CYP19 Gene Research Articles

Effects of Apis dorsata Honey on the mRNA Expression of Selected CYP450, Pro-apoptotic, and Anti-apoptotic Genes during Induced Cytotoxicity in Cyclophosphamide-treated Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) Cells

Effects of Apis dorsata Honey on the mRNA Expression of Selected CYP450, Pro-apoptotic, and Anti-apoptotic Genes during Induced Cytotoxicity in Cyclophosphamide-treated Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) Cells

Cyp19 expression and sex change timing in captive-bred false clownfish.

The false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is a protandrous hermaphrodite with a distinctive reproductive behavior. This study elucidates the genetic mechanisms and timing of sex changes in captive-bred A. ocellaris by examining the expression of key genes involved in this process, specifically cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b. Gonadal histological analyses and gene expression studies were conducted on subadult fish paired for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 16 months. Our findings reveal that alterations in cyp19 gene expression coincide with a pairing period starting after 3 months. Both cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b expression levels were significantly elevated in paired females compared with their male counterparts and unpaired controls. Histological investigations demonstrated that sex conversion to females occurred during the 3-month pairing period. This study highlights the crucial role of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b in the sex change process of A. ocellaris and indicates that a minimum of 5 months of pairing is necessary for completing the sex change.

VARIANTS OF THE FORMATION AND COURSE OF DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY IN CHILDREN WITH GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4.

The aim: To clarify the frequency with which various variants of the formation and course of drug-resistant epilepsy occur in children with genetic polymor¬phisms of cytochromes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4. Materials and methods: The genotyping of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP3A4*1B by the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed in 116 children with drug-resistant epilepsy aged from 2 to 17 years. Thirty cases (boys-15; girls-15) with a follow-up period of more than 5 years were analyzed in detail. Results: Of 30 cases analyzed, polymorphisms were not detected in 8 (26.67%) children, and 22 (73.33%) had polymorphisms of the CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 genes associated with a slow metabolism of AED. In children with polymorphisms of the CYP450 genes, the wave-like course of the disease with the periods of remission and its failures was characteristic, while for children with a presumably normal metabolism there was the initial resistance to the treatment with AED. Conclusions: Individual changes in the AED metabolism affect the course of drug-resistant epilepsies. For patients with a slow metabolism of AED the wave-like course of the disease and the "slipping off" phenomenon were more characteristic.

Immunological and genetic predictors of breast cancer

Aim. To investigate the associations of idiotypic IgA antibodies against benzo[a]pyrene, estradiol and progesterone (IgA1 -Bp, IgA1 -E2, and IgA1 - Pg) with the corresponding anti-idiotypic IgG antibodies to estradiol and progesterone (IgG2 -E2 and IgG2 -Pg) and with gene polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 in patients with stage 1 breast cancer. Materials and Methods. Idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies in the serum of 240 healthy women and 505 patients with stage 1 breast cancer were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence of CYP1A1 (rs4646903), CYP1A2 (rs762551), CYP1B1 (rs1056836), CYP19A1 (rs2470152), GSTM1(del), GSTT1(del), and GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphisms in 530 healthy women and 694 patients with stage 1 breast cancer were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results. Low personal IgA1 -Bp/IgA1 -Pg < 1 and IgA1 -E2/IgA1 -Pg < 1 ratios in combination with low IgG2 -E2 ≤ 4 and high IgG2 -Pg > 2 levels were found in 20.6% of healthy women and in 4.5% of breast cancer patients (p < 0.0001; OR = 0.2). Low IgA1 -Bp/IgA1 -Pg and high IgA1 -E2/IgA1 -Pg ratios in combination with low IgG2 -E2 and high IgG2 - Pg levels were revealed in 7.4% of healthy women and 2.8% of breast cancer patients (p = 0.009; OR = 0.4). These two variants were integrated and marked as protective immunological phenotype. High IgA1 - Bp/IgA1 -Pg and high IgA1 -E2/IgA1 -Pg ratios combined with high IgG2 -Pg and high or low IgG2 -E2 levels were found in 17.2% of healthy women and27.2% of breast cancer patients (p = 0.006; OR = 1.8) and in 6.4% of healthy women and in 18.3% of breast cancer patients (p < 0.0001; OR = 3.3), correspondingly. These two variants were integrated and marked as pro-carcinogenic immunological phenotype. These associations were found only with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. GSTP1 (rs1695) gene polymorphism was associated exclusively with estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (p = 0.004; OR = 1.56). No interrelations be tween immunological phenotypes and studied polymorphisms of CYP and GST genes have been found.Conclusion. Pro-carcinogenic immunological phenotype and rs1695 gene polymorphism within the GSTP1 gene were independent predictors of ER+ and ER- breast cancer correspondingly.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of Dastarcus helophoroides provides insights into CYP450 genes expression upon insecticide exposure.

