Cyprinion Macrostomum Research Articles

Length–weight relationship and condition factor of thirteen fish species in the Tigris river before the construction of Ilisu and Cizre dams, Türkiye

The Ilısu Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP), situated on the Tigris river in Türkiye, began filling and forming a reservoir in 2021. In addition, there are plans for the construction of the upcoming Cizre HEPP. This situation has the potential to significantly impact the bio–ecology of fish species in the area. The research aimed to determine the length–weight relationships (LWR) and condition factors of thirteen fish species in the Tigris River: Arabibarbus grypus, Acanthobrama marmid, Alburnus sellal, Carassius gibelio, Cyprinion kais, Cyprinion macrostomus, Chondrostoma regium, Paracapoeta trutta, Capoeta umbla, Garra rufa, Squalius lepidus, Luciobarbus esocinus and Luciobarbus mystaceus, where Ilisu and Cizre dams reservoir will be formed. Length–weight relationships (LWRs) were determined using the formula W = aLb, where W represents weight and L represents length. Three types of lengths were considered: total length, fork length, and standard length. The exponent values (b) varied across the species, ranging from 2.7875 for Acanthobrama marmid to 3.2214 for Carassius gibelio. The relationships between length and weight were found to be highly significant, as indicated by the R2 values, which were all greater than 0.80, except for Alburnus sellal and Garra rufa, which had lower values below 0.80. The condition factors were calculated using Fulton’s condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn). In all species, except for Arabibarbus grypus and Chondrostoma regium, the condition factors were greater than 1 (K>1). However, for Capoeta umbla and Garra rufa, the relative condition factor (Kn) was less than 1 (Kn<1).

Morphological Examination of the Larval Development in Tigris Kingfish, Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843

This study presents a comprehensive morphological examination of the larval development stages and growth rates of Cyprinion macrostomus. C. macrostomus broodstock have been collected from their natural habitats in Kangal, Sivas, Türkiye, and taken into cultivation under laboratory conditions. The research meticulously observed the early developmental stages, feeding behaviors, and growth rates of the larvae. Findings indicate significant morphological changes during the transformation of larvae into juvenile fish, with morphological metamorphosis completed by day 25. The average length of the larvae reached 14.78 mm by the end of day 25. This study provides fundamental information for the cultivation and conservation of C. macrostomus, identifying necessary conditions for optimizing larval growth and development processes. Moreover, this research contributes to the development of strategies for the sustainable management and conservation of C. macrostomus, offering a foundation for future studies to build upon for the species’ conservation and successful aquaculture cultivation.

Surface Ultrastructure and Molecular Studies of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) Metacercariae in some Freshwater Fishes from Sulaimani Province, Iraq

Clinostomum is a trematode genus in the family Clinostomidae. The mentioned trematode species is parasitizing many fish species as intermediate hosts, while piscivorous birds and mammals are the main definitive hosts. Total of 58 metacercariae of Clinostomum larvae were dissected out from 25 infected fish specimens from eight different species from a number of water bodies of Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. In this investigation, 959 fish specimens were collected. These includes five cyprinid species: Capoeta trutta (Heckel), C. umbla (Heckel), Carasobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges), Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel and Garra rufa (Heckel), two leuciscid species: Alburnus sellal Heckel and Squalius lepidus Heckel and the mugilid fish Planiliza abu (Heckel). The prevalence of infection for each of these species was 1.8%, 5%, 20%, 1.5%, 1.7%, 4.9%, 4.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The morphology of the Clinostomum metacercariae was studied by using a compound microscope; their ultra-morphology was evaluated with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the molecular analysis were performed by amplifying, sequencing and comparing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA gene loci from isolated Clinostomum metacercariae. The obtained sequences confirmed that all metacercariae of the Clinostomum, collected during the present study, represented with C. complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) based on percent identity with sequences in the GenBank subject database. The molecular characterisations of the C. complanatum metacercariae in the present study were deposited in GenBank NCBI.

Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor for Eight Fish Species from One Drain in Al-Alam Distric–Salah al Din Province-Iraq

Length-weight relationship and condition factor for 257 Chondrostoma regium, 172 Carassius auratus, 50 Carasobarbus luteus, 24 Alburnus mossulensis, 13 Cyprinion kais, 12 Acanthobrama marmid, 10 Cyprinion macrostomum and 8 Gambusia holbrooki collected from one drain located in the Ahed arean/Al-Alam District during the period from 1/10/2022 to 31/3/2023. Regression coefficients for fish species ranged from 2.288 to 3.152. The growth pattern for G. holbrooki, A. mossulensis, C. auratus, A. marmid, C. kais and C. regium was negative allometric, while for C. luteus and C. macrostomum was positive with b values 3.144 and 1.152 respectively. The values for condition factor ranged from 0.797 to 1.617. Condition factor for all species was more than one except for A. mossulensis and C. regium.

Biometric relation between body size and otolith size of Cyprinionkais and C. macrostomum collected from Tigris River, Şırnak Province,Türkiye

One hundred and twenty asterisci were obtained from 30 specimens each of Cyprinion kais and Cyprinion macrostomum. Significant relationships between otolith mass and the three fish lengths (TL, SL, and FL) were attained for C. kais. Similar associations were obtained for OL and the three fish lengths of C. macrostomum. For C. kais, the highest in the relation between otolith mass, hereafter referred to as OM, and fish fork length, henceforth known as FL (0.5894). The lowest coefficient of determination was observed between otolith width, hereafter called OW, and standard fish length, hereafter referred to as SL (0.2861). For C. macrostomum, the highest coefficient of determination was attained for the relation between OL and FL (0.7280) and the lowest for the relationship between OM and TL (0.1717).The analysis shows that evaluations of the body size of the two fish species investigated through biometric studies of otoliths are trustworthy.

Factors affecting nutritional quality in terms of the fatty acid composition of Cyprinion macrostomus

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different factors (season, gender, location, total lipid, weight and length) on the fatty acid composition and nutritional quality of Cyprinion macrostomus. The results were evaluated through PERMANOVA, principal coordinates (PCO), and cluster analysis for similarity ranges. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was performed on the distance matrix using multiple permutations within a significant fixed effect (p < 0.05). C18:1ω9, EPA and DHA were the most important fatty acids which had an effect on the nutritional quality in all the factor groups. Total lipid amount, season and length factors were the most influential on the fatty acid compositions of C. macrostomus. Summer and Spring were the best the periods for the good nutritional quality of C. macrostomus in terms of AI (Atherogenicity index), TI (Thrombogenicity index) and h/H (Σhypocholesterolemic/Σhypercholesterolemic fatty acid index). In addition, station, gender and weight had no effect on nutritional quality. The study indicated that C. macrostomus is a potential fish meat for human nutrition with high nutritional value in terms of fatty acid composition.

Göynük Çayı'nda (Bingöl) yakalanan Cyprinion macrostomus dokularında antioksidan savunma sistemi göstergelerindeki mevsimsel değişiklikler

In this study, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels occurring throughout the year were examined in Cyprinion macrostomus tissues (kidney, gill, liver and gonad) captured from Göynük Stream (Bingöl, Turkey). For this purpose, two locations (Ilıcalar and Garip) where fish can be caught regularly in summer, autumn, winter and spring were determined. Fish were caught regularly from these two locations every month and brought to the laboratory. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine enzyme activities and MDA levels in the study. As a result of the study, it was determined that the MDA level and enzyme activities between Ilıcalar and Garip stations, in general, were statistically different from each other in all tissues. However, it was observed that there were important differences in general between the seasons at both stations. In addition, while GR and G6PD activities were lower than other enzyme activities throughout the study, CAT and SOD activities were higher.

