Cylindrical Jar Research Articles

Research on the pottery decorations and manufacturing techniques of the Houtaomuga Phase I culture

Abstract The Houtaomuga Phase I culture represents the earliest Neolithic remains found in Northeast China heretofore, thus filling an over 10,000-year gap in early pottery distribution. Pottery decorations and manufacturing techniques from this culture are unique. The pattern application methods seen are stamping, rolling, and incising. The emergence of flat-bottomed pottery and coiling techniques serves as a prelude to the later ceramic tradition of cylindrical jars with flat bottoms. Comb-teeth decorations along with plant fiber temper indicate similarity with pottery remains in Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East.

Mechanism of fungal remediation of wetland water: Stropharia rugosoannulata as promising fungal species for the development of biofilters to remove clinically important pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in contaminated water.

Mycoremediation uses mushroom forming fungi for remediation of sites contaminated with biotic and abiotic contaminants. The root-like hyphae of many fungi, the mycelia, have been used to remediate soil and water. In this study mushroom mycelia biofilters were evaluated for remediation efficacy of wetland water polluted with crow feces containing antibiotic resistant (AMR) bacteria. Three strains of fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and Pleurotus pulmonarius, were allowed to develop dense mycelia for 3-5 weeks on wood chips within cylindrical jars. Biofilter jars were incubated with wetland water (WW) obtained from a crow roost area that was additionally spiked with AMR bacteria isolated from previous crow fecal collections. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis were added at concentrations of 1,500-3,500 CFU/100 ml. Remediation was calculated from bacterial counts or gene copy numbers (GCN), before and after passage of water through jars. Stropharia and P. pulmonarius biofilters remediated all bacteria, but Klebsiella, in the range of 43-78%, after 1 h. Incubation of water for 24 h showed Stropharia remediation to be superior relative to other tested fungi. Percent remediation varied as follows: S. aureus-100%, E. faecium-97%, C. jejuni-59%, P. aeruginosa-54%, E. coli-65% and S. enteritidis-27%. The mechanism of remediation was tested by removing the mycelium from the biofilter column after passage of water, followed by extraction of DNA. Association of bacterial DNA with the mycelia was demonstrated by qPCR for all bacteria, except S. aureus and Salmonella. Depending on the bacteria, the GCN ranged from 3,500 to 54,000/250 mg of mycelia. Thus, some of the ways in which mycelia biofilters decrease bacteria from water are through bio-filtration and bio-absorption. Active fungal growth and close contact with bacteria appear necessary for removal. Overall these results suggest that mushroom mycelia biofilters have the potential to effectively remediate water contaminated with pathogenic and AMR bacteria.

Generating Reproducing Anoxia Conditions for Plant Phenotyping.

Based on the availability of oxygen, plant growth environment can be normoxic (normal environment), hypoxic (reduced oxygen, <21%), or anoxic (complete depletion of oxygen). Hypoxic/anoxic environment is created when a plant is exposed to stresses such as submergence, flooding, or pathogen attack. Survival of the plants following stress conditions is in part dependent on their ability to overcome the stress induced by anoxia/hypoxia conditions. This shows the need for the development of strategies for understanding the mechanisms involved in plant tolerance to anoxia. Previous studies have employed different methods for establishing an anerobic environment. Here, we describe a simple method for creating anoxic environment using an anaerobic atmosphere generation bag. Anoxic conditions can be maintained in a cylindrical jar, a rectangular box, or a vacuum sealer bag, enabling the screening of a large number of samples. This protocol is particularly useful to screen plant mutants that are tolerant to anoxia. The method is simple, easy, cost-efficient, reproducible, and does not require any sophisticated instruments. Graphic abstract.

Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Stain, Auramine Rhodamine Stain and Culture Sensitivity of AFB in Routine and Concentrated Pleural Fluid

Background: Nearly one third of the global population is infected with mycobacterial tuberculosis. Pleural tuberculosis accounts for 20% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion is difficult because of the low detection rate of different diagnostic tests like microscopy and culture. Current study aimed to compare the detection rate of different tests in non-concentrated and concentrated pleural fluid.&#x0D; Methods: A hospital based prospective cross sectional study was carried out over one year duration in the Medicine Department of Bir Hospital. A total of 52 cases were enrolled. Detailed history taking and physical examination; radiological, hematological and serum biochemical investigations were performed. Thoracocentesis was performed in all the patients; 20 ml pleural fluid was sent for microscopy with ZN and AR staining as well as for AFB culture. Up to 500ml of pleural fluid was heparinized and kept on cylindrical jar for two hours and 50 ml of sediment was also sent for microscopy and culture within one hour. The results obtained were documented and analysis was done.&#x0D; Results: A total of 52 patients, 31 (59.6%) males and 21 (40.4%) females were included. Their mean age of study participants was 38.67 ± 17.71 (range 16-82 years). Common presentations were fever (94.2%), cough (92.3%), breathlessness (84.6%), chest pain (65.4%) and significant weight loss (59.6%). Haemoptysis was present in 13.5%, anemia in 48.1%, enlarged cervical lymph nodes in 5.8% of the patients. The detection rates of ZN stain, AR stain and AFB culture in non-concentrated pleural fluid were 3.8%, 9.6% and 11.5% respectively. The detection rates for the same tests using concentrated pleural fluid of the same patients were 7.7%, 25% and 17.3% respectively. Differences in detection rate with AR stain and AFB culture for non- concentrated and concentrated pleural fluid were statistically significant (p value &lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: The detection of AFB using microscopy with ZN and AR staining as well as culture in solid media is low. The detection rate was significantly increased by using concentrated pleural fluid sample for microscopy and culture.

Evaluation of the Jarless Method for Cyclone Calibration in Occupational Air Sampling

The jarless cyclone calibration method is an appealing approach because it removes the need for calibration adapters and eliminates potential sources of error that result from poor or inconsistent seals in calibration adapters or calibration jar lids. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed review of the jarless calibration method by (1) examining the rationale behind the initial pressure drop range specified by the method and (2) evaluating the accuracy of the method in contrast to flow rate measurements in a well-controlled, jar protocol. Four types of respirable cyclones and two filter brands with samples from three separate production lots were considered as components of the sampling trains under consideration. Volumetric flow rate and pressure drop were measured under controlled conditions in a cylindrical jar designed for these determinations. The initial challenge pressure range evaluated in this study was modified based on cyclone type. The measured pressure drop fell within the modified range for all configurations considered, indicating the modified ranges were appropriate. The accuracy of the jarless method was then evaluated by comparing measured volumetric flow rates using different calibration methods for various cyclone, filter brand, and filter lot combination. The jarless method provided accurate calibration results utilizing the modified initial pressure drop ranges utilized in this study. Therefore, it is recommended the initial pressure drop range specified by the jarless method be modified to account for differences among cyclone types.

USING A FUNCTION DERIVATIVE IN ECONOMIC TASKS

The article focuses on the application of mathematical methods in economics, in particular discussing economic problems that are easily solved using derivatives. The purpose of the article is to show students the way and opportunity to use mathematical methods to solve economic problems. To this end, the article discusses and analyzes several economic tasks in detail, which will be interesting and easy for students to master. I considered the derivative of a function as the rate of change and introduced the definition: The instantaneous rate of change of the function f with respect to x at a point is called the derivative if it exists. With the help of this definition I have discussed and explained Task 1: Suppose that the increase in production of a certain product over a period of time is described by a function And population growth is described by the following function: Where is the number of years from the initial period, then the production of these products per capita is given by the function: Find the growth rate of product production. By solving this task I came to the conclusion that after a year the production of products per capita increases. In the following tasks I used the method of finding the extremum values of a function using a derivative, namely I equated the first-order derivative to 0, found the critical points, and with the help of the second-order derivative I determined the extremes of the function. I discussed task 2: For the production of X volume of products, the firm plans a cost that is calculated by the formulan . For what volume of production will the average cost be the smallest? Find the numerical value of this small expense. Solving this problem, I came to the conclusion that the given function of the average cost takes on the least value when the output volume is a unit , and this value is equal to: which is the marginal cost when producing the volume output. I discussed Task 3: How many products should be sold in order for a firm to profit maximally if the derivative cost function is known: And return function: Here I came to the conclusion: if 600 units of the product are sold, then the firm's profit will be maximum and it will be numerically equal At the end of the article I discussed such a task 4 of applied optimization. What is the minimum amount of material needed to make a 2 liter cylindrical jar? Where I came to the conclusion: the smallest amount of material will be spent to get a cylindrical vessel if we take the height 2 times the radius of the base.

