Order Cycles Research Articles

Cyclic orders and graphs of groups

Abstract We examine a cyclic order on the directed edges of a tree whose vertices have cyclically ordered links. We use it to show that a graph of groups with left-cyclically ordered vertex groups and convex left-ordered edge groups is left-cyclically orderable.

Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Non-Stationary Location Models with Mixture of Normal Distributions

We consider an observation-driven location model where the unobserved location variable is modeled as a random walk process and where the error variable is from a mixture of normal distributions. The time-varying location can be extended with a stationary process to account for cyclical and/or higher order autocorrelation. The mixed normal distribution can accurately approximate many continuous error distributions. We obtain a flexible modeling framework for the robust filtering and forecasting based on time-series models with non-stationary and nonlinear features. We provide sufficient conditions for strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator of the parameter vector in the specified model. The asymptotic properties are valid under correct model specification and can be generalized to allow for potential misspecification of the model. A simulation study is carried out to monitor the forecast accuracy improvements when extra mixture components are added to the model. In an empirical study we show that our approach is able to outperform alternative observation-driven location models in forecast accuracy for a time-series of electricity spot prices.

An integrated sequence stratigraphic analysis of the early Marsdenian substage of the Millstone Grit Group, Central Pennines, UK

The early Marsdenian substage (Millstone Grit Group) of the Pennines comprises repeated deltaic cycles separated by ammonoid-bearing marine bands. This cyclicity, controlled by the combined forces of glacio-eustasy and modulations in sediment supply, provides an important outcrop area for the application of sequence stratigraphic principles. A new correlation framework is presented where two orders of sequence are identified: (1) a low-order sequence, within which marine bands (R 2a 1, R 2b 1, R 2b 2 and R 2b 3) represent a maximum flooding surface, and (2) high-order sequences nested within the low-order sequences. By integrating and correlating key exposures, historic well boreholes and field mapping, lateral changes in facies and facies association are observed, and palaeogeographic trends mapped. This allows the variation in sequence and systems tract stacking patterns to be interpreted. Three orders of Milankovitch cyclicity are inferred to control the sequence stacking patterns; long-duration ( c. 400 ka) eccentricity oscillation controlling maximum flooding events represented by the R 2a 1 and R 2b 2 marine bands, sub-100 ka obliquity oscillations (controlling the R 2b 1, R 2b 2 and R 2b 3 marine bands and intervening low-order sequence boundaries), and precessional frequencies ( c. 25 ka) which may control the periodicity of the high-order sequences. Supplementary material: Locality details, including lithostratigraphic units observed, gross and sand thicknesses within sequences, and palaeocurrent data measured are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6408203

Oscillatory Order-Disorder Transition during Layer-by-Layer Growth of Indium Selenide.

It is important to understand the polymorph transition and crystal-amorphous phase transition in In2Se3 to tap the potential of this material for resistive memory storage. By monitoring layer-by-layer growth of β-In2Se3 during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), we are able to identify a cyclical order-disorder transition characterized by a periodic alternation between a glassy-like metastable subunit cell film consisting of n < 5 sublayers (nth layers = the number of subunit cell layers), and a highly crystalline β-In2Se3 at n = 5 layers. The glassy phase shows an odd-even alternation between the indium-cluster layer (n = 1, 3) and an In-Se solid solution (n = 2, 4), which suggests the ability of In and Se atoms to diffuse, aggregate, and intermix. These dynamic natures of In and Se atoms contribute to a defect-driven memory resistive behavior in current-voltage sweeps that is different from the ferroelectric switching of α-In2Se3.

Heavy Metal Toxicity and its Effect on Living Organisms

The pollution chain of heavy metals, such as industry, climate, soil, water, food and humans, nearly always assumes cyclical order in the climate. It is clear that the harmful consequences are caused by prolonged exposure to metalloids and heavy metals at minimum doses. It has been proven that heavy metals are harmful for environmental and human. Strong toxicity of a metal is recognized with a significant hazard and it is associated with many health hazards. They also antagonism component of the body, but metabolic activities can interact with metabolic processes at some times. By reduction exercises, few metals, such as aluminum, can be eliminated.

