Cynoglossus Arel Research Articles

The Occurrence of Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1851) and Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Along the Mumbai Coast, India

The results of the morphometric, meristic, and osteological study, including scale, otoliths, and radiographs for distinguishing Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) and C. macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1851) presented here. A total of 72 specimens of C. arel and 37 specimens of C. macrolepidotus collected from the Indian coast (Mumbai, Ratnagiri, and Veraval) from August 2013 to May 2014. It was found that the shape, structure of otoliths; vertebrae number species through radiographs; type, shape, and ctenii structure and number are the primary tool for taxonomy and used for species discrimination. In this study, two species C. arel and C. macrolepidotus, are discriminated based on their morphological and osteological characters. It proved that C. macrolepidotus is a valid species, and also found in the west coast of India along with C. arel.

Trophic structure using ecological relationships between five dominant commercial fish in Kolahi to Dargahan

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of frequent species population fluctuations and the impact of different rates of exploitation on other ecological links in the food web. The mass‐balanced Ecopath model represents the trophic interactions among the 31 defined functional groups in the Kolahi to Dargahan area, with five main species, including Trichiurus lepturus, Saurida tumbil, Nemipterus japonicus, Sillago sihama, and Cynoglossus arel (from April 2018 to April 2019). To investigate the effects of fishing and environmental disturbances, the Ecopath modeling approach combines software for analyzing ecosystem trophic‐level balances with population dynamic models. In the past 5 years, Hormozgan province has caught more than 45% of the benthic fish caught off the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf. From Kolahi to Dargahan, one of the most important fishing grounds in this province's southeast is located. Food web models are used to represent a marine system's current state, assess stock levels, and predict change over time. Over a year, the first five dominant fish in the study area, S. tumbil, S. sihama, C. arel, N. japonicus, and T. lepturus, were biometrically measured, and their population dynamics parameters as well as feeding ecology indices were analyzed. According to the trophic‐level index results, the five most common species studied in this study belonged to the third (N. Japonicas, S. sihama, and C. arel) and fourth (T. lepturus, and S. tumbil) trophic levels. The key species with the greatest impact on other groups of studied species were identified as S. tumbil and T. lepturus, respectively. The estimated ecosystem indicators were the system operational power (75846.797), the primary production/respiration ratio (0.034), the connectance index (0.159), and the system omnivory index (0.253). A pedigree index (PI) of 0.38 was estimated for the present model. Overexploitation of T. lepturus could disrupt the aquatic food web and adversely affect the long‐term sustainable use of aquatic resources, according to data. As a result, ecosystem‐based fisheries management should be implemented to find a more appropriate solution to sustainable exploitation in the studied habitat, an important fishing area in the Persian Gulf's north.

Analysis of the level of environmental friendliness of fishing gear gill nets in Java Sea waters, Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Fish is one of the resources that can recover (renewable resources) but if the use and management are carried out irrationally in the long term these fish resources are feared to be extinct, therefore it is necessary to manage fish resources responsibly and sustainably. Gill nets or in the world of international fisheries better known as "gillnet" are fishing devices in the form of rectangular mesh sheets with the same size mesh and equipped with buoys, ballasts, upper ropes and with or without bottom ropes to block the swimming direction of fish, so that the target fish will be entangled in the net or bounced on body parts dragnet. The method used in this study is a descriptive method, namely direct observation in the field and interviews with fishermen and secondary data followed by determining the sample population and random sampling. The purpose of this study is to analyze variability, selectivity and determine the level of environmental friendliness of folding bubu type fishing gear in Java Sea Waters, Bangkalan Regency. The results of the study obtained variability and selectivity of gill net catches with the main catch (main catch) is crab (Portunus pelagicus) as much as 118 kg or 76.4% of the total catch and bycatch (by catch) is crab (Scylla sp.)as much as 7.8 kg or 5.1%, Gulama Fish (Johnius trachycephalus) as much as 10.5 kg or 6.8%, Tongue Fish (Cynoglossus arel) as much as 10 kg or 6.5% and Manyung Fish (Arius thalassinus) as much as 8 kg or 5.2% of the total catch while the catch is wasted (discard)) none. Thelevel of environmental friendliness of crab net type fishing gear obtained an assessment score of 26.8 which shows that this type of fishing gear is classified as Environmentally Friendly fishing gear.