Technical choices and processes of stone vessel manufacture under the reign of king Den : evidence from the Cemetery M at Abu Rawash

Stone vessels were produced on a large scale during the Early Dynastic Period. The pro-duction of stone vessels in this period is a typ-ical example of the development of attached specialists that occurred parallel to the emer-gence of the central government and admin-istration. However, we are not thoroughly familiar with the specifics of the manufac-turing techniques and system that supported this large-scale production in Early Dynastic society. This paper reconstructs the detailed manufacturing techniques and processes of the cylindrical jars and the open forms through the observation and analysis of the unpublished materials from the Cemetery M (excavated by Montet) at Abu Rawash. This research has found that travertine bowls were probably shaped by irregular and less precise polishing than mudstone. Addition-ally, the deeper bowls were found to have a intensive use of “figure-of-eight” shaped reamers. Craftsmen also selected techniques, processes, and tools according to vessel shape and size in addition to the hardness and nature of the stone. The detailed manufacturing process of the cylindrical jars is also reconstructed. These cylindrical jars can be classified into two categories : high-quality and low-quality jars. The low-quality and small-sized jars were manufactured by a more intensive use of “figure-of-eight” shaped reamer. A comparison with quantitative data from other cemeteries at Abu Rawash and other Early Dynastic sites indicates that the low-quality and the small jars were probably supplied to Abu Rawash as “commoditized products” during the 2 nd Dynasty. Finally, the article discusses the increased use of rota-tional reaming techniques with a “figure-of-eight” shaped reamer in the manufacture of both cylindrical jars and bowls during the 2 nd Dynasty.

Numerical and experimental investigations on new jar designs for high efficiency planetary ball milling

The internal shape of planetary ball mill jars was modified to increase the efficiency of the milling process. Four new jar designs are presented, where obstacles on the surface of a traditional cylindrical jar modify the ratio of normal-to-tangential transferred mechanical action, thus improving the comminution of the mill charge and reducing the process time. Multibody dynamics simulations, validated by operando video recordings of the process, were employed to investigate modified ball motion regimes promoting the increase of the number of high-energy impacts. Moreover, experimental grinding of calcium fluoride powder was performed to assess the effect of milling time and jar-to-plate velocity ratio, through the evaluation of size and microstrain of the end product deduced from X-ray diffraction line profile analysis.

Autoinoculation trap for management of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) in coffee crops

An autoinoculation trap containing the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) was developed for the management of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). The trap is composed of a plastic cylindrical jar with inlet holes in the upper part and outlet holes at the bottom. Within the upper part of the trap, we placed a diffusion vial filled with a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and methanol as an attractant for adult H. hampei. In the bottom part, we lined the surfaces of the two exit holes with a strip of woven fabric (wool) impregnated with an average of 5.44±0.33×108conidia.cm−2 of the B. bassiana isolate ESALQ-PL63. A five-second exposure of female coffee berry borers to the fungus-impregnated fabric resulted in the acquisition of 2.9±0.77×105conidia per insect and 88.5% confirmed mortality rate in the laboratory. Although most of beetles that were contaminated in the autoinoculation trap in the laboratory were able to penetrate the coffee berry exocarp (the outermost layer), only 5% reached the endosperm (tissue that surrounds and provides nutrition to the embryo). This indicates that very little damage to coffee seeds is expected from borers that pass through the autoinoculation traps. Additionally, these traps provided high levels of H. hampei mortality in the field. The confirmed mortalities at the end of the first and second field trials after 151 and 40days were 66.3±5.2% and 92.2±4.7%, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that autoinoculation traps containing B. bassiana have great potential to be used in the integrated management of H. hampei.