Geometric analysis of otoliths in Cyprinion kais and Cyprinion macrostomus

Cyprinion macrostomus and Cyprinion kais are species that inhabit in the Tigris River. These fishes, formerly considered as the same species, have been listed as different species by taking differences in jaw and mouth structures into consideration. The mouth shape of C.kais is distinct and small. The mouth is convex and has broad lateral lobes. The mouth of C.macrostomus is wider, is convex and lacks lateral lobes. This study aimed to determine the shape-dependent variability in the breed and sex factors of otoliths of the fish species C.kais and C.macrostomus. For this purpose, 30 right otoliths from both species were used. Geometric morphometric analyses were performed by marking semilandmarks on the otoliths. When examining the results of the analysis, it was found that the first base component accounted for the total shape difference by 26.871% and the first three base components accounted for the total shape difference by 52.235%. In the regression analysis of shape on dimension, it was found that 2.1020% of shape could be estimated in terms of size according to the groups. In the wire-frame wrap graph showing group-based shape differences, it was found that C.kais was wider than C.macrostomus at the level of the dorsal margin and the rostrum region of C.macrostomus was larger and sharply pointed. Consequently, it is believed that the data of the study can be reference for many disciplines, especially for taxonomic classification of species.

Farklı Çevresel Koşullara Uyumlu Bazı Sazan Türlerinde Hemoglobin Proteini Farklılıklarının Elektroforetik Tekniklerle Araştırılması

Six different temperate zone species of Cyprinidae family members, which are adapted to different harsh environmental conditions, were analyzed versus cold-acclimated Salmonid. Hemoglobin diversity in the studied species was investigated with a modified form of isoelectric pH: 3.5-10 ampholite system. 6 isohemoglobin bands were observed for cold-acclimated Oncorhynchus mykiss 8 isohemoglobin were observed for Chalcalburnus tarichi 9 for Cyprinion macrostomus and Sarkisla (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio, 11 Garra rufa and finally 12 for Todurge (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio. Cathodic/anodic ratios were found equal to 1for control and the fish adapted to available conditions. However, these ratios were found below 1 when environmental conditions were changed for fish, which are adapted to these poorly oxygenated conditions. Different environmentally adapted fish species are representing various isohemoglobins bands pattern. The species used as a control group in this study shown the lower isohemoglobin bands form. On the other hand, different forms of temperate climate Cyprinidae family member are produced isohemoglobins bands pattern, and the number of these band were higher than control group, depending on different adaptation conditions. The majority of these protein bands were anadic and it can be said that fish are producing anodic hemoglobin protein, when environmental conditions was changed to poorly oxygenated milieu.

Crustacean and protozoan parasites of some cyprinid fish living in the Murat River (Bingöl-Türkiye), with new host records

Some Cyprinid fish species: Cyprinion macrostomum (Heckel, 1843), Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843), Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843), and Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) living naturally in the Murat River, were investigated for Protozoan and Crustacean parasite fauna and their distribution. Fish samples were collected from different stations between July 2017 - June 2019, examined in the Bingöl University Zoology Research Laboratory, and the data were explained with various variables. The normality test revealed that the data were not normally distributed (p< 0.05), as with large samples, so non-parametric tests explained the data. A total of 365 fish were examined, and 100 fish (27.4%) were infected with at least one Protozoan or Crustacean parasite. Four different parasite species were recorded on the examined fish, namely Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp. belonging to the phylum Ciliophora (Protozoan), Ergasilus sieboldi, and Lamproglena pulchella belonging to the phylum Arthropoda (Crustacean). As a result of this study, for the first time, Protozoan and Crustacean parasites of different cyprinid fish were examined according to the host species, seasonal distribution, host size, and new host records were reported for three parasites.

Bilateral symmetric ankles and feet cellulitis after fish pedicure: Case report and review of the literature

Fish pedicure (feet immersion in a tank containing fish Garra rufa or Cyprinion macrostomus) is a widely diffuse cosmetic practice, usually considered safe. However, this practice is regulated only in a few Countries, and the risk of infection related to this practice is not quantified. We report a case of bilateral symmetric ankles and feet cellulitis in a previously healthy young woman without risk factors for infections, after a fish pedicure in Greece. Three cases of foot infection after fish pedicure have been described in the English literature, two sustained by S. aureus and one by Mycobacterium marinum, but none of them was so extensive, involving not only feet but also ankles. The practice of the aesthetic fish pedicure should be regulated in all Countries to reduce the risk of complications related to this procedure. Moreover, studies targeted at investigating the risk of infection associated with this procedure are warranted. Keywords: Fish pedicure; Cosmetic procedure; Cellulitis; Risk infection.