Dastarcus helophoroides is an important natural enemy of cerambycids, and is wildly used in biological control of pests. Nevertheless, the absence of complete genomic information limits the investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, a chromosome-level of Dastarcus helophoroides genome is assembled using a combination strategy of Illumina, PacBio, 10x™ Genomics, and Hi-C. The final assembly is 609.09 Mb with contig N50, scaffold N50 and GC content of 5.46 Mb, 42.56 Mb and 31.50%, respectively, and 95.25% of the contigs anchor into 13 chromosomes. In total 14 890 protein-coding genes and 65.37% repeat sequences are predicted in the assembly genome. The phylogenetic analysis of single-copy gene families shared among 20 insect species indicates that Dastarcus helophoroides is placed as the sister species to clade (Nitidulidae+Curculionoidea+Chrysomeloidea) + Tenebrionoidea, and diverges from the related species ~242.9 Mya. In total 36 expanded gene families are identified in Dastarcus helophoroides genome, and are functionally related to drug metabolism and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Some members of CYP4 Clade and CYP6 Clade are up-regulated in Dastarcus helophoroides adults upon insecticide exposure, of which expressions of DhCYP4Q, DhCYP6A14X1 and DhCYP4C1 are significantly up-regulated. The silencing of the three genes leads to adults more sensitive to insecticide and increased knocked-down rate, which may indicate their critical roles in stress resistance and detoxication. Our study systematically integrated the chromosome-level genome, transcriptome and gene expression of Dastarcus helophoroides, which will provide valuable resources for understanding mechanisms of pesticide metabolism, growth and development, and utilization of the natural enemy in integrated control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Differential expression of steroidogenic genes in MCF-7 cell lines by methanolic extract of Mallotus phillippensis

The role of oestrogen in the development of breast cancer is well documented. The aberrant expression of genes involved in oestrogen hormone synthesis can be one of the causes of breast cancer. Suppression of these genes is considered a therapeutic option for the treatment of breast cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a methanolic extract of Mallotus phillippensis leaves on the expression of CYP19 and StAR genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract was found to be 190 µg/mL. MCF-7 cells treated with half IC50, IC50 and double IC50 of the extract that is 95, 190 and 380 µg/mL, was used for evaluating the effect on the gene. Methanolic extract of M. phillippensis at double IC50 doses, upregulated the expression of StAR and CYP 19 genes, whereas at half IC50 and IC50 doses downregulated StAR and CYP 19 gene expression. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, fatty acid analogues and terpenoids in the extract which contributed to differential expression of StAR and CYP 19 genes. The confirmation of detected compounds was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. From this study, it is inferred that higher doses of methanolic extract of Mallotus phillippensis can be used for treatment of the oestrogen deficient conditions leading to infertility while at lower doses significantly reduces StAR and CYP 19 gene expression can be recommended for the treatment of breast cancer.

A comparative transcriptome analysis of the head of 1 and 9 days old worker honeybees (Apis mellifera).

