Cylindrical Spring Research Articles

Improvement of Method and Mechanism for Conical and Paraboloid Springs Hardening

The disadvantage of the known methods of hardening springs is the impossibility of their use when hardening springs of a conical shape or of a shape of a paraboloid of rotation, since they are intended only for cylindrical shape springs and are not suitable for conical shape springs or those of a shape of a paraboloid of rotation specifically because of the difference in the shape of the springs. One of the disadvantages of the known springs hardening mechanisms is the impossibility of hardening the inner surface of the conical compression springs. A new method of hardening springs is proposed, the unmatched advantage of which is the ability to create plastic deformations on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring coils compressed to contact and on the surfaces along the line of contact between the coils. A new advantageous mechanism for hardening springs is proposed, which makes it possible to harden the inner surface of compression springs having a conical shape or a paraboloid shape of rotation, in a compressed state.

ПРИСТРІЙ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ДИНАМІЧНИХ НАВАНТАЖЕНЬ В ПРИВОДІ МАШИН З ПРУЖИНОЮ КРУЧЕННЯ ТА ВИБІР ЙОГО ПАРАМЕТРІВ

The peculiarity of the technological equipment of light industry is the significant dynamic loads that occur during unstable operating modes and is one of the main reasons for reducing the reliability and durability of its operation. The problem of increasing the reliability and durability of their work by reducing the dynamic loads is relevant, because the known means of reducing the dynamic loads in the drive of machines can not always be used in light industry machines. Therefore, when designing light industry equipment, first of all, attention should be paid to reducing the dynamic loads in the drive and preventing accidents. The paper considers the feasibility of using a device with a torsion spring to reduce the dynamic loads in the drive of process equipment, check its performance and develop a method for selecting rational parameters. In the course of work modern methods of researches of mechanical systems are used for the purpose of an estimation of expediency of use of the device with a torsion spring for reduction of starting dynamic loadings in the drive of machine. On the basis of the analysis of features of work of the technological equipment of light industry the expediency of use in the drive of cars of the gear safety coupling with a torsion spring is established. A new design of the device is proposed to reduce the dynamic loads that occur during machine start-up. Unlike the known devices, the proposed device is made in the form of a toothed safety clutch with a torsion spring, which simplifies its design and increases efficiency. The use of a cylindrical torsion spring as an elastic element, which connects the half-clutch to the flange on which the satellite gears are mounted, prevents overloading of the drive and the choice of rational rigidity of the device depending on the change of operation, which increases its durability and expands performance. The method of checking the efficiency of the device for reducing dynamic loads and selecting its rational parameters is presented. The scientific novelty is the development of scientific bases and engineering methods of designing devices to reduce dynamic loads in the drive of technological equipment. The practical significance lies in the development of a new design of the device to reduce the dynamic loads in the drive of machines and the engineering method of choosing its rational parameters.

BACKLASH-FREE POWER DRIVE OF MACHINES

Thebacklash-freepower drive of the machines ensures that the working shaft does not move freely when changing the direction of rotation. As a backlash-freegapless power drive, a single-stage planetary gearbox is proposed, containing two Central wheels, a carrier, and satellites, which are blocks of two gears, each of which is mounted on the carrierʼs axis by means of a rolling bearing and a freerunning Cam clutch. At the same time, the couplings are placed so as to ensure free rotation of the wheels in different directions. The gears are connected to each other by a pre-twisted cylindrical torsion spring. The proposed design will ensure reliable operation of the drive when the specified requirements are met.

Elastomer elastic element visco-elastic properties’ impact on damping in a vehicle suspension