Analysis of friction coefficients in a vibrating cup mill (ring mill) during grinding

This work describes how a ring mill is used as a friction coefficient analysis system for granular materials during grinding. This assessment method was mainly created to analyse energy consumption in comminution processes in friction mills. A ring mills consists of a cylindrical jar containing the grinding masses as coaxial cylinders and rings, made from high strength materials, moved by an oscillating movement caused by eccentric masses arranged on the mill motor axis. Inside the jar the masses rotated by the jar's eccentric oscillation rotate freely, at a speed that depends on the friction between the grinding bodies and the jar's inner surfaces. The work checked how the grinding masses rotate, the mechanism causing coupling and the relations between these movements and the friction coefficient. With this model it is possible to measure grinding energy consumed instant by instant and the energy lost through heat and average pressure generated by the thrust of the grinding masses; and, lastly, the friction coefficient between the mass and the material interposed.

Improvement of radio frequency (RF) heating uniformity on low moisture foods with Polyetherimide (PEI) blocks

Radio frequency (RF) heating is rapid, volumetric, and can penetrate most food packaging material. Thus, it is suited for in-packaged food pasteurization applications. However, the non-uniform heating problem needs to be resolved. In this study, a method of adding Polyetherimide (PEI) cylindrical blocks on top of and at the bottom of peanut butter samples in a cylindrical jar (d=10cm, h=5cm) was evaluated to improve RF heating uniformity. A computer simulation model built with COMSOL Multiphysics® was used for heating pattern prediction, and a new temperature uniformity index was proposed to suitably evaluate pasteurization process heating uniformity. Results showed that a pair of PEI blocks with a diameter of 8cm among all five diameters (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10cm) added to the cold spots of a given peanut butter sample could make the sample reach the best heating uniformity. Furthermore, the best height of PEI blocks with a diameter of 8cm that allows the sample to be heated most uniformly was found to be 1.3cm after sweeping from 0.1 to 2.3cm with a step of 0.1cm. Simulation results also showed that the combination of PEI surrounding and the addition of 8cm diameter PEI blocks could further control the temperature distribution range in peanut butter within 7.1°C when the peanut butter was heated from 23 to 70°C. The newly developed temperature uniformity index provided a more reasonable evaluation on heating uniformity of pasteurization process than the traditional uniformity index.

Pottery from Tell el-Murra Graves

Excavations conducted at the Tell el-Murra cemetery in seasons 2011 and 2012 revealed five graves with pottery assemblages. Grave no. 3 contained pottery vessels which could be dated to the end of the Naqada IIIB period. The pottery vessels found here included two cylindrical jars (one with a cord impression and the second with an incised continuous line beneath the rim), as well as a quite elongated, ovoid jar with impressed halfbows on its shoulders. Two chronologically later graves (nos 1 and 2) should probably be dated to the Naqada IIIC2 period. The pottery assemblage of these graves included large, tall-shouldered jars with impressed halfbows and pot marks (grave no. 1), jars with rope band decorations, wine jars (grave no. 2), ovoid jars, barrel-shaped jars, small broad-shouldered jars, beer jars and undecorated cylindrical jars. Other pottery types included bowls with convex sides, a tray with an oval orifice, a red-polished plate and pot stands. Grave no. 7 seems to date to a different time period, as it contained rough ware beer jars and bowls with convex sides and simple rims. It therefore probably dates to the Naqada IIIC2/IIID period. The most recent of the graves containing pottery vessels (grave no. 5) was discovered in the 2012 season. It contained two pottery vessels: one was a miniature and the other was a bowl with convex sides, a simple rim, a slightly narrowing area of concave contour below the rim and a flat base. Based on pottery analysis, it should be dated to the second half of the 2nd Dynasty.