Weight-length, length-length relationships and form factor of three flatfish species from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Biometrics such as weight-length relationships (WLRs), length-length relationships (LLRs), as well as form factor (a3.0) were investigated for three flatfish species, Cynoglossus lingua, Cynoglossus arel, and Brachirus pan which were captured using seines and gill nets between September 2021 and March 2022 from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The lengths were measured to adjacent 0.1 cm accuracy with a digital caliper and weights to the accuracy of 0.01 g with a digital balance for each individual. The WLRs were accurately adjusted for all species (r2 > 0.9500). Brachirus pan had the lowest b value of 2.9543, whereas C. arel had the highest b value of 3.2924 amongst the three species. For the investigated species of fish, LLRs were also highly significant (r2 > 0.9600, p < 0.01). The estimated form factor values were 0.0023 for B. pan, 0.0026 for C. arel, 0.0027 for C. lingua. New maximum total lengths for C. arel and B. pan have also been recorded. Since there are no weight-length relationships (WLRs), length-length relationships (LLRs), as well as form factor (a3.0) data for these species in Bangladesh; the information supplied here expands the depth of knowledge for these species.

Scale morphological variation across the flank in four Tonguefishes species collected from the Gulf of Oman (Pleuronectiforms; Cynoglossidae)

AbstractThe scale morphology of pleuronectiforms in the Gulf of Oman remains insufficiently known. This study used light microscopy and morphological analysis to examine scale variation across the flank of four Tonguefishes species; Cynoglossus arel, C. bilineatus, C. lingua, and C. puncticeps. Scales were extracted from six flank regions, three on the eyed and blind sides, respectively. The most differentiated species was C. arel, which showed significant differences in four size variables in five regions. In Cynoglossus arel and C. lingua, the scales of the eyed side were ctenoid, and those scales from the blind side were cycloid; C. puncticeps have ctenoid scales on both flank sides and C. bilineatus has cycloid scales on both sides. All species' scales on the blind side have fewer ctenial spines (except in C. bilineatus). This study indicated that scale morphology demonstrated considerable variation among the flank regions of the examined species. As a result, the scales from the head and the trunk regions of the eyed side and the scales from the head region of the blind side have a good power of species separation in this family.

Modeling framework for establishing the power law between length and weight of fishes and a meta-analysis for validation of LWRs for six commercially important marine fishes from the northwestern Bay of Bengal

Accurate and unbiased modeling of length-weight relationship (LWR) is essential for precise estimation of biomass from length-based abundance data for aquatic ecosystem modeling and developing resource management strategies for the sustainable utilization of aquatic living resources. The present study was conducted to develop the best modeling method for establishing the relationship between the length and weight of the fish, giving adequate priority to the variance distribution structure, which is often overlooked. Three modeling methods viz. (1) NLM: nonlinear model with additive homogeneous variance structure, (2) wNLM: weighted nonlinear model with additive heterogeneous power variance structure and (3) LM: log-transformed linear model with multiplicative heterogeneous variance structure in untransformed scale were evaluated for their performance in accurately estimating the model parameters and their confidence intervals. As variance in fish weight increases with the increase in fish size, usually, a multiplicative heterogeneous variance structure is assumed while explaining the relationship between length and weight, which was evidenced from the residual plot of NLM. As the data did not follow the additive homogenous variance assumption of NLM, the worst performance (highest AIC and BIC) was obtained when NLM was used. The variance distribution structure could be homogenized and normalized in three out of six fishes (i.e., Plicofollis layardi, Cynoglossus arel, Otolithes ruber) investigated in the study using LM, resulting in superior performance (lowest AIC and BIC) among the three models. For two out of three remaining species (i.e., Nemipterus japonicus and Parastromateus niger) for which the variance distribution cannot be normalized by log transformation (LM), the residuals could be homogenized and normalized by the wNLM which was evidenced by the lowest AIC and BIC for the model. Even for the species (i.e., Pampus argenteus), where the residuals could not be normalized by any of the models, better performance was obtained from wNLM. A meta-analysis was performed to validate the hitherto available information on the LWRs of these six species by regressing the regression parameters [log(a) vs. b] of the available LWRs and by computing the form factors. The erroneous LWRs were identified as doubtful reports by carefully scrutinizing the outliers obtained from Cook’s distance method and subsequently validating them by observing their dispersion from modeled prediction intervals (PI) and interquartile range (IQR) based outlier detection methods using the form factor analysis. The study presents the decision support framework for an appropriate modeling approach while dealing with certain assumptions such as variance normality and homoscedasticity. The study also describes a combined approach for the validation of derived LWRs by a comprehensive meta-analysis.