Suspension structure, its elastic elements made of elastomers, is described in the paper. This allows to considerably decrease a vehicle’s unsprung weight improving its ride quality. The research is aimed at determining elastomer elastic element’s damping impact on a vehicle’s smooth ride quality. The impact estimate was carried out by comparing simulation modelling results of GAZelle NEXT vehicle’s front suspension and an equivalent suspension with an elastomer elastic element. Dual-mass single-axle suspension model was chosen as a calculation model. The modelling was performed in MATLAB/Simulink software package. Standard suspension key parameters, that is spring rate and shock absorber resistance characteristic, were experimentally obtained for each vehicle. Elastomer element elastic response was obtained at static necking and averaged with respect to loading and unloading characteristics. Damping capacity was estimated basing on the damped oscillations process realized on a special pendulum impact testing machine. “Relative” elastomer damping coefficient was calculated. All the measured parameters were reduced “awheel” by grapho-analytical methods. Vibration acceleration root-meant-square values (RMS) on the car frame and normal awheel response of a vehicle’s motion under various speed conditions over smooth cobbled road served as assessment criteria. Roadbed microprofile mathematic model was realized basing on superposition harmonic function method with various oscillations frequency and amplitude. Analytical findings reveal that a standard suspension with a cylindrical spiral spring and a hydraulic shock absorber outperforms the elastomer elastic element structure in all the given motion modes with respect to the ride quality criteria. The research findings bring about the conclusion that elastomers lack visco-elastic characteristics necessary to provide better ride quality compared to the standard suspension structure.

Influence of coil contact on static behavior of helical compression springs

Large deformations of helical springs are affected by coil contact, but most available spring modelling techniques only account for nonlinear vertical motion, and Finite Elements (FE) nonlinear analysis that considers contact between coils can be very expensive. A 2D model based on equivalent beam and penalty-based contact algorithm is developed for efficient yet realistic prediction of non-uniform spring deflection. The proposed model is tested versus FE, where the helical wire is modelled using beam elements. Two scenarios are taken into account: a cylindrical spring in compression/bending and a progressive conical spring under simple compression. It is shown that the proposed model matches FE at a very low computational cost.

Improved analytical model for cylindrical compression springs not ground considering end behavior of end coils

In a context of increased competition, companies are looking to optimize all the components of their systems. They use compression springs with constant pitch for their linear force/length relationship. However, it appears that the classic formula determining the global load-length of the spring is not always accurate enough. It does not consider the effects of the spring's ends, which can induce non-linear behaviour at the beginning of compression and thus propagate an error over the full load-length estimated. The paper investigates the entire behaviour of a cylindrical compression spring, not ground, using analytical, simulation and experimental approaches in order to help engineers design compression springs with greater accuracy. It is built with an analytical finite element method, considering all the geometry and force components of the spring. As a result, the global load-length of compression springs can be calculated with more accuracy. Moreover, it is now possible to determine the effective tri-linear load-length relation of compression springs not ground and thus to enlarge the operating range commonly defined by standards. This study is the first that enables the behaviour to be calculated quickly, by saving time on dimensioning optimisation and on the manufacturing process of compression springs not ground.

О разработке методики цифрового двойника тележки электропоезда «Ласточка»

The article deals with the development of methodology for creating a digital counterpart of the “Lastochka” electric train bogie. The stages of scientific research are formulated, the objects of them being the spring suspension in the form of two stages and the bogie frame. The method and results of the digital analysis of the stress-strain state of cylindrical springs of the first stage of suspension of the bogie and their verification are presented.

Design development and analysis of cylindrical spring with variable pitch for two wheelers

Technological advancements are growing at a rapid rate for comforting mankind. Every sector including manufacturing, aerospace, and automobile are growing in terms of technical enhancements, material development and design innovations. An attempt has been made in this investigation to design the spring system used in the suspension system. A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over the rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. Hence, the design of spring in suspension system forms the vital designing component. Here, a spring is designed for which material consideration formed the basis of analysis owing to the impact loads the spring experiences during the working cycle. The spring design combines two basic designs i.e. variable pitch and cylindrical designs to amalgamate the advantages and eliminate the drawbacks of individual designs. A 3D model was generated using SolidWorks software which was further imported in another software i.e. ANSYS to analyze various mechanical parameters. A material study was carried out in terms of mechanical properties for the selection of spring material. The selected material were alloy steel (vanadium chrome spring steel) and high carbon steel (music wire spring steel) which is commonly used. The analysis was carried out by varying the applied load on the spring and it was recorded in term of stress and deformation. It can be inferred that the results of analysis showed spring was designed successfully and fulfilled the motives of two basic spring designs in a single combined spring structure. The result was also in accordance to the previous research which showed alloy steel as a promising material for the springs in the suspension system of the vehicle.