A new strategy to improve heating uniformity of low moisture foods in radio frequency treatment for pathogen control

Multistate Salmonella outbreaks in low moisture foods have created food safety concerns in recent years. Radio frequency (RF) heating could be applied to eliminate pathogens and reduce the damage to food quality. However, non-uniform heating in RF treatment is still a major problem for developing a food pasteurization process. In this study, commercial peanut butter in a cylindrical jar was used as a model of low moisture food for studying the RF heating uniformity. Polyetherimide (PEI) was placed around peanut butter samples to provide better heating uniformity. A computer simulation model was established with COMSOL Multiphysics®, and experiments with a RF machine (27.12MHz, 6kW) were performed to validate the effectiveness of the PEI assisting method. Top surface and vertical cross-sectional temperature distributions of peanut butter in a cylindrical container were obtained with an infrared camera, and temperatures at 18 locations inside the container were measured with T type thermocouples. The results showed that PEI assistance reduced the difference between maximum and minimum temperature of top surface from 13 to 7°C and cross-sectional surface temperatures from 28 to 18°C. The same strategy was used on wheat flour and heating uniformity was also improved. The computer model was then used with a group of 9 jars of peanut butter to RF processing, and PEI assistance was also found to be effective in improving heating uniformity. Thus, PEI assisted RF heating has potential as a pasteurization intervention for low moisture foods after optimization of this process by the food industry.

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene

Volatile organic solvent (inhalant) abuse continues to be a major health concern throughout the world. Of particular concern is the abuse of inhalants by adolescents because of its toxicity and link to illicit drug use. Toluene, which is found in many products such as glues and household cleaners, is among the most commonly abused organic solvents. While studies have assessed outcomes of exposure to inhalants in adult male animals, there is little research on the neurobehavioral effects of inhalants in female or younger animals. In attempt to address these shortcomings, we exposed male and female Long-Evans rats to 20 min of 0, 2000, 4000, or 8000 parts per million (ppm) inhaled toluene for 10 days in rats aged postnatal (PN) day 28–39 (adolescent), PN44–PN55, or > PN70 (adult). Animals were observed individually in 29-l transparent glass cylindrical jars equipped with standard photocells that were used to measure locomotor activity. Toluene significantly increased activity as compared to air exposure in all groups of male and female rats with the magnitude of locomotor stimulation produced by 4000 ppm toluene being significantly greater for female adults than during any age of adolescence. The results demonstrate that exposure to abuse patterns of high concentrations of toluene through inhalation can alter spontaneous locomotor behavior in rats and that the expression of these effects appears to depend upon the postnatal age of testing and sex of the animal.

Human Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein MRPL12 Interacts Directly with Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase to Modulate Mitochondrial Gene Expression

The core human mitochondrial transcription machinery comprises a single subunit bacteriophage-related RNA polymerase, POLRMT, the high mobility group box DNA-binding protein h-mtTFA/TFAM, and two transcriptional co-activator proteins, h-mtTFB1 and h-mtTFB2 that also have rRNA methyltransferase activity. Recapitulation of specific initiation of transcription in vitro can be achieved by a complex of POL-RMT, h-mtTFA, and either h-mtTFB1 or h-mtTFB2. However, the nature of mitochondrial transcription complexes in vivo and the potential involvement of additional proteins in the transcription process in human mitochondria have not been extensively investigated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription and translation are physically coupled via the formation of a multiprotein complex nucleated by the binding of Nam1p to the amino-terminal domain of mtRNA polymerase (Rpo41p). This model system paradigm led us to search for proteins that interact with POLRMT to regulate mitochondrial gene expression in humans. Using an affinity capture strategy to identify POL-RMT-binding proteins, we identified mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7/L12 (MRPL12) as a protein in HeLa mitochondrial extracts that interacts specifically with POLRMT in vitro. Purified recombinant MRPL12 binds to POLRMT and stimulates mitochondrial transcription activity in vitro, demonstrating that this interaction is both direct and functional. Finally, from HeLa cells that overexpress FLAG epitope-tagged MRPL12, increased steady-state levels of mtDNA-encoded transcripts are observed and MRPL12-POLRMT complexes can be co-immunoprecipitated, providing strong evidence that this interaction enhances mitochondrial transcription or RNA stability in vivo. We speculate that the MRPL12 interaction with POLRMT is likely part of a novel regulatory mechanism that coordinates mitochondrial transcription with translation and/or ribosome biogenesis during human mitochondrial gene expression.