Hazard index of microplastics contamination in various fishes collected off Parangipettai, Southeast coast of India

The authors of the present research aimed to assess microplastics (MPs) contamination in the gills and gut of selected fishes from various aquatic zones and also to bring out the risks of the identified polymers. Accordingly, about 200 fish specimens of 10 different species were collected from the landing center at Parangipettai, southeast coast of India. The fishes were dissected to investigate MPs contamination in their gills and gut. The dissected tissues were acid digested and filtered to observe its microplastic contamination using a stereozoom microscope. In gills, Cynoglossus arel had the least contamination (0.4 ± 0.01 particles/ind) and Mugil cephalus had highest microplastic contamination (1.7 ± 0.01 particles/ind). In gut, C. arel had the minimum contamination (0.7 ± 0.09 particles/ind) and Rastrelliger kanagurta had maximum contamination (2.3 ± 0.26 particles/ind). The size of microplastics isolated from the present study ranged from 100 to 1000 μm. Among microplastic shapes, fibers (97%) and pellets (3%) were observed. About eight colours of microplastics were observed in the fishes among which black was dominant. Three polymers such as LDPE, PP and PS were identified by μFTIR, among which LDPE (57%) was dominant. Polymer Hazard Index denotes that LDPE (6.27), PP (3.4) and PS (2.7) have a PHI score of 1–10 classifying them in the hazard category II which has a medium risk. These polymers may directly enter the human body when consumed and cause health implications which require further investigation.

Checklists of nematodes of freshwater and marine fishes of Basrah Province, Iraq

Reviewing the literature on all the nematodes parasitizing 45 species of freshwater and marine fishes of Basrah province (eight elasmobranchs and 37 teleosts) indicated the presence of 48 nematode taxa. Thirty-five of such nematodes were recorded from marine localities against eight taxa from freshwater localities and two taxa from both marine and freshwater localities. These nematodes belong to two classes, three orders and eight families. All such nematodes belong to the class Secernentea except two taxa which belong to the class Adenophorea. Orders Ascaridida and Spirurida are represented with 22 and 24 taxa, respectively, while order Enoplida has only two taxa. The total number of nematode species recorded for each fish host species fluctuated from a minimum of one nematode species in 17 fish hosts to a maximum of eight nematode taxa in Cynoglossus arel only. Number of fish hosts reported for these nematodes fluctuated from one host in case of 31 taxa to a maximum of 20 hosts in case of Contracaecum sp. 1 larva.

