Cytologic-histologic Correlation Research Articles

Pericardial fluid evaluation: Diagnostic yield and cytology-histology correlation.

Pericardial effusion can be due to any etiology but may cause significant morbidity and mortality; however, malignant effusions are rare, and accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for appropriate further management. Data on the actual comparison of pericardial cytology and surgical specimens are limited, and this study was conducted to evaluate an institutional cohort and compare these two samples. The institutional electronic database system was retrospectively searched between January 2019 and December 2023 for pericardial biopsies/surgical specimens (PSSs) and cytology. A total of 202 surgical specimens of the pericardium were identified from patients with a median age of 67 years and a range of 18-97 years. Of these 202 cases, 190 specimens also underwent cytological evaluation, which included 153 cases that were negative for malignancy, nine cases that were indeterminate/atypical, and 28 cases that were positive for malignancy. Agreement between cytology and PSSs was reached in 172 cases, with 153 being benign and 19 being malignant. However, a cytology-histology discrepancy was found in 18 cases. Of these 18 cases, nine showed positive cytology but all had negative concurrent PSSs except for one with focal atypia, and the remaining nine were indeterminate/atypical on cytology. Eight of these nine indeterminate cases were negative on the PSS, whereas one atypical cytology case with low cellularity showed a positive PSS. If atypical cases are excluded, cytology demonstrates a better diagnostic yield for detecting malignancy compared to surgical specimens (n=28 cases vs. n=20 cases, respectively).

Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Myoepithelial Carcinoma of Salivary Glands: A Study of 3 Cases with Cytologic-histologic Correlation and Molecular Analysis.

Myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) represents < 1% percent of salivary gland (SG) tumors with a mean age of 55 years. These tumors can arise de novo or in association with pre-existing pleomorphic Adenoma (PA). The cytologic features of MECA overlap with other SG neoplasms including the more common benign entities like PA and myoepithelioma and can pose a diagnostic challenge. A database search for MECA was performed spanning 10 years. 3 cases qualified with available cyto-histologic correlation. All were morphologically MECA with one case diagnosed as MECA ex-PA. The cases were subjected to a comprehensive immunohistochemical and molecular evaluation (Case#1 has been previously reported and published in head and neck pathology in 2021). A comparative analysis of these cases is presented in Table1. All three cases were initially diagnosed as PA on cytology. On review of cytology slides, presence of metachromatic stromal fragments and bland myoepithelial cells was found to be the most common diagnostic pitfall. S100 was positive in all cases while myosin, p63, and GFAP were variably positive. Molecular analysis revealed novel, previously undescribed mutations in the three cases. Additionally, two of three cases expressed PD-L1, suggesting a role for immunotherapy in treatment. Cytomorphology of MECA is poorly described in literature and can pose a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping features with salivary gland benign neoplasms. A conclusive diagnosis on cytology is often not possible. However, a high cellularity, predominant oncocytoid/ myoepithelial cell population on smears and cell block, along with a strong clinical and radiologic suspicion for malignant salivary gland tumor, should alert the cytopathologist and help avoid an erroneous benign diagnosis on cytology.

Parsing the thyroid cytopathology suspicious for malignancy diagnosis through molecular-derived risk of malignancy and other related parameters: Insights into nodule characteristics and practice patterns.

Thyroid cytopathology cases with suspicious for malignancy (SFM) diagnosis often result in resection. However, molecular testing offers details that may provide additional insights. In this study, the molecular profiles of SFM cases from two institutions that routinely used ThyroSeq v3 (TSV3) were examined. Following institutional review board approval, SFM thyroid cytopathology cases with TSV3 results were retrieved from the databases of two institutions. Molecular information including molecular-derived risk of malignancy (MDROM), cytologic-histologic correlation data, and other related parameters were calculated. Statistical comparisons were made with a p <.05 considered significant. The core data set comprised 114 SFM cases that passed TSV3 quality assurance. All TSV3 results were reported as positive or negative for genomic alterations and all except five cases provided a probability of malignancy estimate. The overall combined baseline MDROM of 75.7% (95% CI, 70.0-81.4) was comparable to the risk of malignancy (74%) published in the Bethesda System. There was a statistically significant difference between the combined MDROMs of resected and unresected cohorts (79.0% vs 58.6%; p=.0153). Interestingly, the MDROMs of the resected cohorts from the two institutions were statistically different (75.0% vs 85.3%; p=.020). Cytologic-histologic correlation revealed malignant outcome in 88.5% of resected cases. Molecular analyses of SFM cases demonstrated higher risk genomic alterations that were associated with histologically overt neoplasms, resulting in increased malignancy outcome compared to baseline. MDROM analysis revealed differences in the cytopathologic practice patterns regarding follicular-patterned neoplasms at the two institutions.

