Cylindrical Wheel Research Articles

Effects of wheel design on the torques applied to large hand wheels

This paper reports the results of an experiment to evaluate the isometric wheel torque strength of human subjects using four different hand wheel designs. Three of the wheels were new designs, while the fourth was a wheel currently used on many railroad car hand brakes. The three new designs were a cylindrical tube (4.3 cm in diameter), a cylindrical tube (2.5 cm in diameter) with spheres mounted along the edge, and a circular zig-zag design. The strength capabilities for 12 male and 12 female subjects were measured using two methods. The first method used a three-second average during a six-second sustained exertion following recommended isometric strength testing procedures. The second used the maximum value for a trial that had subjects slowly increase the magnitude of their exertion to a maximum and then relax. Results showed that the torque generated by the subjects was highest for the zig-zag design, followed in order by the wheel with the spheres, the cylindrical wheel, and the standard wheel; average torque values were 156 Nm, 118 Nm, 106 Nm, and 101 Nm, respectively. Further, the hand forces generated by the subjects during the wheel-turning task indicate that not only were subjects able to generate more wheel-turning torque using the new wheel designs, but they were also more efficient in producing this torque.

Wheel Turning Strength for Four Wheel Designs

This paper reports the results of an experiment to evaluate the isometric wheel turning strength of 12 male and 12 female subjects using four different wheel designs. Three of the wheels investigated were new designs developed specifically for this study, while the fourth was a wheel currently used on many railroad car hand brakes. The three new designs considered were a cylindrical tube (4.3 cm in diameter), a cylindrical tube (2.5 cm in diameter) with spheres mounted along the edge, and a circular zig-zag design. Strength data were collected using a mock-up of the ladder and platform arrangement found on most railroad hopper and box cars. The task simulated the final tightening exertion required to secure railroad car hand brakes. Strength capabilities were measured using two methods: 1) a three second average during a six-second trial; 2) the peak reached on a separate trial in which subjects did not sustain an exertion. Results showed that the torque generated by the subjects was highest for the zig-zag design, followed in order by the wheel with the spheres, the cylindrical wheel, and the standard wheel; average torque values were 191 Nm, 147 Nm, 132 Nm, and 95 Nm, respectively. The average strength values (three-second average) for six-second maximum exertions produced lower average torque values (122 Nm) than the ramp to maximum exertion (161 Nm).

The variation of lateral forces as a function of alignment for a cylindrical wheel rolling on a rail

Those lateral forces that arise between a steel wheel and a rail as a consequence of misalignment are analysed. The magnitude of these forces is calculated for unconed wheels as a function of the misalignment angle and the friction coefficient. The results show that by following an FEM standard (an alignment better than 1:2500) lateral forces should be less than μP/4 where μ is the interfacial friction coefficient and P is the normal load.

電気自動計測法によるソフトグランド上を駆動走行する球車輪の転動抵抗の測定

It is meaningful for the analysis of rolling resistance for an ordinary wheel running on soft ground to study the cylindrical wheel or the spherical wheel as a fundamental form of the ordinary wheel. The authors have presented several reports for the cylindrical wheel in this magazine. This time, experiments were made for a spherical wheel driven on soft ground to investigate the mean driving torque to the wheel, the slip ratio, and the amount of sinking, etc. caused by the load carried by the wheel axle. The result is reported on together with the measured result for the cylindrical wheel.

Automatic Electrical Measurement of Contact Pressure Distribution of a Spherical Wheel Running on Soft Powdery Ground

A spherical wheel was pulled and driven on soft ground and the contact pressure between the tread and the ground was measured with several small pressure sensors attached to the circumference of the wheel. The height and width of the pressure distribution curves along the contact surface of the wheel increased when the wheel load increased. From the contact pressure distribution curves, it was confirmed that the rolling resistance of the spherical wheel rolling on soft ground could be approximated by that of a set of cylindrical wheels with different radii.