Risk assessment of trace element accumulation in two species of edible commercial fish Scomberoides commersonnianus and Cynoglossus arel from the northern waters of the Oman Sea

Concentrations of heavy metals, namely, cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, and chromium were measured in the muscle tissue of Scomberoides commersonnianus and Cynoglossus arel from the northern waters of the Oman Sea. Human health risk assessment for Iranian child and adult consumers were also evaluated. The mean concentration of zinc and copper were lower than international standards of maximum permissible limits (MPL). The estimated daily and weekly intakes (EDI and EWI) of all metals were lower than permissible tolerable daily intake (PTDI). The permissible frequency of fish consumption (CRmm) of S. commersonnianus and C. arel showed that they are safe for both children and adults even at a high meal frequency (>16 meals/month). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and risk index (HI) values were higher than 1 for Cu in adults, Cu and Zn in children with consumption rate of 7 times per week. Therefore, consumption of these spices of Oman Sea more than 7 times per week can threaten the health of consumers.

Bioaccumulation of metals in marine fish species captured from the northern shores of the Gulf of Oman, Iran

In this study, the bio-concentration of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was determined in eight edible fish species, which were caught from the northern shores of the Gulf of Oman. For this purpose, a total of 160 fish samples in eight species, originating from different ecological status and trophic levels, were obtained twice, once during the warm season and once in winter. Sample preparation and quantification of the metals were accomplished via the wet digestion method and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that the average Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the edible tissues of the fish, regardless of the species, were 0.14 ± 0.003, 0.75 ± 0.067, 2.18 ± 0.21, 55.55 ± 2.11, 0.35 ± 0.033, 0.49 ± 0.054, 6.78±0.53μgg−1 DW, respectively. The data on metals presence were significantly different between the sampling stations, including for Cu and Pb in the meat of Cynoglossus arel. Therefore, based on the target hazard quotient (THQ), any serious threat to public health would not be due to the consumption of the Gulf of Oman’s captured seafood, and consumers would be able to use seafood safely.

DNA barcoding of Cynoglossus arel using mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes

DNA barcoding is not a substitute for taxonomy; however, it does provide a powerful tool to aid species identifications and focus on future taxonomic research efforts. In the present study, an attempt is made to identify and validate Cynoglossus arel collected from the Mangalore coast by DNA barcoding using mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes. The primer pairs used in the study could successfully amplify 646 bp segment of COI and 616 bp segment of 16S rRNA gene in C. arel. The K2P average genetic distance calculated among species in the Cynoglossidae family was 0.22 and 0.09 among COI and 16S rRNA sequences respectively. This study makes an essential contribution to the NCBI database as this work provides the first 16S rRNA gene sequence for C. arel in the database. The COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences of C. arel and related species in phylogenetic analysis segregated Family Cynoglossidae into one clade and the outgroup (Family Tetraodontidae) as another clade.

Effects of chitosan and nano-chitosan as coating materials on the quality properties of largescale tonguesole Cynoglossus arel during superchilling storage

The present study examined the effect of chitosan (Ch) and chitosan combined with sodium tripolyphosphate (Nch) nanoparticles as coating materials for Cynoglossus arel fillets during superchilling storage. Treatments included the following: C (untreated, control samples), AC (treated with 1% glacial acetic acid, acid control), Ch (treated with 2% w/v chitosan solution, Chitosan) and Nch (treated with 2% w/v chitosan and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate, Nanochitosan). Nch and Ch coatings significantly were effective on total mesophilic counts (TMC), psychrotrophilic bacteria (PTC) and Enterobacteriaceae. Production of total volatile bases nitrogen (TVBN) and trimethylamine (TMA) for Nch and Ch samples was significantly lower than for control samples during storage. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and free fatty acid (FFA) exhibited an increasing trend (p<0.05), whereas the total sulfhydryl (SH) decreased (p<0.05) with increasing storage time. The results indicated that the effect of Nch and Ch on fish samples was to retain their good quality characteristics and extend the shelf life during superchilling storage. The Nch was better than ones Ch in reducing lipid oxidation of fillets and bacterial contamination.