A Practical Alternative Approach to Rapid Cytological Analysis for Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration at Community Hospitals: A Retrospective Study with Cytologic-Histologic Correlation

A Practical Alternative Approach to Rapid Cytological Analysis for Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration at Community Hospitals: A Retrospective Study with Cytologic-Histologic Correlation

Cytology Histology Correlation of Pancreatic Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Samples: Pitfalls and Lessons Learned

Cytology Histology Correlation of Pancreatic Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Samples: Pitfalls and Lessons Learned

Cytology-Histology Correlation of Lung EBUS FNA with the WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology: An Institutional Experience

Cytology-Histology Correlation of Lung EBUS FNA with the WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology: An Institutional Experience

Cytology-histology correlation of atypical glandular cells on cervical Papanicolaou tests: A study of 628 cases

IntroductionThe finding of atypical glandular cells on Pap test is becoming more important as the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions decreases in recent decades. Therefore, the interpretation and follow-up of patients with AGC are particularly important. The aim of our study was to assess the histologic findings and clinical correlations in patients with atypical glandular cells identified on Pap test. Materials and methodsA total of 714 patients with atypical glandular cells identified on cervical Pap tests were studied for their clinicopathologic features, such as follow-up histology and pateints’ age. We investigated the histologic follow-up results for each individual subcategories of atypical glandular cells and their correlation with patients’ age. ResultsMost of the glandular cell abnormalities (80.0%) in the study group were classified as “atypical glandular cells, NOS”. About 28.9% of patients’ follow-up histology showed malignant or precancerous lesions. The mean age of patients with malignant or precancerous lesions was significantly higher than that of patients with benign or non-precancerous lesions. The malignant histologies included 52 cases of endometrial cancers and 31 cases of cervical carcinomas. The second most common subcategory was “atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic” (5.0%), while “atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic” comprised about 2.7% of cases in our study. The average age of patients with “atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic” was significantly higher than that of patients with “atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic”. The follow-up histology of about 82.1% of “atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic” showed endometrial (73.9%) or cervical malignancies (26.1%). The follow-up histology of about 70.6% of “atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic” showed endometrial (50.0%) or cervical cancers (50.0%). Other glandular abnormalities included 25/714 cases of “atypical endometrial cells” (3.5%) and 6/714 cases of “atypical endocervical cells” (0.8%). ConclusionBased on our data, we have observed significantly more endometrial malignancies in both “atypical glandular cells, NOS” and “atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic” subcategories and even some in “atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic” category. This predominance of endometrial malignancies is also associated with patients’ age and tumor types.

Update on Salivary Gland Fine-Needle Aspiration and the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a well-established procedure for the diagnosis and management of salivary gland lesions, despite challenges imposed by salivary gland tumor diversity, complexity, and cytomorphologic overlap. Until recently, the reporting of salivary gland FNA specimens was inconsistent among different institutions throughout the world, leading to diagnostic confusion among pathologists and clinicians. In 2015, an international group of pathologists initiated the development of an evidence-based tiered classification system for reporting salivary gland FNA specimens, the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC). The MSRSGC consists of 6 diagnostic categories, which incorporate the morphologic heterogeneity and overlap among various nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant lesions of the salivary glands. In addition, each MSRSGC diagnostic category is associated with a risk of malignancy and management recommendations. To review the current status of salivary gland FNA, core needle biopsies, ancillary studies, and the beneficial role of the MSRSGC in providing a framework for reporting salivary gland lesions and guiding clinical management. Literature review and personal institutional experience. The main goal of the MSRSGC is to improve communication between cytopathologists and treating clinicians, while also facilitating cytologic-histologic correlation, quality improvement, and research. Since its implementation, the MSRSGC has gained international acceptance as a tool to improve reporting standards and consistency in this complex diagnostic area, and it has been endorsed by the 2021 American Society of Clinical Oncology management guidelines for salivary gland cancer. The large amount of data from published studies using MSRSGC served as a basis for the recent update of the MSRSGC.

Evolutionary analysis of indeterminate cytology and risk of malignancy in a thyroid nodule unit.