The Hydrogeological and Biological Characteristics of Psoriasis Treatment Center, Turkey

More than 1000 thermal and mineral water springs with temperatures from 20°C to102°C occur in Turkey. Kangal Balikli Hot Spring is known as psoriasis treatment center is one of the most important among these springs. The main scope of this research was to determine geological, hydrogeological and biological properties and water chemistry of the psoriasis treatment center and the stream running alongside the thermal pools. The spring water is an isothermal-hypotonic and oligometalic mineral water, having average of electrical conductivity: 530 μS cm-1, temperature: 35°C, CO2 8.70 mg l-1, pH 7.30 and O2 4 mg l-1. Calcium, magnesium and bicarbonates are dominant. Neither the chemical figures nor the temperature (35±1°C) of the water shows seasonal change. There are two fish species, Garra rufa and Cyprinion macrostomus, that adapted living at 35°C water temperature. The mean fork length and body weight of the fish living in the psoriasis treatment center is significantly lower than those living at the stream. Some of the fish in the pools showed symptoms of illness such as exophthalmus, scale loose, skin ulceration, pale gills, and bloated appearance. Gut analysis revealed that both species have been feeding on algae, insect parts, fish scales, and debris. In most cases the guts of fish caught in the pools were either empty or had very little content in it. Zooplanktons had little species and were not recorded frequently.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ZOONOTIC TREMATODE METACERCARIAE (Haplorchis taitui) IN FRESHWATER FISH IN IRAN

The intestinal trematode, Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924), is an important in public health that causes infection in humans and animals especially in Asia and in parts of Africa and the Americas. Haplorchis taitui metacercariae were found in the gills of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) and Capoeta barroisi persica (Karaman) collected from the Shapour River. Morphological excysted metacercariae were identified as wet mounts under a stereomicroscope. Then, the samples were subjected to molecular analysis. The result showed that 69% of examined fish (n = 30) were diagnosed infected with encysted metacercariae in gills. The mean intensity was 8.3 ± 16.9 parasites per fish. The morphometrical values agree with the findings of other studies with the small differences and polymerase chain reaction product length and nucleotide sequence analysis of 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid gene showed a similarity of over 99% between the specimens and the Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) recorded in GenBank.

Recording the ciliated parasite Vorticella globularia on the gill of a new host Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel, 1843 for the first time in Iraq

Nine Cyprinion macrostomum fishes had been collecting from fishermen that fishing by throw net from Euphrates river Al-mussab city, it had been measured and weighted, its weight 8.5-46 gm, and its length 9.5-16 cm respectively and then examined it, throughout looking for parasite infection, ciliated was arise, then start measuring it and comparing it with what the taxonomy references and what other researcher find, it look the seam with what Al-Musawi, (2016) recoded and what Warren, (1986) mentioned, then by e-mailing Pro. Dr. F.D. Mhaisen, and after he checked his Index-catalogue, Mhaisen, F.T. (2019), the parasite considered as a new intrusive on C. macrostomum fish and this fish as a new host for it in Iraq.

Recording the ciliated parasite Vorticella globularia on the gill of a new host Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel, 1843 for the first time in Iraq

Recording the ciliated parasite Vorticella globularia on the gill of a new host Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel, 1843 for the first time in Iraq

Otolith and Scale morphology of Endemic fish Cyprinion macrostomum in Tigris–Euphrates Basin

The present study aims to determine the otolith and scale morphology of Cyprinion macrostomum in the Tigris–Euphrates Basin. A total of 50 specimens are evaluated, and total length and body weight values of samples are ranged 6.7–10.4 cm, and 2.7–10.9 g, respectively. The asteriscus and lapillus pairs are examined, and also the scales from the six body regions of juvenile and adult C. macrostomum samples are investigated. The otolith characters such as shape, size, proximal and distal surfaces, antirostrum and rostrum types and the scale morphological characters such as type, size, shape, focus position, circuli appearance, radii type, and rostral and caudal margin shapes are the distinguishable characters for the C. macrostomum samples. Whereas asteriscus pairs shape is discoidal, lapillus pairs shape is kidney-shaped for C. macrostomum samples. When the scales in six different body regions of C. macrostomum are compared, there are differences between the scale shapes obtained from six different regions.

