Cynometra Cauliflora Research Articles

Karakterisasi Senyawa Hasil Isolasi dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Namnam (Cynometra Cauliflora L.) yang Memiliki Aktivitas Antibakteri

Namnam is known as a plant family of fabacea that contains phenolic compounds with diverse biological activities including antibacterial. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the antibacterial activity of compounds isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the leaves namanam (Cynometra cauliflora L.). Extraction was done by maceration, fractionation by column chromatography, antibacterial essay by disc diffusion method, and characterization of compounds with UV-Vis, FTIR spectroscopy and LCMS. Ethyl acetate extracts have antibacterial activity with inhibition zone respectively 12.25 and 6.00 mm to Escherecia coli and Stapilococcus aureus at a concentration of 100,000 ppm. The results of column chromatography fractions 23-30 yielded three isolates with Rf 0.20 cm; 0.33 cm and 0.87 cm. Characteristics of antibacterial active compounds in isolates 2 (Rf 0.33 cm) is based on the analysis results are UV-Vis absorption at λmaks 206.93 nm, 268.40 nm, 328.58 nm, 383.98 nm and 386.98 nm , FTIR (KBr) showed -OH group 3415.68 cm-1, CH 2958.10 cm-1, C = C aromatic 1651.18 cm-1, C-OH cyclic 1019.88 cm-1 and CH aromatic 694.56 cm-1 and LCMS produce three main peak at a retention time of 4.82; 6.87 and 7.64 which is thought to be the compound 2-isopropyl-5-metilsikloheksil 2-hidroksipropanoat, Cuelure, and 2-[(2-Hydroxycyclohexyl) oxy] cyclohexanecarboxylate. Key word: antibacterial, disc diffusion, Namnam (Cynometracauliflora L.). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3084

BIOAKTIVITAS EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN NAMNAM SERTA KOMBINASINYA DENGAN MADU TRIGONA

Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora L ) and trigona honey are two natural ingredients that are potential to be developed in Indonesia. However, scientific evidence of its active compounds and bioactivity is still rarely found, particularly the combination of these two materials. Therefore , this research is to explore their active ingredients of combination of these two materials such as total phenolic, flavonoids, vitamin C and β-carotene and bioactive capabilities such as antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity. The analysis showed that antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Nam n am leaves (EMDN) and trigona honey either in their sole form or combined form has antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The EMDN was more sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus (23.7±3.3 mm) than to Escherichia coli, while the Trigona honey (MT) more sensitive to Escherichia coli (32.6 ± 4.4 mm) than Staphylococcus aureus (16.6±4.1 mm). Similarly, the combination of EMDN and MT was more sensitive to Escherichia coli (23±1.9 mm) than Staphylococcus aureus (17.6±2.6 mm). Analysis of the antioxidant activity also showed that EMDN provided the highest activity (IC 50 0.0048±0.000 mg/mL), a combination EMDN and MT (IC 50 0.0085±0.000 mg/mL) and MT (IC 50 3.736±0.112 mg/mL). Moreover, this analysis also showed thatsole samples of MT and EMDN have total phenolic content, flavonoids, and vitamin C that were higher than the combination of MT and EMDN. However, the content of β-carotene in the combined form of MT and EMDN was higher. Thus trigona honey , methanol extract of leaves Nam n am (Cynometra cauliflora L ) in a single form or in a combination are potential to be utilized and developed as a source of antioxidants and antibacterial in the form of functional food.

Chemical profile and antiacetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Cynometra cauliflora L. leaves.

The aim of the current study was (i) to evaluate the bioactive potential of the leaf methanolic extract of Cynometra cauliflora L., along with its respective hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous fractions, in inhibiting the enzymes α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase as well as evaluating their antioxidant activities. (ii) In addition, in view of the limited published information regarding the metabolite profile of C. cauliflora, we further characterized the profiles of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions using liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The leaf methanolic extract of C. cauliflora exhibited potent inhibition of all three enzymes and high antioxidant activity. The bioactivity was found to be concentrated in the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions. A total of 18 compounds were identified in these bioactive fractions, comprising a procyanidin trimer, procyanidin tetramer, procyanidin hexamer, taxifolin pentoside, catechin, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol hexoside, quercetin pentoside, quercetin hexoside, apigenin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-glucoside, kaempferol-coumaroyl hexoside and isorhamnetin hexoside. The results indicated that C. cauliflora, the leaves in particular, is a rich source of bioactive compounds and could be beneficial for further development of high-value phytomedicinal preparations and functional food products.