The role of bees in the environment, economic, biodiversity and pharmaceutical industries is due to its social behavior, which is oriented from the brain and hypopharyngeal gland that is the center of royal jelly (RJ) production. Limited studies have been performed on the head gene expression profile at the RJ production stage. The aim of this study was to compare the gene expressions in 9 and 1-day-old (DO) honeybee workers in order to achieve better understanding about head gene expression pattern. After sequencing of RNAs, transcriptome and their networks were compared. The head expression profile undergoes various changes. 1662 gene transcripts had differential expressions which 1125 and 537 were up and down regulated, respectively, in 9_DO compared with 1_DO honey bees. The day 1th had more significant role in the expression of genes related to RJ production as major RJ protein 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 9 encoding genes, but their maximum secretion occurred at day 9th. All process related to hypopharyngeal glands activities as CYP450 gene, fatty acid synthase gene, vitamin B6 metabolism and some of genes involved in fatty acid elongation and degradation process had an upward trend from 1_DO and were age-dependent. By increasing the age, the activity of pathways related to immune system increased for keeping the health of bees against the chemical compound. The expression of aromatic amino acid genes involved in Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway are essential for early stage of life. In 9_DO honeybees, the energy supplying, reducing stress, protein production and export pathways have a crucial role for support the body development and the social duties. It can be stated that the activity of honeybee head is focused on energy supply instead of storage, while actively trying to improve the level of cell dynamics for increasing the immunity and reducing stress. Results of current study identified key genes of certain behaviors of honeybee workers. Deeper considering of some pathways will be evaluated in future studies.

The chromosome-level Melaleuca alternifolia genome provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying terpenoids biosynthesis

The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia is increasingly popular for its naturally occurring pharmacological properties, which is widely used in daily necessities and cosmetics. Understanding the genetic basis of M. alternifolia can also provide useful molecular information that can improve the potential for essential oil yield in breeding. Here, we first reported the genome of M. alternifolia at the chromosome level to anchor the 331.11 Mb sequences into 11 pseudochromosomes with a scaffold N50 of 31.72 Mb. Comparative genomic analysis showed that several genes from the M. alternifolia genome may have evolved toward more terpenoids metabolites by natural selection, including MaSE, MaSDR1, MaKAO, MaGA20ox, MaISPF, MaDXS, MaHMGS, and MaIDI. Metabolomics data showed that sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids were the main categories of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the contents of most of which were significantly higher in leaves than in roots and stems, suggesting that they are important bioactive constituents of essential oils in the leaves of M. alternifolia. Coexpression and ceRNA network results indicated that the identified class of miR156 may affect the biosynthesis of terpenoids by regulating the expression of related genes. Integrated whole-transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that the members of the CYP450 and terpene synthase (TPS) gene families exhibited a high correlation with terpenoids accumulation, which can be responsible for terpenoids biosynthesis via complex regulatory networks, including MaCYP76F14, MaCYP76B10, MaCYP76A26, MaCYP82G1, MaTPS2, and MaTPS4. These results provide a good insight into the molecular mechanisms of terpenoids biosynthesis in M. alternifolia and will provide basic research and technical support for high yields of essential oils in crop molecular breeding.

Enhancement of fatty acid degradation pathway promoted glucoamylase synthesis in Aspergillus niger