Penerapan ML dengan Teknik Bayesian Regulation untuk Peramalan Usia Penduduk di Beberapa Negara Asia

Knowing the age of life of the population in a country is useful for evaluating the performance of the government, whether the government is able to prosper the population in general, and improve health status in particular. The purpose of this paper is to forecast the age of the population in several major countries in Asia, so that the government has a benchmark in determining policies to further improve the welfare and health of the population in their respective countries. The forecasting method in this paper will use Machine learning algorithms with Bayesian Regulation techniques. The research data used is data on population expectations in several Asian countries sourced from the United Nations: "World Population Prospect: The 2010 Revision Population Database". This research is a development of research that has been done before, using the Cyclical order technique. Previous research used 5 architectural models (3-5-1, 3-8-1, 3-10-1, 3-5-8-1 and 3-5-10-1), with the best model being 3-5-10 -1 which results in an accuracy of 97%, MSE 0.0008358919, training time of 27 seconds and an error rate of 0.03. Meanwhile, this research only uses 3 modified architectural models (2-5-1, 2-10-1 and 2-5-10-1), with the best model being 2-5-1. The result is that this study is better than previous studies. The benchmark is seen from a smaller error rate (0.02), better accuracy (100%), to a faster training time (5 seconds). So it can be concluded, Bayesian Regulation technique works better than Cyclical order and the 2-5-1 architectural model will be used to make predictions

MV-algebras and Partially Cyclically Ordered Groups

We prove that there exists a functorial correspondence between MV-algebras and partially cyclically ordered groups which are the wound-rounds of lattice-ordered groups. It follows that some results about cyclically ordered groups can be stated in terms of MV-algebras. For example, the study of groups together with a cyclic order allows to get a first-order characterization of groups of unimodular complex numbers and of finite cyclic groups. We deduce a characterization of pseudofinite MV-chains and of pseudo-simple MV-chains (i.e. which share the same first-order properties as some simple ones). We generalize these results to some non-linearly ordered MV-algebras, for example hyperarchimedean MV-algebras.

Twisted Toeplitz Algebras of Cyclically Ordered Groups

We consider the group ℤƗlex ℤ as a linear ordered abelian group, and we induce a cyclic order so that the group is cyclically ordered, and denote it as ℤƗCOG ℤ. Suppose σ is a 2-cocycle on the group ℤƗCOG ℤ. We construct an isometric representation of the semigroup (ℤƗCOG ℤ). This representation generates a canonical algebra which we call the twisted Toeplitz algebra of the cyclically ordered group ℤƗCOG ℤ.

Architecture Model Optimization of Cyclical Order Algorithm with Binary Sigmoid and Linear Function for Prediction

This research is a development of previous research to predict the life expectancy of people in Aceh province. The purpose of this study is to determine a model that is better and more optimal than previous studies that have been conducted with the 8-9-1 model, with a prediction accuracy rate of 91% using the ANN Cyclical Order Algorithm. Meanwhile, the current research will use the same algorithm, the same data, but the analysis process will use the activation process and different models. The results of this study are in the form of a better model that can be used to predict the life expectancy of people in Aceh province with an accuracy rate of 100%. The architectural model is 8-3-1. Also, this model produces a lower MSE level, namely 0.0008332545 compared to the previous 8-9-1 model of 0.0010800577. As is well known, the smaller the MSE value, the better.

Facies model of a sedimentary record for a Pantanal‐like inland wetland

AbstractDespite recent advances in wetland studies, ancient wetland deposits are still not well documented, and their facies characteristics are poorly registered. Sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Miocene Yecua Formation (Chaco foreland basin, Central Andes, Bolivia) and their comparison to Pantanal‐like modern wetlands provide an insight into their variability, suggesting a facies model for large inland wetlands that developed in a tropical–subtropical climate. Sedimentological features show that clastic, chemical and biological processes in these environments lead to distinguishable lithofacies variations. Six architectural elements are described: (i) muddy sublittoral (FA1); (ii) mixed siliciclastic–carbonate shoreface (FA2); (iii) sand‐flat (FA3) and (iv) mud‐flat (FA4) deposits; (iv) floodplain (FA5); and (vi) simple channel deposits (FA6). The succession is composed of shallowing‐upward parasequences with different facies characteristics caused by climatically‐driven changes of the water level over three orders of magnitude and cyclicity. These cyclic changes reflect a climatic control on the sedimentation. A palaeoclimatic interpretation suggests a generally warm, humid climate with marked rainfall regime changes. The aim of this article is to use this dataset to improve the understanding of depositional elements, lithologies and stratigraphy in tropical–subtropical large inland wetlands. The proposed criteria will help in recognizing inland wetland deposits in other sedimentary basins.