The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution in the diagnosis and management of indeterminate thyroid nodules over three time periods. 3020 patients with thyroid nodules underwent cytological evaluation during three periods (2006-2008, 2012-2014, 2017-2019). Distribution of diagnostic cytologies, risk of malignancy, diagnostic performance indices of FNA, and cytologic-histologic correlation in indeterminate cytologies were analyzed. only 2.2% of cytology tests were insufficient for a diagnosis. 86.9% cytologies were benign, 1.7% malignant, and 11.4% indeterminate. Indeterminate cytology rates were 15.9% (2006-2008), 10.1% (2012-2014), and 10% (2017-2019). Surgery was performed in 13% of benign cytology, result-ing in malignant histology in 2.7%. All malignant and suspicious cytologies underwent surgery: malig-nancy confirmed in 98% and 77% of cases, respectively. All 'indeterminate with atypia' cytologies (2006-2008) and Bethesda IV (2012-2014; 2017-2019) un-derwent surgery, with malignancy confirmed in 19.6%, 43.8%, and 25.7%, respectively. In the 'inde-terminate without atypia' category (2006-2008) and Bethesda III (2012-2014; 2017-2019), diagnostic surgery was performed in 57.7%, 78.6%, and 59.4%, respectively, with malignancy confirmed in 3.3%, 20.5%, and 31.6%. The FNA sensitivity was 91.6% with a negative predictive value greater than 96% in all periods. The specificity exceeded 75% in the last two periods. Bethesda system reduces indeterminate cytologies and improves the accuracy of FNA diagnosis. We reported a higher proportion of malignancy than expected in Bethesda III, underscoring the importance of having institution-specific data to guide decision-making. However, there is a need for risk stratification tools that allow for conservative management in low-risk cases.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: Cytologic-histologic correlation study and evaluation of the cytologic accuracy in identifying high-grade dysplasia/invasive adenocarcinoma.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) may be associated with invasive adenocarcinoma, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), or high-grade dysplasia (HGD). We aimed to review the cytologic-histologic correlation of cases with a histologic diagnosis of IPMN. A database search (January 2010-January 2021) was performed for resected IPMNs with preceding endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Cytology slides were reviewed for the presence of benign, atypical, or malignant cells, and necrosis. Histologically, IPMNs were classified as benign (LGD) or malignant (HGD or adenocarcinoma). There were 41 patients with IPMN; 24 malignant and 17 benign. Sixteen of the 24 malignant IPMNs were accurately classified as malignant on cytology. There were eight false negatives and one false positive. Cytology yielded a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 94%. Among the 16 true positives with FNA diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, seven were IPMNs with HGD, and nine had invasive adenocarcinomas on histology. Cellular morphology and absence or presence of necrosis did not help distinguish HGD from adenocarcinoma on cytology (P > 0.5). Sampling errors and interpretative errors resulted in false-negative cases. Cytology yielded diagnoses related to IPMN in 73% of cases (30/41) and lack of identification of mucinous cells/mucinous background resulted in interpretative errors (9). This study shows that there is a good correlation between cytopathology and surgical pathology diagnoses of IPMNs and that cytology is mostly able to recognize IPMN with HGD/adenocarcinoma. However, heterogeneity in areas of IPMN with HGD/adenocarcinoma may result in sampling errors yielding false-negative cases. Mucinous cells/background should raise the suspicion of IPMN on cytology, even when no neoplastic epithelium is present for the evaluation of dysplasia.

Atypical glandular cells in Pap tests: cytology-histology correlation and risk assessment with human papillopmavirus (HPV) testing

Atypical glandular cells (AGC) represent less than 1% of Pap test cases and include a variety of lesions in both the cervix and endometrium. The study aimed to investigate the cytology-histology correlation in AGC patients and to evaluate the clinical utility of hrHPV testing in this diagnostic context. We identified 491 atypical glandular cells (AGC) cases in our quality analysis (QA) database of 336,064 Pap tests interpreted between March 1, 2013 and July 12, 2016. Of these, 251 cases had follow-up biopsies with hrHPV tests in 148 cases. The most common histologic diagnosis associated with AGC was normal/benign or low-grade lesions, comprising 55% of cervical biopsies and 24% of endometrial biopsies. High-grade lesions were identified in 21% of follow-up biopsies. In patients with AGC cytology, a positive hrHPV test significantly increased the likelihood of cervical HSIL or above lesions on biopsy by 26.4 times (OR = 26.4, 95% CI: 5.8-119.4, P < 0.0001). A positive genotyping result for HPV 16 dramatically increased the likelihood of cervical HSIL or above lesions on biopsy (OR = 84, 95% CI: 12.0-590.5, P < 0.0001). The HPV test had a negative predictive value of 97% (CI: 85%-100%). Our study confirms that AGC is a significant diagnosis with an overall risk for high-grade cervical or endometrial lesions as high as 21%. hrHPV testing with genotyping is an effective tool for identifying high-risk individuals within the AGC population, with excellent positive and negative predictive values. This approach is valuable for clinical risk stratification and differential diagnosis in patients with AGC cytology.

Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology: Monitoring the Laboratory Quality Indicators.

Many developments in cervical cancer screening have happened in the past century, helping women in earlier detection of cervical cancer and its precursors. Cytology still holds the fort as being a specific test, though it suffers in sensitivity. As a part of the quality control program, the aim of the study is to determine the total number of abnormal liquid-based cervical cytology (LBC) at our center and correlate the abnormal LBC with histology and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test results. Retrospective analysis of 4286 LBC screening cases was carried out over a period of 5 years. For cytology-histology correlation, cervical biopsy and cytology test results were analyzed. The two-tier grading system for biopsy interpretation was used. HPV DNA test results wherever available were correlated. Of the 4286 LBC cases, 157 samples (3.7%) were unsatisfactory for evaluation, 3915 samples (91.3%) were negative for intra-epithelial lesion or malignancy, and 214 samples (5%) showed epithelial cell abnormality. ASC-US was reported in 60 cases (1.4%), ASC-H in 35 cases (0.8%), LSIL in 47 cases (1.1%), HSIL in 41 cases (1.0%), squamous cell carcinoma in a single case (0.02%), and atypical glandular cells in 30 cases (0.7%). The ASC/SIL ratio was 1.07:1. The CHC major discrepancy was calculated as 16.2%. The concordance of HSIL on cytology and biopsy as a measure of PPV is 94.4%. Of the epithelial cell abnormalities, 24 cases were positive for high-risk HPV (hrHPV). Molecular test results of 2737 samples showed HPV detected in 50 cases, of which 24 cases were positive for hrHPV. The study helped us to analyze the quality parameters of our cytopathology laboratory which are within the acceptable limits.

Cytologic-Histologic Correlation Practices for Nongynecologic Cytology Specimens: A Survey by the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee.

Cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC) is a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-mandated requirement for gynecologic cytology, but no similar requirement exists for nongynecologic cytology. This study presents the findings from a College of American Pathologists survey of nongynecologic cytology practice patterns. To survey the current CHC practices for nongynecologic cytology. Data were analyzed from a survey developed by the committee and distributed to participants in the Nongynecologic Cytopathology Education Program mailing. Adoption of CHC for nongynecologic cytology cases is worldwide, with 88.5% of institutions performing CHC on these specimens, a substantial increase from previous years. Performance of CHC varied by institution type, with clinic or regional/local independent laboratories and national/corporate laboratories performing CHC significantly less frequently than hospitals, university hospitals/academic medical centers, and Veterans Administration/Department of Defense hospital institutions. Most CHC was performed concurrently in real time, when the corresponding surgical specimen was reviewed. Selection for real-time concurrent CHC was by the interpreting pathologist, the pathologist diagnosing the surgical biopsy sample or cytopathology case, or both. Sampling was by far the most common reason for discordance. A 2-step difference was the most frequent threshold for discordance between cytology and surgical specimens, but this criterion varied among institutions, with no majority definition. The positive predictive value of a positive cytology finding was calculated rarely in North American institutions but was calculated more frequently in international institutions. CHC practices for nongynecologic cytopathology mirror those found for CHC of gynecologic cytopathology.

Molecular-derived risk of malignancy and the related positive call rate of indeterminate thyroid cytology diagnoses as quality metrics for individual cytopathologists.

