Cylindrical Part Research Articles

Protein Gas Vesicles of Bacillus megaterium as Enhancers of Ultrasound-Induced Transcriptional Regulation.

Gas vesicles (GVs) are large cylindrical gas-filled protein assemblies found in diverse aquatic bacteria that enable their adaptation of buoyancy. GVs have already been used as ultrasound contrasting agents. Here, we investigate GVs derived from Bacillus megaterium, aiming to minimize the number of accessory Gvps within the GV gene cluster and demonstrate the use of GVs as enhancers of acoustic radiation force administered by ultrasound. Three (GvpR, GvpT, and GvpU) out of 11 genes in the cluster were found to be dispensable for functional GV formation, and their omission resulted in narrower GVs. Two essential proteins GvpJ and GvpN were absent from recently determined GV structures, but GvpJ was nevertheless found to be tightly bound to the cylindrical part of GVs in this study. Additionally, the N-terminus of GvpN was observed to play an important role in the formation of mature GVs. The binding of engineered GvpC fromAnabaena flos-aquae to HEK293 cells via integrins enhanced the acoustic force delivered by ultrasound and resulted in an increased Ca2+ influx into cells. Coupling with a synthetic Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway GVs efficiently enhanced cell stimulation by ultrasound, which expands the potentials of noninvasive sonogenetics cell stimulation.

Theoretical foundations of calculation cylindrical parts tank car boilers using the MathCAD environment

Theoretical foundations of calculation cylindrical parts tank car boilers using the MathCAD environment

Developing an orbitally shaken bioreactor featuring a square vessel wall with a large circular chamfer

The impact of orbitally shaking bioreactors (OSRs) on the biopharmaceutical industry is becoming increasingly important. In the preliminary exploration of the orbitally shaking bioreactor performance, the vessel wall shape has a crucial influence on the mixing and mass transfer in the bioreactor. However, the shape of OSRs still maintains a cylindrical structure, significantly limiting the advantages of the orbital shaking mixing. Therefore, in order to further improve the mixing and mass transfer performance of OSRs, a novel wall shape is proposed in this paper. This novel wall shape consists of cylindrical and square parts and looks like a square tank with a large circular chamfer (STCC), which was found could effectively enhance the efficiency of material mixing and mass transfer theoretically. Based on the same specific volumetric power consumption, a comparative analysis was conducted on the mixing time and oxygen transfer efficiency of OSRs with different shape walls using simulation and experimental methods. The results showed that the OSR with STCC was expected to perform higher mixing and oxygen transfer efficiency than the OSR with cylindrical wall. These findings suggested a promising prospect for the future application of the OSRs with STCC.

Terminology of the growing bone: A historical study.

Division of the growing long bone into individual basic parts, that is, diaphysis, metaphysis, physes and epiphyses, has become generally accepted and used. However, the origin of these terms is almost unknown. Therefore, we have analyzed the literature in order to identify their sources. The terms epiphysis and apophysis have been used since the time of Hippokrates, although with different meanings. During the time of Galen, the term apophysis was used to describe all types of bone processes, and epiphyses denoted articular ends. The term diaphysis denoting the middle cylindrical part of the long bone was used for the first time by Heister in 1717. The first to use the term metaphysis was Theodor Kocher in his books on gunshot wounds and on bone inflammation of 1895. On the basis of Kocher's study, Lexer published a radiological study of the vascular supply to bones in which he defined metaphyseal blood vessels as a separate group supplying a particular part of the long bone. The epiphyseal growth plate had no particular name from the time of its first description in 1836. During the second half of 19th century, this structure acquired different names. The term "physis" was therefore introduced in 1964 by the American radiologist Rubin in order to label the growth structure between metaphysis and epiphysis clearly. One year later, the term physis also appeared in the radiological literature, and during the following decades it spread in the orthopedic literature.

Enhancing Surface Integrity and Quality through Roller Burnishing: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters Optimization, and Applications.