Estimation of chemical components and caloric values for muscles of some local fish in Karbala province, Iraq

The present work aimed at conducting a comparative study of the chemical components of the muscles of four teleosts in two different regions of each Coptodon zillii belonging to the Cichlidae and members of Cyprinidae, Carabarbus luteus, Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinion macrostomum. This study concentrated on the determination of differences in the values of the chemical components of the muscles and calories for protein and lipid contents. In addition to this, it concentrated on the determination of the nutritional value of the studied fish. Samples were collected between November / 2018 and January / 2019 from Al-Hindiyia market in Karbala province, Iraq. The results showed that the protein content was higher in the region 1 (R1] compared to the region 2 (R2] while the lipid content of the R2 was higher than that for the R1. These results were associated with the red muscle ratio in the two regions. The total protein content was recorded 19.69% in C. zillii, 25.42% in C.luteus, 21.92% in C. carpio and 23.51% in C.macrostomum while the total lipid content was 4.25% in C. zillii, 2.23% in C. luteus, 4.10% in C. carpio and 6.42% in C. macrostomum. Therefore, the statistical results indicated significant differences (P<0.05] between the studied species in protein and lipid contents, while the differences were not significant (P>0.05] among the C.zillii, C.luteus and C.carpio in the values of moisture content and between the C.luteus and C.macrostomum in ash content values. According to the lipid content values in the studied fish muscles, the C. luteus fish (2.23%] were in a low-lipid fish while the C.carpio (4.10%], C.zillii (4.52%] and C.macrostomum fish(6.24%] were in a medium-lipid fish.

Community Composition of Parasitic Nematodes of Cyprinion Macrostomum from North and Mid West Regions In Iraq

Community Composition of Parasitic Nematodes of Cyprinion Macrostomum from North and Mid West Regions In Iraq

Genetic diversity of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843) populations in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers based on partial cytochrome b sequences of mitochondrial DNA

Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843), thriving in both Euphrates and Tigris river systems, is an economically important food fish species of the family Cyprinidae. It is important to know genetic structure of fis populations in terms of identification of genetic structure of stocks for facilitating sustainable fishing and conservation strategies.The present study, evaluated genetic structure of C. macrostomus populations in Euphrates and Tigris rivers using mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis. A total number of 44 C. macrostomus specimens were collected from Euphrates and Tigris rivers and total DNA was isolated from muscle tissue. Approximately 600 bp of mtDNA cyt b site was amplified by PCR and 8 polymorphic and 8 haplotypes were identified after sequence analysis. Mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity were calculated as 0.738 and 0.00253 respectively. Both populations had similar values in terms of haplotype as well as nucleotide diversity and neutrality tests were also found to be statistically insignificant.

Reproductive biology of lotak, Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel, 1843 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), from the Tigris River drainage

Some reproduction aspects of the doctor fish, Cyprinion macrostomum, were examined for the first time from the Tigris River drainage. A total of 316 specimens were caught from Gamasiab River in western Iran, at monthly intervals throughout the year from January to December 2013. Age, sex ratio, fecundity, oocytes diameter, gonado‑somatic (GSI), modified gonado‑somatic (MGSI) and Dobriyal (DI) indices were estimated. Regression analyses were used to find relations between fecundity and fish size (length and weight), gonad weight, and age. Sex ratio differed significantly from unity, and the percentage of males was greater than that of females. The mature females and males were longer than 108 mm and 94 mm in total length (+2 and +1 in age, respectively). The GSI ranged between 0.09-2.94% and 1.70-15.53% for males and females, respectively. Gonad indices showed spawning took place from May to August, when the water temperature was 16 to 24 °C. The average diameter of the oocytes ranged from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, in the spawning season. The averages of absolute and relative fecundity (relative to body weight) were 3642.51 eggs (SD ±1219.92) and of 55.04 (SD ±14.12) per gram body weight, respectively. The absolute fecundity was significantly related to body weight and ovary weight.