Indeterminate thyroid cytopathology diagnoses represent differing degrees of risk that are corroborated by follow-up studies. However, traditional cytologic-histologic correlation may overestimate the risk of malignancy (ROM) because only a subset of cases undergo resection. Alternatively, some molecular tests provide probability of malignancy data to calculate the molecular-derived risk of malignancy (MDROM) and the positive call rate (PCR). The authors investigated MDROMs and PCRs of indeterminate diagnoses for individual cytopathologists as quality metrics. This study was approved by the Department of Pathology Quality Improvement Program. Thyroid cytopathology diagnoses and ThyroSeq v3 results were retrieved for each cytopathologist for a 2-year period with at least 3years of follow-up for the atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular neoplasia (FN), and follicular neoplasia, oncocytic-type (ONC) cytopathologic diagnoses. MDROMs and PCRs were compared with reference ROMs and cytologic-histologic correlation outcomes. The overall MDROMs (and ranges for cytopathologists) for the AUS, FN, and ONC categories were 13.4% (range, 5.8%-20.8%), 28.1% (range, 22.1%-36.7%), and 27.0% (range, 19.5%-41.5%), respectively, and most individual cytopathologists' MDROMs were within reference ROM ranges. However, PCRs more effectively parsed the differences in cytopathologists' ROM performance. Although the overall PCRs were not significantly different across cytopathologists (p=.06), the AUS PCRs were quite different (p=.002). By cytologic-histologic correlation, six of 55 resected cases (10.9%) were falsely negative, and there were no false-positive cases. MDROMs and PCRs evaluate concordance with reference ROMs and with one another and provide individual feedback, which potentially facilitates quality improvement.

Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Techniques for Cytology-Histology Correlation Saves Cytotechnologist Time without Compromising Quality

Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Techniques for Cytology-Histology Correlation Saves Cytotechnologist Time without Compromising Quality

Use of nongynecologic cytologic-histologic correlation to identify patterns of error: An institutional experience.

Quality management practices empower cytology laboratories to deliver consistent, high-quality patient care. Monitoring of key performance indicators is one way by which laboratories can identify patterns of error and focus their improvement activities. Cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC) identifies error by retrospectively reviewing cytology cases when discordant surgical pathology diagnoses are reported. Analysis of CHC data can elucidate patterns of error and direct quality improvement initiatives. CHC data of nongynecologic cytology specimens were reviewed over a 3-year period (2018-2021). Errors were separated by anatomic site and classified as either sampling or interpretive errors. A total of 364 discordant cases were identified out of 4422 cytologic-histologic pairs (a discordant rate of 8%). The majority (272; 75%) were sampling errors, with fewer interpretive errors (92; 25%). Sampling errors were found to occur most commonly in lower urinary tract and lung. Interpretive errors were most commonly found in lower urinary tract and thyroid. Nongynecologic CHC data can be a valuable resource for cytology laboratories. By studying the types of errors, quality improvement activities can be targeted toward problem areas.

Cytology-histology correlation, time to diagnosis and time to therapy when cytology is performed in addition to biopsies in malignant spinal lesions of previously unknown malignant disease.

e14007 Background: Metastatic spinal lesions are the first manifestation of malignant disease in up to 30% of patients (pts). Spinal care, diagnostic evaluation and initiation of systemic therapy are crucial for outcome in pts with advanced cancer. Histopathology (HP) from bone specimens is time consuming and decalcification procedure can hamper diagnostic information. The additional evaluation of spinal lesions by cytopathology (CP) has the potential to reduce time to diagnosis (TTD) and time to therapy (TTT). Therefore, we performed simultaneous analysis of CP and HP specimens from suspected malignant spinal lesions to evaluate the diagnostic value of additional CP. This work was supported by the German Society for Spine Surgery (DWG). Methods: We obtained CP specimens by transpedicular, intralesional aspiration through a Yamshidi needle or touch preparation from solid tissue samples. CP and HP specimens from spinal lesions were evaluated in parallel in 54 pts (CP/HP group). We analyzed sensitivity and specificity of CP in reference to HP. Furthermore, we compared the TTD and TTT of CP/HP group with a retrospective cohort of 103 patients in whom only HP was performed (HP group). Results: The collection of CP samples was feasible without elongation of surgery time or any complications for the pts. In 52/54 (96%) pts a CP-specimen was successfully obtained. Of the 52 pts analyzed, multiple myeloma was diagnosed in 10 pts, solid malignancy in 34, 1 pt had lymphoma and 7 did not show malignancy. The most common solid malignancies were prostate cancer (n=9), breast cancer (n=5) and adenocarcinoma of the lung (n=5). The sensitivity and specificity of CP in reference to HP is 98% and 71%, respectively. The concordance of CP and HP in differentiating between hematologic or solid neoplastic lesions is 94.2%. TTD in the CP/HP group was significantly shorter compared to HP group (1.7±1.8 and 8.6±3.6 d, respectively; p&lt;0.001). In addition, TTT in the CP/HP group was significantly shorter than in the HP group (19.3±14.4 d and 31.4±24.7 d; p=0.003). In 24.1% of pts a specific tumor therapy was initiated based on CP diagnosis before obtaining the results of HP. Conclusions: The evaluation of CP from malignant spinal lesions shows high sensitivity and concordance with HP and reduced TTD and TTT. Therefore, CP in addition to HP from spinal lesions of suspected malignancy has the potential to improve quality of life and prognosis in pts with advanced cancer. We therefore recommend the implementation of additional CP to HP in previously undiagnosed malignant spinal lesions.