Surface integrity is a critical aspect in ensuring the quality of components or products, particularly in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and machinery where superior surface finish and prolonged functionality of cylindrical parts are essential. Burnishing, a chip-less cold working finishing process, enhances the surface finish of machined workpieces through plastic deformation. This review paper delves into various aspects of the burnishing process and its impact on surface properties, drawing insights from multiple research projects. It explores topics including residual stresses, surface roughness, microhardness, cooling strategies, and modeling techniques. Key findings underscore the influence of burnishing parameters such as speed, feed rate, penetration depth, and number of passes on surface roughness and microhardness. Moreover, the process induces compressive residual strains on the workpiece surface, with their magnitude varying based on operational parameters. The choice of cooling methods, including kerosene, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cryogenic cooling, and hybrid cooling, significantly affects surface integrity. Various modeling approaches, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), aid in predicting and optimizing surface characteristics. Despite the extensive discussion on surface roughness, microhardness, residual stresses, cooling methods, and modeling, out-of-roundness in the burnishing process remains understudied and warrants further investigation. This review contributes valuable insights for enhancing surface qualities in manufacturing applications and deepening our understanding of the burnishing process.

An Analysis of Laser Welding Technology used for Joining Dissimilar Metals, Computational Parameters and Challenges

Welding particularly joining dissimilar metals is new technology. Laser welding is a challenging task and most essential and reliable method of joining dissimilar metal used in various industrial area. Out of the modern welding laser welding is gaining its popularity due to its various unique features. Laser welding, is modern method of joining similar or dissimilar parts metal/non-metal by laser beam of very high power, high temperature source. Very good control on input factors, very small heat affected zone, precise accurate welding joint and high speed are some attractive features of this technique. This technology gives more flexibility to design engineer. Various kind of lasers such as Nd:YAG, Co2 laser, Diode laser, disk laser m/c are used in welding of automobile, aerospace and ships. All concept of laser welding depends on the key-hole phenomena. It is a cavity formed by recoil pressure and energy absorption is due to high temperature multi reflection of laser rays. So this gives deep Penetration of weld joint. This paper shows various Challanges of dissimilar metal welding and technique to over come this. In our use study We are going to use dissimilar metal plates of 3.5 mm thick of 16MnCr5 and 316 SS. This metal jonts are used in production of automotive cylindrical part in large quantity.

Microstructural characteristics and properties of wire arc additive manufactured 304L austenitic stainless steel cylindrical components by different arc welding processes

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an advanced additive manufacturing (AM) technology that offers low cost and high deposition rates, making it suitable for building large metal parts for structural engineering applications. However, various welding procedures result in differing heat inputs and repetitive heating treatments throughout the deposition process, which can affect the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the parts. In the current study, cylindrical parts made of 304L austenitic stainless steel (ASS) were manufactured using the WAAM technique, employing both gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and cold metal transfer (CMT) processes. This study explores the correlation between WAAM techniques and their effects on the bead geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties. The microstructure of the cylinders consisted of vertically growing austenite dendrites with residual ferrite (δ) within the austenite (γ) matrix. Compared to the bottom region (region ①), the top region (region ②) contained more residual ferrite. Although the microstructural characteristics from region ① to region ② are similar, they exhibit different ferrite morphologies. The rapid cooling rate in the CMT-AM process resulted in finer structures and a greater presence of ferrite phases in both regions compared to the GMAW-AM method. Cylinders produced by the CMT process displayed nearly uniform properties across both regions and demonstrated superior tensile properties, hardness, and impact toughness relative to those made using the GMAW technique. The WAAM 304L ASS cylinders also showed enhanced performance compared to stainless steel manufactured using traditional industrial forging standards, indicating that WAAM-processed 304L ASS cylinders are suitable for industrial applications.

An investigation on application of friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) for the production of AA6061/TiC-graphene hybrid nanocomposite in the shape of multi-layer cylindrical part

In this research, Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing (FSAM) has been investigated for the production of AA6061/TiC-graphene hybrid nanocomposites. For this purpose, nanocomposites were produced in the shape of three-layer cylindrical parts by Friction Stir Deposition (FSD) of the AA6061 consumable rod with pre-placed reinforcement nanoparticles in it (0.25 wt%). TiC and graphene nanoparticles were chosen as the reinforcements for improving hardness and wear behavior in the additive manufactured parts, respectively. The nanocomposites were deposited with four different rotation speeds, including 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 rpm, under a continuous feeding speed of 25 mm/min. Also, a reference sample without any reinforcement was deposited for comparison with the nanocomposites. Appearance characteristics, microstructural specifications, hardness, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance were investigated for evaluation of the manufactured parts. FSAM led to the production of fine-grain nanocomposites (∼15–25 μm) with a relatively uniform distribution of the reinforcement nanoparticles. The addition of reinforcement nanoparticles caused improvements in hardness, wear rate, friction coefficient, and corrosion rate by about 42%, 66%, 15%, and 33%, respectively. In this regard, best-manufactured nanocomposite showed good hardness (71.5 HV), superb wear rate (260 × 10^-5 mg/N.m), low friction coefficient (0.697), and excellent corrosion rate (2.6 mpy). Finally, it was observed that performing FSD by increasing the tool rotation speed at a constant vertical speed resulted in nearly 10% grain growth and 45% dissolution of Mg-rich precipitates in the matrix. These microstructural evolutions decreased hardness (∼24%) and corrosion rate (∼50%), and increased wear rate (∼38%) and friction coefficient (∼16%) in the nanocomposites.