Assessment of heavy metals pollution in muscle of sole (Cynoglossus arel), spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) and sediments in the northern coasts of the Oman Sea during pre and post monsoon

Concentrations of lead, copper, cadmium, and mercury were determined in sediments and two selected marine organisms (Cynoglossus arel and Panulirus homarus) collected from Jask Port, Darak Port, Pozm Port, Gulf of Chabahar and Gowatr Port in the north coasts of the Oman Sea during pre (spring) and post (autumn) monsoon in 2017. Heavy metals concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that there are statistically significant differences between studies concentrations in sediments during pre and post-monsoon at sample locations (p 0.05). In sediments and muscle of C. arel and P. homarus the trend in the mean metal concentrations was: Cu> Pb> Cd> Hg; Cu> Pb> Cd> Hg and Cu> Hg=Pb> Cd, respectively. Also, the trend in the mean metal concentrations in the samples was sediment > P. homarus> C. arel. However, paired t-test analysis for comparing heavy metal concentration in pre and post-monsoon showed only a significant difference for cadmium in the muscle of P. homarus (p<0.01). Totally, by comparing the results obtained from this study indicated that the accumulation of lead, copper, cadmium, and mercury in sediments and muscle C. arel and P. homarus at the Gulf of Chabahar and Jask Port is higher than other regions of the Iranian coasts along the Oman Sea which studied in current research.

Assessment of Trace Elements in the Demersal Fishes of a Coastal River in Bangladesh: a Public Health Concern

Trace elements contamination in the aquatic ecosystem is a current and major environmental concern due to their non-degradable nature and toxic effects on human health. Concentrations of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in fish were estimated to evaluate contamination levels and health risks for Bangladeshi adults. A total of six demersal fish species namely Mystus vittatus, Polynemus paradiseus, Sillaginopsis panijus, Lates calcarifer, Cynoglossus arel and Pseudapocryptes elongates were collected in summer and winter season from the coastal Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. The analyzed trace elements varied between different species of fish. The concentration of studied trace elements exceed Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization maximum tolerable intake indicating risk to human body. The mean concentration of As, Cr, Cd and Pb were found 2.18, 9.1, 7.2 and 4.38 times higher than the recommended value. Health risks associated with these trace element intakes were evaluated in terms of dietary intake and target hazard quotients (THQs). The THQs value for individual fish species was more than one which was responsible for non-carcinogenic health hazard due to fish consumption. Target Carcinogenic Risk (TR) value for arsenic and lead was also higher than USEPA standard (10−4) indicated chronic cancer risk to human. From the health point of view, this study showed that the inhabitants who consume these fishes are exposed chronically to trace elements pollution with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic consequences.

Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Gelatin Hydrolysates Prepared from Skin and Scale of Sole Fish

ABSTRACT Preparation of bioactive hydrolysates is an efficient approach for developing high value industrially important products from fishery waste. In this study, gelatin hydrolysates were prepared from skin and scale of sole fish (Cynoglossus arel) and evaluated for functional and antioxidant properties. Hydrolysis of extracted gelatin solution with alcalase enzyme for 2 h yielded 16.42% (weight yield) skin gelatin hydrolysates (SGH) and 8.44% scale gelatin hydrolysates (SCGH) with 23.6 and 18.57% degree of hydrolysis, respectively. Quantity of proximate components including protein, fat, ash, and moisture of the two hydrolysates did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). SCGH displayed significantly higher (p < 0.05) foaming capacity (54%) and foam stability index (42%) compared to SGH (36 and 34%, respectively). Emulsion activity index was significantly higher with SGH (112.6 m2/g), whereas emulsion stability index was higher for SCGH (15.5 min). 2,2, diphenyl 2 picryl hydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, metal reducing power, and metal chelating ability was found to be higher with SCGH than SGH; however, the values were not significantly different with respect to metal chelating activity and reducing power.

Length-weight relationships of four fish species from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

The length–weight relationships of four fish species: Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl, 1797), Uranoscopus oligolepis Bleeker, 1878, Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1855), and Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) were determined. Specimens were collected from the Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea by using bottom trawl nets (mesh size 4.0 cm, at a towing speed about 3 knots) in the seasonal investigations from August 2010 to May 2011. The values of parameter b of these four species ranged from 2.982–3.489 and remained within the normal range of 2.5–3.5.