Forces in the Lock-Off Device During the Rolling of the Brake Pulley Roller Over the Brake Ramp in the Built Automatic Parking House

The paper describes the design of the device, which allows for the scanning and recording of force sizes impacting in horizontal and vertical directions during the rolling of the pulley, which is part of the brake of the lock-off device of the pallet truck, over the top surface of the brake ramp. The paper also presents the results of two experimental measurement procedures. The first measurements taken to obtain the values of the applied resistive forces when the cylindrical part of the pulley was inserted into the brake body were carried out without an installed cylindrical coil spring. The aim of the second measurement was to determine the forces acting on the brake body when the brake pulley holder resists the insertion into the brake body due to the rigidity of two types of compression cylindrical coil springs, type R16-102 and V16-102. These measurements were carried out in order to verify the theoretically calculated values of the acting forces. In the chapter “Pallet brake design” there is a suggestion and recommendation of the lock-off device manufacturer, which is used in the automatic parking system of variants “KOMA TOWER” and “KOMA MULTI TOWER”, to use a sensor to eliminate inaccuracies of parking location in a parking house using this APS option. The forces acting on the brake body, shown in the tables and graphs in this paper, are forces that occur when the brake pulley rolls over the upper surface of the brake ramp until the pulley engages in a circular recess in the brake ramp.

The development of baking technology for bulk materials based on the use of alternative electric furnace

The article based on the experimental data and it describes the development of a rational design of an oscillatory system for controlled vibrational feeding of bulk materials during their heat treatment in furnaces with a vibratory base plate, which, together with the moving trolley on elastic connections, is the basis to transfer bulk material in the thermal field of an electric heating system with set processing time. To create nonsymmetric oscillations and to obtain unidirectional material motion at the horizontal furnace position, the conical springs are used. They should provide a gently inclined resonant peak, which can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the oscillating system to fluctuations of the natural frequency and excitation frequency, stiffness, friction and other factors under high temperatures and instability of the electrical network. However, the total elastic characteristic of the oscillatory system which is obtained as a result of the experiments consists of conical and cylindrical springs and shows a weakly expressed nonlinearity. Therefore, to achieve a transport effect it will require the installation of the entire furnace unit at an angle to the horizon. According to the available experimental data, a linear model of the oscillatory system was utilized.

Validation Device for the Stiffness of Cylindrical Coiled Pressure Springs

This work presents a structural design as well as a created 3D model used for subsequent physical implementation of a validation device that allows for measuring the force as well as the shortening of a coiled pressure spring during laboratory experiments. The described device was created in order to verify and determine the stiffness of cylindrical coiled springs which are used, e.g., for tension equalizers in lift carrying ropes and handling unit fixation mechanisms. The device is located in the Laboratory of Research and Testing at the Institute of Transport, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, and is used for presentation events focusing on engineering intended for elementary and high school students as well as for teaching Bachelor and Master courses at the FME. This work presents (using tables) the pressure forces and shortening of two types of pressure cylindrical springs obtained experimentally using the validation device. The figures describe the lines obtained by purchased sensors, the sizes of immediate forces and immediate compression of the specific examined spring. These experimentally obtained values can be used to calculate the stiffness of the given spring (i.e., the actual stiffness of the spring) via the formulas specified herein, and to compare these to the stiffness values listed in the spring manufacturer's catalogue. Since there is no standard or general guideline, it may be possible to measure a stiffness value that is up to an order higher than the data listed on the product packaging for most spring manufacturers. This may logically lead to problems after the assembly of the intended machine, whereas its configuration may assume a certain stress that differs from the reality, leading to greater and unexpected stress on parts and possibly greater wear and tear.