High elongation heterostructure rare earth magnesium alloy based on rotating backward extrusion process

In this paper, Mg-9.5Gd-4Y–2Zn-0.5Zr cylindrical parts were prepared by the conventional backward extrusion (CBE) process and rotating backward extrusion (RBE) process. The effects of the two processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of different orientation regions of rare earth magnesium alloy were analyzed and compared. The RBE process introduces a torsional shear quantity based on the CBE process. By changing the direction of plastic flow, has a positive effect on the elongation (EL) of the alloy. It was found that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred in both CBE and RBE processes. With the transition of deformation, the strain continues to accumulate, and the DRX mechanism changes from discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) to continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). Compared with the CBE process, the grain refinement of the RBE process is more significant. After deformation, a more significant heterostructure is obtained in the RBE-45° region, and the average grain size reaches 24.7 μm. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and EL of the alloy in this region are 292.5 ± 7.7 MPa, 226.6 ± 7.4 MPa, and 21.5 ± 1.3 %, respectively. Although the strength is slightly lower than that of CBE alloy, better plasticity is obtained. The excellent strength-toughness synergy is attributed to the synergistic effect between heterogeneous regions of non-uniform microstructure. This study provides some theoretical guidance for the industrial production of large-size magnesium alloy cylindrical parts and subsequent applications.

Research on Geometric Measurement Technology of the Inner Cavity of Cylindrical Parts

Research on Geometric Measurement Technology of the Inner Cavity of Cylindrical Parts

Examination of the vessel's shape, resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies to optimize the vessels' foil under noise propagation

There are several parameters in designing undersurface vessel forms, the most important of which is the hull's total strength, which includes the strength of the hull and its attachments. According to studies, 70 % of the total strength of the vessels is related to their hull only without attachments. The hull has three major parts: nose, cylinder, and heel. The advanced vessels' architecture has a parallel shape (cylinder shape). This cylindrical part is important in examining the used volume by pilots and vessel equipment. This paper uses the CFD method to examine the vessel's shape, and the resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies are extracted. An optimum profile is extracted by the values of resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies. The results indicate the significant effect of the hull form on the hydro-acoustic noise of the hull. In other words, by optimizing the hydrodynamic form of the hull, the noise propagation can be reduced as much as possible. Also, the linear slope of the optimized hull is not optimized more than the hull. This means that the turbulence caused by the optimized hull has a higher damping potential.

Optimization of technological parameters at discrete strengthening of steel cylindrical surfaces

The technologies of continuous strengthening of technological surfaces have practically exhausted their capabilities, which calls for the creation of fundamentally new approaches. The application of the principles of discrete-oriented strengthening of tribosystems has wide prospects for improving existing methods of strengthening due to the selection of modes and control of the geometric structure of the surface layer. The essence of the discrete-oriented strengthening method is the application of combined electromechanical processing and electrocontact cementation of cylindrical surfaces. The purpose of the work is to determine the parameters of discrete processing of cylindrical steel parts that are optimal according to the surface hardness criterion. Using the Statistica program, a factorial experiment was implemented according to the Box-Behnken plan, and the results of dispersion and regression analysis of the influence of processing parameters on microhardness were obtained. It was established that the following optimal parameters of DOZ processing are necessary to achieve the maximum values of microhardness (5950 MPa): current strength-500A, force-350 N, contact time-0.3 s.