Chemical Separation of Channel Catfish Egg Masses

Abstract Chemical methods were developed and evaluated for dissolving the matrix surrounding eggs of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), which permits eggs to be incubated in cylindrical jars. Screening tests identified several dissolving agents, and four solutions appeared most suitable: (1) 1.5% Na2SO3; (2) 1.5% Na2SO3 plus 0.2% papain; (3) 1.5% L-cysteine-HCl plus 0.2% papain; and (4) 1.0% Na2SO3, 0.5% L-cysteine-HCl plus 0.2% papain. Production-level testing on whole egg masses demonstrated that hatching success of channel catfish eggs chemically separated and incubated in jars averaged 20.5% higher than with traditional trough-and-paddle incubation methods. No significant differences in fry deformities or survival were found among the nine treatments and controls. A trend toward higher percent hatch and higher fry viability was detected when eggs were separated from medium-sized egg masses (601–900 g) more than 24 h after the eggs were spawned. Chemical separation of eggs reduced fungal disease problems and labor associated with egg incubation. This process has been used for several years in a variety of cultural situations. Other fish species with adhesive eggs have been successfully incubated with variations of this technique.

Effect of Population Density of Lake Trout in Cylindrical Jars on Growth and Oxygen Consumption

Abstract Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), initial weight 2.25 g, were reared at population densities of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 fish in 6.55-L cylindrical jars for 20 weeks with a mean water flow of 2.45 L/min. All fish survived the experiment. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth occurred between population densities of 25 fish and those of 50 fish or more per jar, but differences among further increases beyond 50 fish were not significant. Total fish weight at the end of 20 weeks ranged progressively upward from 51.5 to 233.9 kg fish/m³ rearing space for fish at population densities of 25 to 125 per jar. Loading values were light at all densities, ranging upward from 0.14 to 0.62 kg fish/L per min flow. Total consumption of oxygen by fish in each jar increased with time (weeks) and population density. Oxygen consumption per unit weight of fish decreased significantly, however, with each successive 25-fish increase in number of fish per jar. Mean specific gravity of the 25-fish groups was less...

A Late Minoan IB Marine Style Stirrup-Jar

A Three-Handled stirrup-jar decorated in the Marine Style of L.M. IB was recently recognized from fragments found in the East Apotheke of the Heraklion Museum (Plate 36). There is some uncertainty as to the provenance of this stirrup-jar because the name of the site had only been written on the box in chalk and is now totally erased except for a few smudges. However, the cases on either side of the relevant one are both labelled Pseira and some of the other fragments from the box itself are very like the known Pseira vases, e.g., the base of a cylindrical jar with a pattern similar to Pseira fig. 11.Stirrup-jar with three arched, round handles rising above top of very short false neck. H. 0·196 m., D. of false mouth 0·035 m., D. body 0·243 m., D. base 0·08 m. Mouth and most of base restored. Pinkish clay, pink-buff slip, black-brown paint. Decoration: four argonauts swimming to the right amidst rock and seaweed; tritons between the argonauts, single or in groups; sea-urchin on disc of false neck which is monochrome; handles probably striped horizontally; four bands around lower body to base.

Om Barbartemplets datering

Om Barbartemplets datering