BackgroundOur recent multi-omics analyses of glucoamylase biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger (A. niger) suggested that lipid catabolism was significantly up-regulated during high-yield period under oxygen limitation. Since the catabolism of fatty acids can provide energy compounds such as ATP and important precursors such as acetyl-CoA, we speculated that enhancement of this pathway might be beneficial to glucoamylase overproduction.ResultsBased on previous transcriptome data, we selected and individually overexpressed five candidate genes involved in fatty acid degradation under the control of the Tet-on gene switch in A. niger. Overexpression of the fadE, fadA and cyp genes increased the final specific enzyme activity and total secreted protein on shake flask by 21.3 ~ 31.3% and 16.0 ~ 24.2%, respectively. And a better inducible effect by doxycycline was obtained from early logarithmic growth phase (18 h) than stationary phase (42 h). Similar with flask-level results, the glucoamylase content and total extracellular protein in engineered strains OE-fadE (overexpressing fadE) and OE-fadA (overexpressing fadA) on maltose-limited chemostat cultivation were improved by 31.2 ~ 34.1% and 35.1 ~ 38.8% compared to parental strain B36. Meanwhile, intracellular free fatty acids were correspondingly decreased by 41.6 ~ 44.6%. The metabolomic analysis demonstrated intracellular amino acids pools increased 24.86% and 18.49% in two engineered strains OE-fadE and OE-fadA compared to B36. Flux simulation revealed that increased ATP, acetyl-CoA and NADH was supplied into TCA cycle to improve amino acids synthesis for glucoamylase overproduction.ConclusionThis study suggested for the first time that glucoamylase production was significantly improved in A. niger by overexpression of genes fadE and fadA involved in fatty acids degradation pathway. Harnessing the intracellular fatty acids could be a strategy to improve enzyme production in Aspergillus niger cell factory.

A new insight into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/cytochrome 450 signaling pathway in MG63, HOS, SAOS2, and U2OS cell lines

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of bone, with rapid progressive growth, early distant metastases, and frequent recurrence after surgical treatment. Osteosarcoma is characterized by changes in the ratio and expression of different cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms that can affect the effectiveness of anticancer therapies. The inducible expression of CYP1 genes depends on the ligand-dependent functionality of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In this study, we examined the AHR/CYP1 signaling pathway in four osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63, HOS, SAOS2, and U2OS) induced by the known AHR ligands: indirubin, indole-3-carbinol, and beta-naphthoflavone. Using qPCR and Western blot analysis, we explored the effects of these ligands on the expression of the CYP1 genes and studied the correlation between these responses and the changes in the mRNA and protein levels of AHR and the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) in these osteosarcoma cell lines. The results show that the AHR/CYP1 signaling pathway retains its function only in MG63 and HOS cells, and is impaired in SAOS2 and U2OS cells. Our data should be taken into account when recommending new strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma and when evaluating new drugs against osteosarcoma in vitro.

A Novel CYP4 Gene Identified in the Polychaete Sternaspis scutata and Its Transcriptional Levels along the Coasts of the Liaodong Peninsula

Polychaetes (such as Sternaspis sculata) can biotransform polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment, and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme is the key substance in this process. Here, a novel CYP gene was identified from S. sculata, a marine polychaete that is abundantly distributed along marine coasts worldwide. The full-length cDNA of the new CYP is a 1829 bp, encoding a protein of 509 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CYP gene contains the conserved motifs of the P450 family (FxxGxxxCxG) and the characteristic sequences of the CYP4 family (EVDTFMFEGHDTT), showing high similarity to CYP4V from marine polychaetes. Therefore, the cDNA sequence might belong to the subfamily of CYP4V, tentatively named SsCYP4V. The expression levels of SsCYP4V in the field were detected in S. sculata sampled from six sites along the coasts of the Liaodong Peninsula. The results showed that the relative expression levels of SsCYP4V in S. sculata were significantly different among the sampling sites; however, no positive relationship was found between SsCYP4V expression levels and PAHs concentrations in the sediments. These findings suggested a complexity of CYP gene expression in the field, and SsCYP4V cannot be used as a biomarker for the field monitoring of PAH pollution.