Study of Wear Resistance of Cylindrical Parts by Electromechanical Surface Hardening

The work scientifically substantiates the use of an effective technology for increasing the wear resistance of cylindrical parts, using the example of protective sleeves of cantilever pumps, due to electromechanical surface hardening. A review of research was carried out and it was established that the achievement of the highest values of microhardness of the surface layer at a depth of up to 1.2 mm is possible during electromechanical processing of protective sleeves of cantilever pumps. The application of various modes and schemes of electromechanical surface hardening (EMSH) is accompanied by a change in structure and, as a result, an increase in the hardness of the surface layer of the bushings. The actual contact area of the tool roller with the processed surface and the depth of the temperature-deformation effect depend on the physical and mechanical properties of the materials and the pressing force. The formation of a temperature gradient in the hardened zone at a depth of up to 1.2 mm from the surface has been proven. Metallographic analysis of the surfaces of the sleeves treated by EMSH shows the formation of a white layer with reduced etchability and increased hardness in the hardening zones. The results of the X-ray structural analysis confirmed the formation of the martensite phase in the hardening zone. The microhardness of the hardened steel zone increased by 2.6...3.6 times compared to the initial values at a depth of up to 1 mm from the surface, depending on the materials. In the case of their overlap, the alternation of a fully hardened zone, a partially hardened zone, and a self-relief zone is observed. At the same time, the microhardness of steels along the surface depends on the hardening scheme.
 Wear tests under friction conditions of parts of cantilever pumps paired with stuffing boxes showed that the wear resistance of protective sleeves after EMSH increased by 3.1 times for 45 steel, 1.9 times for U8 steel, 2.5 times for SHKH15 steel, for cast iron by 1.9 times compared to the initial values. The use of U8 steel samples after EMSH, instead of serial bushings made of steel 45, allows to increase the wear resistance of parts by 6.1 times, which allows us to recommend U8 steel for use in the manufacture of protective bushings for console pumps. On the basis of the research, recommendations are given for the application of EMSH for the formation of a surface layer with increased wear resistance of protective sleeves during their production and during repair of console pumps in workshops or service centers of agribusiness companies.

Complex design and analysis of filament wound composite pressure vessels using data driven evolutionary algorithms

The typical composite pressure vessel manufactured by means of filament winding consists of three elementary construction parts, that is, cylindrical part, end dome and the junction between its cylindrical part and the end dome which are subject of this article. The pressure vessel may fail in each of these three parts. Therefore, all of them must be considered during the design process. This study shows the possible way how to design an optimal pressure vessel related to chosen parameters (which can be mass of the pressure vessel, depth of the end dome, magnitude of internal pressure etc.), so that it does not fail in any construction parts. Any decision, whether the pressure vessel comply or not in studied places, is based on Hoffman's failure index analysis. The finding of an optimal solution requires performing a multi-objective optimization task, which was solved here using data-driven evolutionary algorithms. From the input data, which were generated through analytical approaches, surrogate models were created using the Evolutionary Deep Neural Nets (EvoDN2). These surrogate models were further used as an input to the optimization module which is based upon Constrained Reference Vector Evolutionary Algorithm (cRVEA). The results show that the pressure vessel designed in this way comply in each analyzed location. Moreover, it also finds the most stressed location, which can be useful for the designers.

RCA: YOLOv8-Based Surface Defects Detection on the Inner Wall of Cylindrical High-Precision Parts

RCA: YOLOv8-Based Surface Defects Detection on the Inner Wall of Cylindrical High-Precision Parts

Drive Characteristics of Air-Cylinder-Type Artificial Muscle in Annular Bending

Air cylinders are actuators that slide a piston inside cylinders by applying air pressure. We propose an air-cylinder-type artificial muscle that can be flexibly bent by using a flexible tube for the cylindrical part. The actuator output was a string connected to a piston. When the air-cylinder-type artificial muscle bends, the inner wall of the tube and the string come into contact, causing output fluctuations owing to friction. In this study, we investigated the output when an artificial muscle was bent. After describing the structure of the air-cylinder-type artificial muscle, the measurement results of the resistance force at each part of the actuator are presented. A theoretical output inspired by the capstan equation was derived, and its validity was verified by comparison with experimental results.

Cooling dynamics of droplets exposed to solid surface freezing and vitrification

Solid surface freezing or vitrification (SSF/SSV) can be done by depositing droplets of a sample, e.g., cells in a preservation solution, onto a pre-cooled metal surface. It is used to achieve higher cooling rates and concomitant higher cryosurvival rates compared to immersion of samples into liquid nitrogen. In this study, numerical simulations of SSF/SSV were conducted by modeling the cooling dynamics of droplets of cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions. It was assumed that deposited droplets attain a cylindrical bottom part and half-ellipsoidal shaped upper part. Material properties for heat transfer simulations including density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity were obtained from the literature and extrapolated using polynomial fitting. The impact of CPA type, i.e., glycerol (GLY) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), CPA concentration, and droplet size on the cooling dynamics was simulated at different CPA mass fractions at temperatures ranging from −196 to 25 °C. Simulations show that glycerol solutions cool faster compared to DMSO solutions, and cooling rates increase with decreasing CPA concentration. However, we note that material property data for GLY and DMSO solutions were obtained in different temperature and concentration ranges under different conditions, which complicated making an accurate comparison. Experimental studies show that samples that freeze have a delayed cooling response early on, whereas equilibration times are similar compared to samples that vitrify. Finally, as proof of concept, droplets of human red blood cells (RBCs) were cryopreserved using SSV/SSF comparing the effect of GLY and DMSO on cryopreservation outcome. At 20% (w/w), similar hemolysis rates were found for GLY and DMSO, whereas at 40%, GLY outperformed DMSO.