The Chemical Composition of Some Marine Fishes from the Iraqi Marine Waters

The current study was conducted during the period from October 2013 until September 2014 to estimate the chemical composition for three species of marine fish; Acanthopagru arabicus, Chelon subviridis and Cynoglossus arel . Higher percentage of fat in A. arabicus was recorded at spring (4.23%) while the lowest was in C. arel at summer (1.75%). Moisture acheived highest percentage in C. arel at summer with 79.14% and the lowest percentage was in A. arabicus at spring (70.8%). The results indicated an inverse relationship between moisture and fat contents with differences among seasons and the studied species. C. arel was characterized at autumn by the higher content of ash (8.1%). Protein content analysis showed no significant difference (P>0.05) except that between A. arabicus , with C. subviridis and C. arel , where. A. arabicus achieved the highest value atn spring (20.12%) and the lowest value was recorded for C. arel at summer (14.18%).

Determination of nickel and thallium concentration in Cynoglossus arel fish in Musa estuary, Persian Gulf, Iran.

Heavy metals with high bioaccumulation capacity are considered as important contaminants and may be available in high concentrations in environment and biota samples. The main aim of this study was to determine the concentration of nickel and thallium in Cynoglossus arel fish in Musa estuary. Sixty-seven fish samples were collected from Musa estuary during five intervals of 15days in summer 2013. After biometric measurements, the concentrations of nickel and thallium were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of nickel and thallium in muscle tissue of fish samples was 2.458±0.910 and 0.781±1.754mgkg-1/ww, respectively. The GLM analysis showed a significant negative relationship between nickel concentration and length. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between thallium concentration and fish length. Nickel concentration exceeded the allowable standards of WHO and FDA in Cynoglossus arel. Therefore, regarding with high consumption of seafood in this region, it is recommended that these fishes should be consumed under a nutritionist counseling.

Seasonal effect on biomarkers of exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons in fish from Kuwait's marine area

The aquatic biota of the Arabian Gulf deals with exposure to chronic oil pollution, several constituents of which cause induction of Cytochrome P450 1A that serves as a biomarker of AhR ligand exposure. In this study, fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile and 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) catalytic activity were determined as a measure of exposure biomarkers in two fish species, yellow fin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and tonguesole (Cynoglossus arel) captured from Kuwait Bay and outside the Bay area. FACs in fish bile determined by using fixed-wavelength fluorescence (FF) showed high fluorescence ratios between FF290/335 and FF380/430 indicating predominant exposure to low molecular weight, naphthalene-rich petroleum products (375±91.0pgml−1). Exposures to benzo(a)pyrene-type high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originating from burnt fuel were also present in appreciable concentration in the bile. The ratio of petrogenic to pyrogenic hydrocarbon was twofold higher in winter compared to summer months in both species. Seasonal effect on EROD was significant in tonguesole in Auha site (P<0.05); whereas seabream resisted seasonal change. Tonguesole is considered to be a suitable bioindicator of oil pollution in Kuwait Bay area.

Metallothionein, oxidative stress and trace metals in gills and liver of demersal and pelagic fish species from Kuwaits’ marine area

Two fish species yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and tonguesole (Cynoglossus arel) were collected from two locations in Kuwait’s territorial waters in non-reproductive periods and used as bio-indicator organism for the assessment of metals in the marine environment. Species variation in fish was observed; seabream contained high metal content and metallothionein in liver and gill tissues compared to tonguesole, especially from Kuwait Bay area. Oxidative injury was registered in the gills of both species, but in tonguesole liver was also involved. Consequently, antioxidant enzyme catalase was elevated in tonguesole enabling bottom dwelling fish to combat oxidative assault. The study provided information about the current status of metals in marine sediment and levels of metals accumulated in representative species along with oxidative damage in exposed tissues and the range of biomarker protein metallothionein and enzymes of antioxidant defence mechanism enhancing our understanding about the biological response to the existing marine environment in Kuwait.