E-Government, Information and Communications Technology Support and Paperless Environment in Nigerian Public Universities: Issues and Challenges

The move toward a paperless environment has become the driving force behind sustainable development and e-government usage in many public sector institutions. It is equally at the heart of the government campaign to make service delivery in public institutions cost effective, seamless, and efficient. The universities are supposed to be at the front-line of this campaign due to their operations which involves the heavy usage of papers at huge costs. Thus, making it important for university management to provide ICT support in order to promote paperless exchange of information and presentations. It is however, understood recently, that there are issues which surround the low usage of ICT among university managements and ultimately, paperless environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main issues and challenges that hinder the implementation of paperless environment in Nigerian universities. The paper highlights the cyclical order of document generation, document management and document sharing as the process in which a paperless environment can take place within both the academic and the administrative settings in the university. The paper highlights and discussed the challenges hindering the attainment of paperless environment among which are infrastructural gap, inadequate ICT support and attitudinal challenge. It is recommended that for smooth operation of paperless environment, government must show strong political will, bridge the infrastructure gap especially electricity as well as train staff on the path to ICT usage.

Analysis of Deep Learning Cyclical order for Prediction of Fresh Milk Production in Sumatera

Milk is one of the most preferred and most easily absorbed nutrients. This drink naturally contains important nutrients, such as vitamins A, D, B12, protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc, and others. Milk is also beneficial for children and adults. Starting from maintaining healthy bones and teeth, as a source of energy, and so on. In Indonesia, especially on the island of Sumatra, fresh milk production is carried out by cattle and goat farmers in cooperation with milk companies. This research have a purpose is to predict the production of fresh milk on the island of Sumatra so that the local government, as well as cattle and goat breeders on the island of Sumatra, have benchmarks to further increase the production of fresh milk in their respective regions in the future. The method that will be used in this research is Deep Learning Cyclical order which is the development of ANN. The research data used were data on the production of fresh milk on the island of Sumatra in 2009-2018 sourced from the Indonesian Statistics Agency. This research will be analyzed using 3 network architecture models, namely 4-5-1, 4-10-1 and 4-5-10-1 with the best network model chosen is 4-5-10-1 with an accuracy level of 90% and MSE value of 0.0157179042. Based on this best model a prediction of fresh milk production in Sumatra will be carried out in 2019-2020.

The use of variational mode decomposition in assisting sedimentary cyclicity analysis: A case study from an Albian carbonate reservoir, Campos Basin, southeast Brazil

The sedimentary cyclicity analysis investigates the cyclic patterns and the different hierarchical orders of cyclicity in the stratigraphic record. The detection of cyclic depositional patterns is a key element of quantitative stratigraphy. It is often based on well-log data, which can be challenging due to the presence of superimposed cycles and nongeologic artifacts. We have developed an approach to assist the detection of sedimentary cyclicity in well-log signals based on a multiscale spectral analysis method. First, we apply variational mode decomposition to decompose the gamma-ray logs into band-limited subsignals, the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), to investigate different orders of smoothness, signal-to-noise ratio, and the cyclicity embedded in the geologic record. Conventional time-domain analysis is carried out to understand the general trends in the IMFs, which enables us to better identify long-term cycles associated with transgressive-regressive (T-R) sequences. Then, by appropriately selecting a given IMF and extracting the instantaneous frequency (IF) and its mirrored version, we build a cyclicity log that can map expressive behavior change in the time-frequency domain. Because the IF is more sensitive to the signal variations, we could highlight the short-term cycles throughout the formation in detail. The detected short-term cycles are in agreement with the T-R sequence. We apply our method to the Albian carbonate succession of Macaé Group, Campos Basin, Brazil. We understand that our method can be a valuable tool for semiautomated detection of sedimentary cycles, assisting in the characterization of different hierarchical orders of cyclicity.