RF03 | PMON287 Examining the role of Constitutive Androstane Receptor during Imidacloprid exposure

Abstract Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid pesticide used for pest control and seed treatments. It mimics nicotine and selectively targets insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to induce paralysis and death. Popularly used worldwide, IMI residue is readily detectable in crops, the environment, and human samples. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients as well as defective gut barrier and hepatoxicity in animal models have been reported subsequent to IMI exposure. However, the mechanism underlying IMI toxicity in mammals is unclear. Pesticide exposure frequently activates xenobiotic nuclear receptors, like constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), to induce detoxification phase I and phase II genes. We found that IMI exposure in wild-type (WT) mice induced hepatic expression of Cyp2b10, a bona fide target of CAR. This data led us to investigate the role of CAR in alleviating IMI toxicity. We dosed wild-type (WT) and Car-/- mice with 50mg/kg BW IMI, twice daily for 21 days and collected serum, liver, and intestine tissues. The absence of CAR resulted in a three-fold increased accumulation of IMI within the liver as well as a 6% increase in body weight. Intriguingly, IMI exposure resulted in hepatic inflammatory pockets in WT mice but did not induce serum liver injury markers (ALT and AST) in either WT or Car-/- mice. We quantified the expression of genes involved in detoxification and oxidative stress within the liver and ileum using qRT-PCR. We found Car-/-mice had significantly blunted expression of Cyp-P450 enzymes in the ileum. To compare gut function, we measured organ coefficient and examined ileal histology using Alcian Blue/PAS staining. We found the absence of CAR altered small intestine (SI) morphology independent of IMI exposure suggesting a basal role of CAR in maintaining overall SI morphology. Car-/-mice also exhibited increased SI weight and length and shorter villi height. AB-PAS staining showed IMI reduced ileal mucin production in WT mice but not Car-/- mice. To further examine CAR's role in the xenobiotic metabolism in the ileum, we will compare microbial diversity and bile acid pools with and without IMI exposure. Our results suggest IMI is not overtly toxic, but the absence of xenobiotic nuclear receptor CAR allows increased accumulation of IMI in the liver and disrupts the structure and Cyp gene expression in the intestine. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:18 p.m. - 1:23 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Inflammatory signaling on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in hepatocytes.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are membrane-bound blood proteins that are vital to drug detoxification, cell metabolism, and homeostasis. CYP450s belonging to CYP families 1-3 are responsible for nearly 80% of oxidative metabolism and complete elimination of approximately 50% of all common clinical drugs in humans liver hepatocytes. CYP450s can affect the body's response to drugs by altering the reaction, safety, bioavailability, and toxicity. They can also regulate metabolic organs and the body's local action sites to produce drug resistance through altered drug metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms in the CYP gene alone do not explain ethnic and individual differences in drug efficacy in the context of complex diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of new inflammatory-response signaling pathways on the activity and expression of CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes. Included is a summary of recent studies that have identified drugs with the potential to regulate drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Our goal is to inspire the development of clinical drug treatment processes that consider the impact of the inflammatory environment on drug treatment, as well as provide research targets for those studying drug metabolism.

Conservation of transcriptional regulation by BRCA1 and BARD1 in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The tumor-suppressor proteins BRCA1 and BARD1 function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to facilitate transcriptional repression and DNA damage repair. This is mediated in-part through its ability to mono-ubiquitylate histone H2A in nucleosomes. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have been used to elucidate numerous functions of BRCA1 and BARD1; however, it has not been established that the C. elegans orthologs, BRC-1 and BRD-1, retain all the functions of their human counterparts. Here we explore the conservation of enzymatic activity toward nucleosomes which leads to repression of estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (cyp) genes in humans. Biochemical assays establish that BRC-1 and BRD-1 contribute to ubiquitylation of histone H2A in the nucleosome. Mutational analysis shows that while BRC-1 likely binds the nucleosome using a conserved interface, BRD-1 and BARD1 have evolved different modes of binding, resulting in a difference in the placement of ubiquitin on H2A. Gene expression analysis reveals that in spite of this difference, BRC-1 and BRD-1 also contribute to cyp gene repression in C. elegans. Establishing conservation of these functions in C. elegans allows for use of this powerful model organism to address remaining questions regarding regulation of gene expression by BRCA1 and BARD1.

Influence of CYP Gene Polymorphism on Sodium Valproate levels And Clinical Outcome in Pediatric Epilepsy: A Cohort Study

Influence of CYP Gene Polymorphism on Sodium Valproate levels And Clinical Outcome in Pediatric Epilepsy: A Cohort Study

Identification and characterization of CYP307A1 as a molecular target for controlling the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida.

The molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a key role in insect development, metamorphosis, and reproduction. Previous studies have shown that ecdysteroid metabolism is regulated by a series of CYP genes in most of the insect species. However, the roles of these CYP genes in a Coleopteran beetle, Aethina tumida (small hive beetle, SHB) have not yet been explored. In the current study, we identified seven CYP genes (six Halloween genes and one AtCYP18A1 gene) related to 20E metabolism. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that AtCYP307A1 and AtCYP307B1 were primarily expressed in the embryonic stage and in the cephalothorax of larvae. RNA interference (RNAi) screening revealed that suppression of AtCYP307A1 expression caused a lethal phenotype during the larval-pupal metamorphosis. Furthermore, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining of the integument showed that the RNAi of AtCYP307A1 inhibited the apolysis and degradation of the old cuticle. In addition, silencing of AtCYP307A1 resulted in significant down-regulation of 20E titers and the expression levels of 20E signaling pathway genes. Finally, the AtCYP307A1 RNAi phenotype was rescued by topical application of 20E. Our studies suggest that AtCYP307A1 involved in 20E synthesis is indispensable during the larval-pupal metamorphosis of beetles, which could serve as a putative insecticide target for pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Reveal Differentially Expressed Cytochrome P450 in Response to Imidacloprid in the Aphid Lion, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen).

Simple SummaryChrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (CZS) is a generalist predator of arthropod pests in different crops and is distributed in wide geographical regions. Being a natural predator, CZS shares an ecological niche with the pests and is exposed to several groups of pesticides including imidacloprid. Due to continuous exposure, it has developed resistance to several insecticides. Transcriptomes of imidacloprid-resistant and susceptible strains have been generated and compared for expression differences. From the transcriptome, sequences belonging to the CYP gene family have been mined for their nomenclature and classification into the four CYP clans. Putative functions of the CYP families in CZS have been identified by phylogenetic analysis including CYP sequences from Drosophila and Tribolium. Further, differential expressions of CYP genes have been validated using qRT-PCR. We found nine CYP genes to be downregulated and one to be upregulated after imidacloprid treatment. The information from current study can be exploited for the effective implementation of IPM as it aims at sustainable and eco-friendly crop yield improvement.The aphid lion, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a highly effective beneficial predator of many agricultural pests and has developed resistance to several insecticides. Understanding the molecular mechanism of insecticide resistance in the predators is crucial for its effective application in IPM programs. Therefore, transcriptomes of imidacloprid-resistant and susceptible strains have been assessed using RNA-seq. Cytochrome P450 is one of the important gene families involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Hence, our study focused on the CYP gene family where mining, nomenclature, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a total of 95 unique CYP genes with considerable expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans. Further, differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed ten CYP genes from CYP3 and CYP4 clans to be differentially expressed, out of which nine genes (CYP4419A1, CYP4XK1, CYP4416A10, CYP4416A-fragment8, CYP6YL1, CYP6YH6, CYP9GK-fragment16, CYP9GN2, CYP9GK6) were downregulated and one (CYP9GK3) was upregulated in the resistant strain as compared to the susceptible strain. Expression validation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is consistent with the DGE results. The expansion and differential expression of CYP genes may be an indicator of the capacity of the predator to detoxify a particular group of insecticides.