Monitoring small cylindrical gear wheels

Monitoring small cylindrical gear wheels

Effect of some design factors in errors in the dimensions and shape of toothed wheels during chemicothermal treatment

1. The effect of the design of parts on changes in their dimensions and shape during chemicothermal treatment can be calculated from the relative values of the errors. 2. The relative errors in the dimensions and shape of cylindrical toothed wheels during chemicothermal treatment depend on the ratio of the surfaces of the core and the case in the section perpendicular to the axis of the piece. 3. From the relationships derived it is possible to predict with an accuracy sufficient for practical purposes the errors that occur in manufacturing in order to select the optimal design and the most efficient manufacturing process to ensure a given accuracy of toothed wheels.

Some observations of through-wheel coolant application in grinding

This paper lists the reported advantages derived from the use of through-wheel coolant application in grinding and describes briefly the nature and limitations of three basically different methods of achieving through-wheel fluid flow in practice. A simply constructed side-fed through-wheel system is then described which would seem to combine the most beneficial characteristics of all three and the nature of fluid flow from the system is examined. It is shown that a side-fed system is capable of supplying coolant across the full working face of a twelve millimetre wide plain cylindrical wheel and preferentially in the grinding zone. In order to prove the system in a grinding situation, simple creep-feed plunge grinding tests are performed with both through-wheel and conventionally applied coolant and the formed is shown to offer advantages in terms of grinding efficiency and metal removal rates attainable.

Photoelastic investigation of a shrink-fit problem

Stress analysis of the components of a shrinkfit assembly has been carried out by the three-dimensional photoelastic technique. Experimental results obtained from the analysis of a typical shrink-fit assembly, wherein a cylindrical wheel is shrink fitted onto a hollow cylindrical hub in an asymmetrical position. Photoelastic models made from hot-setting Araldite B were loaded at the critical temperature in a stress-freezing oven and the meridional and the hoop slices were observed in a transmission polariscope. It is concluded from this investigation that the bending induced in the components due to the asymmetrical placement of the wheel and the contact shear at the interface influences the stress distribution quite considerably. Also, the dimensions of the components in the axial direction have an influence on the mode and contribute to the magnitude of the variation of stress components.

The Motion of a Guided Truck with Cylindrical Wheels

The Motion of a Guided Truck with Cylindrical Wheels

The Motion of a Guided Truck with Cylindrical Wheels : 1st Report

The Motion of a Guided Truck with Cylindrical Wheels : 1st Report

Decreasing the distortion of cylindrical gear wheels during heat treatment

Decreasing the distortion of cylindrical gear wheels during heat treatment

A study of the steady flow of a rigid-plastic clay beneath a driven wheel

The steady two-dimensional flow benetath a driven rigid cylindrical wheel moving in a soft saturated clay is solved by assuming that the soil behaves like a rigid-plastic material. The general equations of plastic flow are discussed, with ephasis on the intertial effects. A plastic flow pattern is suggested and an approximate solution providing the magnitude of the recovery angle, the vertical and horizontal forces and torque acting on the wheel as functions of wheel radius, sinkage and shear strees along the wheel (assumed constant on the blow portion) is found. A minimum slippage necessary to maintain the shear strees on the wheel is found. The theoretical results are compared with some existing measurements and the agreement is generally satisfactory.

Cylindrical Wheels and Flat Topped Rails for Railways

Present practice imposes from two to three times the weight on railway wheels that was customary a few years ago. This taxes not only the permanent way rolling-stock and engine-power to the utmost, but also the genius, and, I may say, the courage of the engineer, in his endeavor to secure safety under the most trying conditions. Economy of train service has become so important, that it is safe to say there will be no return to lighter loads unless it shall be thoroughly demonstrated that both safety and economy require it.

Discussion on Cylindrical Wheels and Flat Topped Rails for Railways

Discussion on Cylindrical Wheels and Flat Topped Rails for Railways