Cyclic order: a geometric analysis

Concepts of order play an important role in many branches of mathematics. We start the article with an analysis of the notion of cyclic order in algebraic structures, which includes a characterization of cyclically ordered groups by cyclic cones and the introduction of the notion of a cyclically ordered field. We then study the role of cyclic order in the foundations of geometry. In Euclidean and in absolute geometry, order structures are introduced by linear orders (see Hilbert in Grundlagen der Geometrie, Teubner, Stuttgart, 1972; Coxeter in Introduction to geometry, Wiley, New York, 1961; Sperner in Beziehungen zwischen geometrischer und algebraischer Anordnung. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1949; Bachmann in Aufbau der Geometrie aus dem Spiegelungsbegriff, Springer, Heidelberg, 1973; H Struve and R Struve in J Geom 105:419–447, 2014; R Struve in J Geom 106:551–570, 2015). This excludes elliptic geometry. We show that the notion of cyclic order (on pencils of lines) allows the introduction of order structures in a unified way (including the elliptic case) and corresponds on the algebraic side to a linear order of the associated coordinate field. In addition we prove that the three classical geometries (Euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic) over fields K of characteristic $$\ne 2$$ are orderable if and only if a separation relation on rows of collinear points and a separation relation on pencils of concurrent lines can be defined which are ‘compatible’. The article closes with a geometric interpretation of cyclically ordered fields as $$\hbox {Gau}\ss \hbox {ian}$$ coordinate fields of Euclidean Hilbert planes.

On linear cyclically ordered subgroups of cyclically ordered groups

Given a group G equipped with a cyclic order so that G is cyclically ordered group. In this condition, all subgroups of G are cyclically ordered. When the group G is finite the cyclic order on G is not linear, even when the group G is infinite, the cyclic order on G is not necessarily linear. In this article we discuss an infinite group G and some conditions so that there is a subgroup H of G in which the cyclic order on H is also linear. The positive cone P(H) of H is then a semigroup, meanwhile the positive cone P(G) of G is not a semigroup.

Cyclically ordered group and C*-dynamical system

Let G be a group equipped with a cyclic order such that G be a cyclically ordered group. Under the given order and a particular condition on G, the positive cone P(G) of G is a cyclically ordered semigroup. We induced the representation of a C*-algebra A in a Hilbert space such that we obtain a covariant representation of an action of P(G) by automorphism of A. C*-dynamical system (A, α, P(G)), where α is an action of P(G) by automorphism of A.

Predictions of World Population Life Expectancy Using Cyclical Order Weight / Bias

Life expectancy is the average number of years of life that is still lived by someone who has reached a certain age. Life Expectancy is a tool to evaluate government performance in improving the welfare of the population in general and improving health status in particular. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the life expectancy of the world population so that the government has a benchmark in determining policies to further improve the health and health of the people in their respective countries. The estimation stated in this paper will use the Cyclical Order Weight Neural Network method. The data used in this paper is the number of world population expectations. Data sources come from the United Nations: “World Population Prospect: The 2010 Revision Population Database”. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for the governments of each country to pay more attention to the level of health and welfare of its population so that the life expectancy of the population will be higher. This study uses 5 architectural models. Of these 5 models, the best architectural model is 3-5-10-1 with an accuracy of 97% and an MSE value of 0,0008358919.

Periodicity in stromatolitic lamination: A potential record of ENSO, NAO, and SUNSPOT in the Miocene lacustrine record of the Ebro Basin, Spain

The spectral decomposition of time series obtained from ancient rock records can be used to study the similarity between the dynamics of present-day and past climate systems. A high-resolution periodicity analysis of luminance and lamina thickness of lacustrine stromatolites in the Ebro Basin (northeast of Iberian Peninsula) reveals a significant signal of interannual and decadal climatic variability in the Miocene. This is one out of very few works that presents the use of spectral analysis to estimate the potential of stromatolite lamination as multiple-scale recorders of climate parameters. The effects of precipitation and evaporation variations on stromatolite lamination have been detected at three orders of cyclicity based on textural and high-resolution stable-isotope analyses (C and O) obtained in prior studies. These analyses also revealed that the light and dark simple lamina couplets are identified with annual cycles (third-order isotopic cycles). In the present study, the spectral analysis results obtained through different paths in five stromatolite specimens reveal significant periods in the power spectrum at around 2.5, 3.7, 5, 7, 10, and 22 years. These cycles can be correlated with the typical oscillation bands of different climate-related agents. The 2.5-year period corresponds to the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO), or to the biennial component of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The 3 to 5 and 5 to 7-year bands can be linked to ENSO or NAO variability (second-order isotopic cycles). The 8 to 11-year bands fit the 11-year Schwabe (first-order isotopic cycles) and 22 to 23-year fit the 22-year Hale sunspot cycles. Thus, the stromatolite growth was controlled by ENSO, NAO, and solar activity cycles. The close relationship between these climate-related agents makes it difficult to specify the dominant agent controlling the stromatolite growth. Nevertheless, the significant periods obtained from this study, within interannual (2.5, 3.7, 5, 7 years), decadal (10, 22 years), and even multidecadal bands (37–42 years), support the existence, and concurrence, of ENSO and NAO precursors during the early and middle Miocene.