Anti- and Pro-Lipase Activity of Selected Medicinal, Herbal and Aquatic Plants, and Structure Elucidation of an Anti-Lipase Compound

Plants that help in slowing down the digestion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in the pancreas and small intestine of humans play an important role in the reduction of obesity. On the other hand, there may be plants or plant parts that stimulate intestinal lipolytic activity, thus contributing to greater TAG assimilation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous methanolic extracts of ninety eight (98) medicinal, herbal and aquatic plant materials from Malaysia for their effect on porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) activity and to identify the structure of an anti-lipase compound from one of the sources. The degree of inhibition was also quantified as relative to orlistat activity against PPL (orlistat equivalents). Results revealed that while 19.4% of the extracts were found to have anti-lipase activity ≥80%, 12% were actually found to promote PPL activity. Twenty two percent (22.4%) exhibited moderate inhibition (41%–80%) and 2% were neutral toward PPL activity. The ripe fruit of Averrhoa carambola and the leaves of Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C Nielsen L. (jering), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam) and Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd (candle nut/buah keras) had the highest (100%) anti-lipase activity and are equivalent to 0.11 µg orlistat/mL. Plants that stimulated lipase activity included Pimpinella anisum L. (aniseed/jintan manis), activating the enzyme by 186.5%. Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of C. cauliflora leaves and found to be an active lipase inhibitor. The structure was elucidated using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D-NMR analyses.

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Cynometra cauliflora

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Cynometra cauliflora. Methods: The dry sample of young leaves, matured leaves, stems and barks from C.cauliflora were tested for phytochemical screening, total phenolics and flavonoids content. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhadrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins and flavonoids in all parts of C.cauliflora. Terpenoids were present in all parts except in bark. The constituent of cardiac glycosides are absent in stem but present in all other parts of the plant. Total phenolic content of young leaves was found to be 1831.47 ± 1.03 mg/g (expressed as milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram of plant extract). The total flavonoid content of young leaves was found to be 33.63 ± 0.25 mg/g (milligram catechin equivalent per gram). The radical (DPPH) scavenging activity was found to be in the following order: young leave > matured leave > stem > bark compared with ascorbic acid using as a standard. Conclusion: These findings suggested that C.cauliflora have antioxidant potential and can be used for the development of natural and safe antioxidant compounds.

Susceptibility to photoinhibition in seedlings of six tropical fruit tree species native to Malaysia following transplantation to a degraded land

To investigate the adaptive capacity to a strong light environment when planted on degraded land, we examined photosynthetic properties in relation to photoinhibition for the sun-leaves of six tropical fruit tree species native to Malaysia before and after transplanting. The six species were: Bouea macrophylla (Bm), Callerya atropurpurea (Ca), Canarium pilosum (Cp), Cynometra cauliflora (Cc), Morinda citrifolia (Mc) and Syzygium sp. (Ssp), which produce edible fruit for endemic animals and birds, and are candidates for corridor plantations. Based on the measurements performed before transplanting, the degree of chronic photoinhibition indicated by the decrease in pre-dawn Fv/Fm was well associated with an accumulation of excessive excitation energy in PSII indicated by a decrease in photochemical quenching (qP). Among the species, Ca and Mc showed lower degrees of photoinhibition with higher qP. Higher electron transport rates (ETR) were observed with higher qP whereas there was no significant relationship between regulatory thermal dissipation (indicated by \(F_{\rm v} /F_{\rm m}\,-\,F^\prime_{\rm v} /F^\prime _{\rm m}\)) and qP. Energy dissipation via electron transport was suggested to be important in keeping qP high and preventing photoinhibition when compared among species. Cc and Bm showed lower ETR and higher susceptibility to photoinhibition before and after transplanting. New Cp and Mc leaves developed after transplanting showed increased area-based leaf nitrogen content (Narea) and stomatal conductance (gs) compared with those before transplanting resulting in higher light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (Amax) and ETR, and contributing to mitigate photoinhibition. In contrast to these species, Ca achieved high Amax with a water conservative manner (indicated by its relatively lower gs), where the higher carboxylation efficiency accompanied with the higher Narea allowed them to maintain relatively high Amax and ETR at lower intercellular CO2 concentration.

Acrocercops cramerella . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Acrocercops cramerella [Conopomorpha cramerella] (Snellen) [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae] Cocoa moth, cocoa pod borer Mainly attacks cocoa but has also been recorded from Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) and Cynometra cauliflora. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Irian Jaya, New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Samoa.