Banjarmasin

Introduction: Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FOB) has emerged into the method of choice for the detection of lung tumors due to its availability of Adequate cytological and histological samples in the form of broncho-alveolar lavage, bronchial brushings, and bronchial forceps biopsy. This study aims to identify characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage, aspiration cytology, brushing cytology and forceps cytology of patients suspected with malignancy at the Ulin Regional Hospital in South Kalimantan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out utilizing medical documentation of patients suspested lung cancer from March 2018 to March 2020. Data were grouped by gender, age, type of procedure, and cytology and histopathology findings. Results: The result showed that 67.5% of 117 patients who underwent bronchoscopy had positive results and common histological diagnosis The frequent histopathological conclusion was adenocarcinoma (45.6%) tailed by squamous cell carcinoma (40.55). Forceps bronchoscopy showed a greater positivity rate (75.0%) than bronchoscopy without forceps (63.6%), we also found that by combining BAL and brushing and forceps biopsy, the detection rate of lung malignancy increased to 85.7%, but no correlation between the type of procedure and the likelihood of malignancy was discovered. Conclusions: Forceps bronchoscopy showed a greater positivity rate than bronchoscopy without forceps, but no correlation between the type of procedure and the likelihood of malignancy was discovered in our study.

Hydroelectric actuator for 3-dimensional analysis of electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic behavior of cancer cells; suitable in diagnosis and invasion studies

Cancer is a cellular-based disease, so cytological diagnosis is one of the main challenges for its early detection. An extensive number of diagnostic methods have been developed to separate cancerous cells from normal ones, in electrical methods attract progressive attention. Identifying and specifying different cells requires understanding their dielectric and electric properties. This study evaluated MDA-MB-231, HUVEC, and MCF-10A cell lines, WBCs isolated from blood, and patient-derived cell samples with a cylindrical body with two transparent FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) plate electrodes. Cell mobility rates were recorded in response to these stimuli. It was observed that cancer cells demonstrate drastic changes in their motility in the presence and absence of an electric field (DC/AC). Also, solution viscosity's effect on cancer cells' capturing efficacy was evaluated. This research's main distinguished specification uses a non-microfluidic platform to detect and pathologically evaluate cytological samples with a simple, cheap, and repeatable platform. The capturing procedure was carried out on a cytological slide without any complicated electrode patterning with the ability of cytological staining. Moreover, this platform successfully designed and experimented with the invasion assay (the ability of captured cancer cells to invade normal cells).

Study of Liquid-Based Cytology Using Next-Generation Sequencing as a Liquid Biopsy Application in Patients with Advanced Oncological Disease

In patients with advanced cancer, it is necessary to detect driver mutations and genetic arrangements. If a mutation is found, targeted therapy may become an option. However, in most patients with advanced cancer, obtaining material can be challenging, and these determinations must be made based on small biopsies or cytologic samples. We analyzed the ability of liquid-based cytology to determine the mutational status in patients with advanced cancer by next-generation sequencing. We studied cytologic samples from 28 patients between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022. All samples were processed by next-generation sequencing using the Oncomine® Precision and Comprehensive Assay Panels for Solid Tumors. Eleven male and 17 female patients with a median age of 63.75 years were included. Clinical stage IV was predominant in 21 patients. Eleven patients died, and 17 survived. The DNA and RNA concentrations were 10.53 ng/µL and 13 ng/µL, respectively. Eleven patients showed actionable mutations, and 17 showed other genomic alterations. Liquid-based cytology can be used as a component of liquid biopsy, as it allows the identification of actionable mutations in patients with advanced oncological disease. Our findings expand the utility of liquid biopsy from different body fluids or cell aspirates.

Prolonged Duration of Air-Dry Fixation of Cervical Smears Produces Superior Cytomorphological Staining Quality over Conventional Wet-Fixed Smears

Introduction: Immediate fixation of smears in 95% alcohol for Pap staining is commonly used for cytopathological diagnosis of cancers and other diseases. Few research studies have investigated the comparative outcomes of alcohol wet fixation and rehydration of air-dried smears, indicating that air-dried rehydrated (ARF) smears are viable alternative to wet-fixed (WF) smears. However, there are no or few investigations on the effects of long durations of air-drying fixation on cytomorphological staining quality. Materials and Methods: 124 cervical smears were obtained from the Family Planning Unit of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. Quadruple smears were WF and air-dried for 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h prior to rehydration with normal saline and fixation (ARF). All the smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain, examined microscopically for their cytomorphological features, and scored. Cytomorphological scores were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: No significant difference in cytolysis, cell border, nuclear border, chromatin, and cellularity between WF and ARF was observed. However, significant differences in cytoplasmic staining quality (p value <0.001) and the absence of RBCs (p value <0.001) were observed in the 4-h ARF. The absence of RBCs in the ARF smears rendered a clearer background than in the wet fixation. Conclusions: ARF, Pap-stained smears showed comparably superior cytomorphological features to those of WF smears. The 8-h ARF smears produce crispy chromatin and excellent background, making them suitable for bloody cytological samples.