Facies and sequence analysis of Miocene open-shelf warm-temperate carbonates in Portimão (Lagos-Portimão Formation, Portugal)

The Lower–Middle Miocene Lagos-Portimao Formation at Portimao, southern Portugal, consists of three main heterozoan carbonate facies: mollusc-rich rudstone in a matrix of skeletal packstone/grainstone (MR), fine-to-medium skeletal packstone/grainstone (SPG), and quartz-rich skeletal packstone (QSP). These facies occur in different arrangements and indicate deposition on a wave-dominated open shelf with a well-established heterozoan fauna, most likely related to increased trophic resources where continent supply and upwelling contributed nutrients. These facies form belts inferred to have lain roughly parallel to the strike lines of the shelf, with the MR occupying the more landward, shallower areas and the SPG and QSP extending progressively offshore on the open shelf. Bryozoan abundance in the QSP facies indicates a deep setting on the middle/outer shelf, whereas the absence of rhodalgal components is attributed to a combination of temperature decrease and seafloor eutrophication during the late Langhian and Serravallian, coeval with the “Middle Miocene climatic cooling”. The large photosymbiont-bearing foraminifers and the absence of calcareous algae and zooxanthellate corals point to deposition under warm-temperate conditions. Two main orders of cyclicity are present. Small-scale sequences, 40–60 cm thick, may represent minor sea-level changes related to fifth-order sequences modulated by (~ 100-kyr) eccentricity forcing. Six large-scale sequences, 3–9 m in thickness, are recognized. Based on LAD and FAD of planktic foraminifers and the occurrence of two erosive surfaces related to major sea-level falls (Lang2/Ser1 and Ser4/Tor1), five Miocene sequences (Bu, L1, S1, S2, and S3) are correlated with third-order eustatic cycles.

Lacustrine stromatolites as multi-scale recorders of climate change: Insights from the Miocene Ebro Basin

Sedimentological, δ13C and δ18O data from stromatolites in a lower and middle Miocene sequence from the Ebro Basin (N Spain) are used to assess the potential of ancient lacustrine stromatolite lamination as an archive of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic change. The isotopic evolution through the studied sequence supports a general trend toward less saline conditions with time. Stromatolites and muddy-grainy laminated limestones developed in lake water that underwent little renewal, compared with other carbonate facies. The palaeoclimatic value of the stable-isotope changes and concurrent textural variations in calcite stromatolite lamination is studied at different orders of cyclicity. Stromatolite lamination consists of simple laminae (dark dense, light dense and light porous) grouped into alternating composite light and dark laminae. δ13C and δ18O analyses in consecutive composite laminae (bulk sampling) yielded a cyclic pattern that mimics textural variations. Light laminae, with lower δ13C and δ18O values, reflect higher precipitation/evaporation ratio (P/E) and more influence of biogenic 12C. Dark laminae, with higher δ13C and δ18O values, reflect drier conditions, more complete atmospheric CO2 exchange with water and photosynthetic 12CO2 uptake. Textural features of laminae support these results: the dark laminae are related to higher calcite saturation in lake water during drier periods. Isotopic values from high-resolution sampling through a 2.1-cm thick stromatolite reveal palaeoclimate variations at different temporal scales. Isotopic variation in 3rd order cyclicity of alternating light/dark simple laminae is recording seasonal P/E variations. Light and dark composite laminae (2nd order cyclicity) correspond to pluriannual dominantly-humid or -dry conditions, respectively. A gradual succession from light to dark composite laminae forms the 1st order cycles driven by decreasing P/E through longer pluriannual periods, resulting in lake level lowering. The stromatolites are thus recording lake level changes of centennial to millennial scale.