Comparison of small biopsy and cytology specimens: Subtyping of pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

The aims of this study was to investigate the use of cytologic samples for subclassification of lung adenocarcinoma and the cytologic-histologic correlation in lung adenocarcinoma subtypes using small samples. Cytological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma subtypes were summarized by a literature review. Cytology samples from 115 patients with lung adenocarcinoma confirmed by small biopsies were classified by subtype. The diagnostic concordance of subtypes between biopsy and cytology samples was assessed. Among the 115 cases, 62 (53.9%) had acinar predominant pattern, 16 (13.9%) were papillary predominant pattern, 29 (25.2%) had solid predominant pattern, 3 (2.6%) had lepidic predominant pattern, and 5 (4.3%) had micropapillary predominant pattern. All corresponding cytologic samples were classified into five subtypes based on cytomorphology features, with concordance rates of 74.2% (46 patients) in c-acinar subtype, 56.3% (nine patients) in c-papillary subtype, 24.1% (seven patients) in c-solid subtype, 66.7% (two patients) in c-lepidic subtype, and 40% (two patients) in c-micropapillary subtype. Collectively, the cytology and small biopsy concordance rate was approximately 57.4%. Subtyping of lung adenocarcinoma using cytologic specimens is challenging and the consistency rate varies with the subtype. Acinar predominant tumors have an excellent cytologic-histologic correlation compared to tumors with predominant solid or micropapillary pattern. Evaluating cytomorphologic features of different lung adenocarcinoma subtypes can reduce the false-negative rate of lung adenocarcinoma, particularly for the mild, atypical micropapillary subtype, and improve diagnostic accuracy.

Cervical cytology results among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Brazil

ObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of abnormal cervical smear results among pregnant and non-pregnant women with and without representation of the transformation zone (TZ) in a mid-sized city in Brazil. Study designThis observational analytical and retrospective study analyzed cervical smear results from pregnant and non-pregnant women in a mid-sized city in Brazil. Private data were collected at private clinics over seven years and from public services over 16 years. All results were reported according to Bethesda System. Pregnant women were separated from non-pregnant women, and women were stratified into two age groups (25–29 years and 30–34 years) in general analyses. For TZ representation and cytologic-histologic correlation, there was no age stratification. ResultsAmong public services cervical smears, the frequency of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) was higher for pregnant women in the entire group (odds ratio [OR] 1.91; confidence interval [CI] 1.07–3.39) and among women from 30 to 40 years old (OR 2.79; CI 1.38–5.66). The same occurred for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in the total group (OR 3.50; CI 1.44–8.53) and among women 30 to 40 years old (OR 4.57; CI 1.45–14.42).The frequency of ASC-US was higher in pregnant women with TZ representation exams than those without (OR 4.62; CI 2.17–9.84). The same occurred for those with atypical squamous cells, which cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (OR 9.81; CI 1.63–59.15) and LSIL (OR 10.47; CI 3.39–32.36).Among pregnant women with abnormal cervical smear results, 85.74% were followed up through cytology, and an average of 26.12% of patients underwent biopsy, of which almost all were positive for dysplasia. ConclusionPregnant and non-pregnant women did not differ in cervical smears with actual precursor lesions. Nevertheless, considering the opportunistic nature of Brazilian cervical cancer screening, prenatal visits present an opportunity to perform cervical smears in pregnant women. TZ representation correlated with higher rates of abnormal cervical smears, reinforcing the clinical importance of endocervical/metaplastic cell representation, including among pregnant women.

Cytologic-Histologic Correlation of Musculoskeletal Lesions, an Examination of the Proposed Cytology Reporting System

Cytologic-Histologic Correlation of Musculoskeletal Lesions, an Examination of the Proposed Cytology Reporting System