Deformation-based accurate geometric model of stranded wire helical spring

As a kind of cylindrical spring structured with a helically wound strand, the stranded wire helical springs are widely employed as reset components in engineering fields. The accurate description of the spring geometry is critical for its design, manufacture, and further theoretical and finite element method (FEM) analysis. However, the outside wires of the spring were assumed to be double-helixes in commonly used geometric model without considering the interwire contact interactions, which introduced non-negligible geometric error. To cope with this problem, a deformation-based accurate geometric model considering the interwire contact interactions is presented in this paper. By combining the geometry constraints between wires with the thin rod theory and an elastic–plastic contact model, a novel algorithm is established to determine the interwire contact behaviors and the coordinates of the nodes on the wire centerlines iteratively. The FEM simulations and the experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed model is similar to that of FEM but much higher than that of the commonly used geometric model. The effects of the strand curvature and the outside wire pitch on the spring geometry are analyzed with the presented model as well.

МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ ХОДОВЫХ ЧАСТЕЙ ТЕПЛОВОЗА ТЭ109

In the design of modern diesel locomotives equipped with three-axial bogies both in our country and abroad there is widely used a spring hanger made as cylindrical spiral springs of compression with the use of hydraulic shock absorbers. At that the boxes of wheel pairs are connected with frames with the aid of carriers. 
 A considerable drawback of such bogies is that these designs do not allow obtaining the angular turn of wheel pairs during their motion along curvilinear areas of a railway. That is why in practice an increased wear of wheel flanges of wheel pairs takes place. In Bunin SU of Yelets at the level of the invention (RU2604924) there is developed a promising design of a spring hanger excluding such a drawback and a series of computations for substantiation of its efficient design parameters. The investigation results are recommended by research and industrial companies in the field of heavy engineering both in our country, and abroad with the purpose of the further study of the design developed and its possible introduction in practice.

Analysis of small intermediate relays from leading manufacturers

This paper presents a comparative analysis of technical characteristics and designs of small intermediate relays from various manufacturers. The following main characteristics of relay are considered: operation and release values; weight and dimensions; power consumption; time parameters; reliability characteristics. The design of the relays of the Russian and international manufacturers are being discussed, their design features that affect the technical characteristics are considered. It is noted that the fastening of movable contacts directly to the armature (relays from Finder, Relpol, Irkutsk Relay Plant) requires a flexible connection with the relay contacts, which leads to more complicated assembly and calibration of relays. It is shown that the kinematic diagram in the presence of free travel with no mechanical coupling with the contact pusher, used in the relay from Schrack, can reduce power consumption and increase the vibration and shock resistance of the relay break contacts. In Schrack AC relays, the operating clearance zone is configured to create a short-circuited loop with reduced electrical resistance and to provide optimum conditions for reducing armature vibration. The appropriate relay designs in terms of improving technical characteristics are proposed. The advantage of a flat return spring over cylindrical coil springs in terms of manufacturing technology and stability of mechanical characteristics of relay is shown. It was revealed that the electromagnetic drive of the Schrack relay compares favorably with electromagnetic drives of other companies in terms of the use of stray magnetic fluxes to create a useful electromagnetic torque. Based on the results of the comparative analysis and experimental study of existing relay designs, recommendations were formulated for the development of a new series of the Russian small intermediate relays within the framework of the import substitution program.

Investigation of elastic properties of helical springs of the control unit of the gearbox 25.01-15-20 SB

Paper discuss the elastic properties of helical springs of the control unit of the gearbox 25.01-15-20 SB. During the analysis of the results of the study it was determined that the reason for the failure of the springs was the insufficient difference between the maximum shearing stress and the shearing stress under the working deformation. It was also found that the endurance of the cylindrical springs depends not only on the magnitude of the maximum operating voltage, but also on the amplitude of the oscillations themselves.

A Multi-Component Conical Spring Model of Soft Tissue in Virtual Surgery

With the rapid development of optical system and medical robotic technology, the virtual surgery approach has achieved good progress but also faces many challenges. Physical and mechanical models of soft tissue characteristics have been a hot research topic in this field. In the present investigation, a physical model with a new multi-component conical spring is proposed, which replaces the cylindrical spring of the traditional mass-spring model. In the new model, a multi-component spring structure has been incorporated that consists of a conical spring and a linear spring in series. Based on the analysis of the nonlinear characteristics of soft tissue, the mechanical model was established to correspond better with the physical behavior. To determine the parameters for the mechanical model, the Euler method was deployed. The determination of the model parameters was achieved using physical tests. Result simulation experiments confirmed that the behavior of the new multi-component conical spring model proposed in the present paper gives results that are closer to those obtained from real-world physical tests than were data given by either the mass-conical-spring model or the mass-spring-model. Average difference, maximum difference and mean square error values were used for the evaluation. The accuracy of simulations for soft tissue virtual surgery can be improved by application of the new model developed in the present study.