Biological Relationship between Insulin-like Growth Factors (igf1 And Igf2) Genes And Steroidogenesis in Ovine Ovarian Antral Follicles

Reproductive inefficiency in sheep is a critical source of reduction in small ruminant profitability worldwide. The importance of insulin-like growth factors1 and 2 belonging to the insulin-like growth factors system were identified as pivotal key roles in ovarian follicular development and steroidogenesis in different species. This study aimed to detect the IGF-1 and IGF-2 genes and Oestrogen levels in the ovine small and large antral follicles collected from an abattoir using conventional PCR and ELISA, respectively, as well as to investigate the relationships between IGFs genes and steroidogenesis using bioinformatics approaches. Our results showed that IGF-1, IGF-2, and CYP19A1 were significantly present in the local sheep ovary’s small and large antral follicles. Furthermore, the oestrogen levels were significantly different between these two ovarian follicle types. The string database suggested that IGFs and CYP19 have strong relationships. Functional annotation (GO terms) revealed that IGFs and CYP19 genes were mainly associated with responses to hormone and insulin growth factor bindings.  In addition, KEGG pathways mapped to ovarian steroidogenesis and Ras signaling pathways. Overall, these findings are consistent with the critical functions of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in regulating steroidogenesis, growth, and viability of follicular cells in the sheep ovary. Therefore, evaluation of IGFs genes can be useful for the understanding of reproduction performance in ewes

Biological Relationship between Insulin-like Growth Factors (igf1 And Igf2) Genes And Steroidogenesis in Ovine Ovarian Antral Follicles

Reproductive inefficiency in sheep is a critical source of reduction in small ruminant profitability worldwide. The importance of insulin-like growth factors1 and 2 belonging to the insulin-like growth factors system were identified as pivotal key roles in ovarian follicular development and steroidogenesis in different species. This study aimed to detect the IGF-1 and IGF-2 genes and Oestrogen levels in the ovine small and large antral follicles collected from an abattoir using conventional PCR and ELISA, respectively, as well as to investigate the relationships between IGFs genes and steroidogenesis using bioinformatics approaches. Our results showed that IGF-1, IGF-2, and CYP19A1 were significantly present in the local sheep ovary’s small and large antral follicles. Furthermore, the oestrogen levels were significantly different between these two ovarian follicle types. The string database suggested that IGFs and CYP19 have strong relationships. Functional annotation (GO terms) revealed that IGFs and CYP19 genes were mainly associated with responses to hormone and insulin growth factor bindings.  In addition, KEGG pathways mapped to ovarian steroidogenesis and Ras signaling pathways. Overall, these findings are consistent with the critical functions of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in regulating steroidogenesis, growth, and viability of follicular cells in the sheep ovary. Therefore, evaluation of IGFs genes can be useful for the understanding of reproduction performance in ewes

Co-Expression Network Analysis of Soybean Transcriptome Identify Hub Genes Under Saline-Alkaline and Water Deficit Stress.

Soybean is an important oilseed crop that its development and production are affected by environmental stresses (such as saline-alkaline and water deficit). This experiment was performed with the aim of identifying candidate genes in saline-alkaline stress and water-deficit stress conditions using transcriptome analysis and to investigate the expression of these genes under water deficit stress conditions using RTqPCR. In this experiment, soybean transcriptome data under saline-alkaline and water-deficit stress were downloaded from the NCBI website, and then the co-expression modules were determined for them and the gene network was plotted for each module, and finally, the hub genes were identified. To compare the expression of genes in saline-alkaline and water deficit conditions, soybean plants were subjected to water deficit stress and their gene expression was determined using RTqPCR. The filtered (Log FC above +2 and below -2) genes of soybean were grouped under saline-alkaline stress in 15 modules and under water-deficit stress in 2 different modules. Within each module, the interaction of genes was identified using the gene network, then three genes of ann11, cyp450 and zfp selected as hub genes. These hub genes are highly co-expression with other network genes, which not only display differential expression but also differential co-expression. The results of RT-PCR indicated that cyp450 gene expression was not significantly different from the control, while ann11 gene expression significantly increased under water deficit stress, but zfp gene expression decreased significantly under water deficit stress. We identified three genes, ann11, cyp450 and zfp, as hub genes. According to our results, ann11 gene had a significant increase in expression under water deficit stress, which can indicate the importance of this gene under drought conditions. Therefore, according to the results of this experiment as well as other researchers, we introduce this gene as a key gene in water deficit tolerance and recommend its use in genetic engineering to increase the tolerance of other plants.