Analytical description of adjustment of rolls for manufacturing parts from elastic sheet material

The object of research is the process of bending sheet material, taking into account its springiness. When manufacturing sheet parts by bending from a completely elastic sheet, its shape is completely restored after the deformation stops, unlike an elastic sheet. Thus, when producing cylindrical parts by drawing between three rolls, the resulting radius of the cylindrical part will be larger than the calculated one. This phenomenon is evaluated by the coefficient of springing – the ratio of the calculated radius to the one obtained after partial expansion. When manufacturing conical parts, this approach cannot be applied, because the value of the radius is variable. The article applies the theory of surface bending from differential geometry. The curvature of the line on the surface has two components - normal and geodesic. When the surface is bent, the normal component changes, while the geodesic component remains unchanged. The magnitude of the normal component depends on the angle between the origin of the cone and its axis. So, for a cone with a base of radius R and an angle of 20°, the normal curvature is 0.94/R, and the geodesic curvature is 0.34/R. For cylindrical parts, the geodesic curvature of the cross-section (circle) is zero, so it is not necessary to take it into account. Usually, adjustment of rolls for the production of conical parts is carried out experimentally. The difference of the proposed approach lies in the elimination of this problem thanks to the decomposition of the curvature of the base of the cone into two components. This allows to calculate the settings of the rolls and thereby reduce their adjustment time. The parameters of the rolls and their mutual placement are calculated for the production of conical parts of the required size, taking into account their springiness. The field of application of the obtained results is the production of parts by bending flat metal sheet blanks

Force-Induced Deformation Mechanism for Cylindrical Shell Thin-Walled Parts Milling With Ice Supporting: Modeling and Prediction

Abstract Improving the rigidity of the process system in the cutting region of thin-walled parts is a challenging problem to ensure machining accuracy. For limited structural space, the use of ice support is an effective method. However, ice and workpiece constitute a completely new process system, which generates a complex process response under milling forces. Based on the Kirchhoff–Love thin-wall small-deformation assumption and the Winkler model for describing the inverse support of ice on cylindrical shell thin-walled parts (CSTWPs), a new prediction model is developed to predict the deflection of CSTWP under ice support. In the model, by introducing the displacement function in the form of annular triangular series, the analytical solution of the displacement is given for the cylindrical shell with nonsimply supported edges at both ends under ice support. A finite element model for milling CSTWP under ice support is developed, which takes into account the nonlinear behavior of ice and the complex mechanical behavior of the ice/workpiece interface. Based on this finite element model and the corresponding milling experiments, the accuracy and validity of the established model are verified. The work provides a theoretical basis for the prediction of the deformation of CSTWP under ice support.

Wire texture C-axis distribution of strontium ferrite/PA-12 extruded filament

The magnetic anisotropy of strontium ferrite (SF)/PA12 filament, a popular hard magnetic ferrimagnetic composites that is used for 3D-printing of permanent magnets, is studied by vibrating sample magnetometry. The studied filaments have a composition of SF/PA-12 thermoplastic composite with a 40% wt. ratio of SF. SF particles are non-spherical platelets with an average diameter of 1.3 um and a diameter to thickness ratio of 3. Filaments are produced by a twin-screw extruder and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. SEM images show that the SF particles are homogeneously distributed through the filament. VSM measurements on different parts of the filaments show that the outer part of the cylindrical filament has a higher anisotropy, and the core is mostly isotropic. This conclusion is consistent with computational work by others which suggest that particle alignment predominantly takes place near the walls of the extruder die where shear flow is maximum. Additional hysteresis curve measurement of the outer cylindrical part of the filament parallel to the r and ϕ directions indicates that the squareness of the hysteresis curve (S) is larger in the r-direction. This indicates that the outer surface of the filament has a strong easy axis in the r-direction. We conclude that the SF platelets line up parallel to the walls of the extrusion die.