Application to rigid memory mechanisms of a variable internal dynamic damping model

The paper presents a dynamic model that works with variable internal damping, applicable directly to rigid memory mechanisms. If the problem of elasticity is generally solved, the problem of system damping is not clear and well-established. It is usually considered a constant value for the internal damping of the system and sometimes the same value c and for the damping of the elastic spring supporting the valve. However, the approximation is much forced, as the elastic spring damping is variable, and for the conventional cylindrical spring with constant elasticity parameter (k) with linear displacement with force, the damping is small and can be considered zero. It should be specified that damping does not necessarily mean stopping (or opposition) movement, but damping means energy consumption to brake the motion (rubber elastic elements have considerable damping, as are hydraulic dampers). Metal helical springs generally have a low (negligible) damping. The braking effect of these springs increases with the elastic constant (the k-stiffness of the spring) and the force of the spring (P0 or F0) of the spring (in other words with the arc static arrow, x0=P0/k). Energy is constantly changing but does not dissipate (for this reason, the yield of these springs is generally higher). The paper presents a dynamic model with a degree of freedom, considering internal damping of the system (c), damping for which it is considered a special function. More precisely, the cushioning coefficient of the system (c) is defined as a variable parameter depending on the reduced mass of the mechanism (m* or J reduced) and the time, ie, c depends on the derivative of m reduced in time. The equation of the differential movement of the mechanism is written as the movement of the valve as a dynamic response.

THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS MILK FILTER

Machine milking of cows is an important technological process of dairy farming. The advantages of this process are a significant increase in the productivity of the milking machine operator and a significant ease in its operation. However, there are disadvantages in the process of machine milking, among which is the imperfection of milking equipment. This applies in particular to milk filters. Their main disadvantages are poor performance and operating cost of replacing the filter element. Based on the analysis of known design schemes, a new design of the milk filter was developed in order to increase the efficiency of the operational parameters of the milking plant. The proposed design meets the zootechnical requirements. Using a developed milk filter will improve the quality of milk purification in the stream, while it has a simple design and low operating costs for the replacement of the filter element. The structural parameters of the proposed milk filter were calculated taking into account the hydraulic resistance of milk passing through it. The parameters of the valve mechanism of the outlet branch pipe are determined as a basis for the calculation of cylindrical springs of tension-compression under the action of hydraulic pressure.

The task of setting the parameters of metaheuristic optimization algorithms

When solving global optimization problems, many problems arise related to their multi-extremity, nonlinearity, high computation complexity, and other. To solve these problems, a large number of algorithms were created. This article focuses on analyzing the class of metaheuristic algorithms for searching for extrema: testing them on various functions and comparing their behavior at the most optimal parameters. Particle swarm algorithms are considered; bats, swarming bees, swarming fireflies, bacterial. In the framework of this article, a study of various metaheuristic extremum search algorithms, the selection of optimal parameters for each of them using various functions as an example was conducted. Also, these algorithms solved the problem of designing a cylindrical spring with a constant axial load.

Расчет исполнительного элемента предохранительного механизма безопасной электрической розетки, выполненного из сплава с эффектом памяти формы

The article considers possibility of creating a safety element for a safe electrical outlet based on the shape memory effect. Numerical model of helical cylindrical spring of the shape memory alloy is developed. The phenomenological approach based on the phase transition diagram is used to describe material behavior. Shape memory effect is included using additional internal force factor i.e. the shape memory moment under torsion. An algorithm for constructing the relationship between the torque in cross section and the shape memory moment for isothermal loading is presented. The problem of simultaneous deformation of shape memory alloy spring and flat copper spring under heating is solved. The contact plate is replaced by an equivalent spring. Spring stiffness is obtained using a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the bending of a bar.