Cyclical Water Research Articles

BAKU SEA-LEVEL RISE RESILIENCE CHALLENGES: BEYOND THE UNIDIRECTIONAL COASTAL URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAM

Climate change is manifesting its influence on urban areas, intensifying apprehensions regarding their resilience in the face of future challenges. The challenges are notably pronounced in coastal city regions, marked by high population density and land use. Alongside the established perils inherent to coastal cities, such as irregular precipitation and cyclical water level fluctuations, the Caspian Sea region carries its own unique range of challenges associated with urban and industrial development, including activities like oil exploration and exploitation. The challenges associated with the Caspian Sea's rising sea levels for coastal areas highlight the importance of integrating natural and physical protective measures into the built environment. Within this context, various urban planning strategies play a crucial role in adapting to and efficiently managing a range of challenges, notably including flooding, displacement, and infrastructure damage. Baku, the largest city in terms of both size and population along the Caspian Sea, also grapples with the hazards linked to increasing water levels in its coastal urban areas. This is a significant concern for the city, as the increasing complexity of disasters disproportionately affects its coastal areas. Furthermore, the cyclic environmental risks in coastal urban areas are compounded by the growing influence of climate change, seismic hazards, and the potential for associated tsunamis. The article begins with the analysis of current resilient situation of Baku related to sea level rise, addresses risks related to ongoing urban projects on coastal areas and emphasizes the importance of transcending a one-sided (unidirectional) urban renewal approach. It illustrates the various components of a comprehensive and holistic (multidirectional) framework tailored for urban littoral areas, aimed at bolstering the resilience of Baku s coastal areas.

BAKU SEA-LEVEL RISE RESILIENCE CHALLENGES: BEYOND THE UNIDIRECTIONAL COASTAL URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAM

Climate change is manifesting its influence on urban areas, intensifying apprehensions regarding their resilience in the face of future challenges. The challenges are notably pronounced in coastal city regions, marked by high population density and land use. Alongside the established perils inherent to coastal cities, such as irregular precipitation and cyclical water level fluctuations, the Caspian Sea region carries its own unique range of challenges associated with urban and industrial development, including activities like oil exploration and exploitation. The challenges associated with the Caspian Sea's rising sea levels for coastal areas highlight the importance of integrating natural and physical protective measures into the built environment. Within this context, various urban planning strategies play a crucial role in adapting to and efficiently managing a range of challenges, notably including flooding, displacement, and infrastructure damage. Baku, the largest city in terms of both size and population along the Caspian Sea, also grapples with the hazards linked to increasing water levels in its coastal urban areas. This is a significant concern for the city, as the increasing complexity of disasters disproportionately affects its coastal areas. Furthermore, the cyclic environmental risks in coastal urban areas are compounded by the growing influence of climate change, seismic hazards, and the potential for associated tsunamis. The article begins with the analysis of current resilient situation of Baku related to sea level rise, addresses risks related to ongoing urban projects on coastal areas and emphasizes the importance of transcending a one-sided (unidirectional) urban renewal approach. It illustrates the various components of a comprehensive and holistic (multidirectional) framework tailored for urban littoral areas, aimed at bolstering the resilience of Baku s coastal areas.

Environmental Controls on Groundwater Chemistry in an Offshore Island Aquifer: Fiesta Key, Florida

A field study was undertaken on the Florida Bay side of Fiesta Key, Florida, to identify the chemical characteristics of a previously unexplored offshore groundwater system and to define the critical parameters affecting groundwater movement and interaction with sediment pore fluids and bedrock. Emphasis was placed on the upper 2 meters of bedrock, where groundwater recharge and discharge potentials are maximized, along a 100 meter transect extending from the island margin. Bedrock cores were used to describe Pleistocene depositional textures, and were sampled at discrete depths to determine the extent of water-rock interaction. Piezometers installed into each core hole were used to monitor surface and ground water tide levels, and for the systematic collection of water samples for a large suite of chemical determinations. Aqueous chemical data indicate that these groundwaters are marine in origin, anoxic, and moderately hypersaline (S = 36–40). Exchange of bedrock pore fluids with overlying Bay waters is restricted by a layer of Holocene sediment and a discontinuous soilstone crust formed at the modern bedrock surface. Groundwater chemistry near the sediment/bedrock interface is marked by elevated concentrations of total alkalinity and Ca2+, and by significant Mg2+ depletion. These waters likely acquired their unusual chemistry by mixing between deeper groundwaters and overlying, early diagenetically altered, sediment porewaters. High alkalinity and calcium concentrations presumably result from the combination of the effects of aerobic metabolism, carbonate dissolution, and sulfate reduction. Mg-depletion most likely resulted from the precipitation of Mg-calcite. These unusual chemistries disappear by 2 m depth in the groundwater system, where Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations are similar to those expected for seawater under slightly hypersaline conditions. The Pleistocene bedrock contains low Mg, Sr, F, and P concentrations relative to the overlying unconsolidated Holocene carbonate sediments. This is consistent with the diagenetic recrystallization processes that the bedrock has undergone. Hydraulic conditions favor the net recharge of Florida Bay seawater to the groundwater system, but there are insufficient tide data to identify cyclical water exchange rates or groundwater flow patterns.

Effects Of Cyclical Water Level Shifts and Tectonic Variability on Deltaic Reservoir Facies in Lacustrine Rifts: An Example from Lake Malawi, Africa: ABSTRACT

Effects Of Cyclical Water Level Shifts and Tectonic Variability on Deltaic Reservoir Facies in Lacustrine Rifts: An Example from Lake Malawi, Africa: ABSTRACT

Effects of temperature and leaf water stress on panicle and flower development of litchi (Litchi chinensisSonn.)

SummaryHigh day/night temperatures (20/15°, 25/20° and 30/25°C vs. 15/10°C) after panicle emergence decreased the proportion of leafless panicles, increased the proportion of leafy panicles and reverted some reproductive buds to vegetative growth in the five litchi cvs Tai So, Bengal, Souey Tung, Kwai May Pink and Wai Chee. The reversion to vegetative characteristics at high temperatures was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of female flowers. The relative order for the percentage of female flowers across all temperatures was ‘Wai Chee’ > ‘Bengal’ > ‘Souey Tung’ > Tai So’ > ‘Kwai May Pink’. ‘Kwai May Pink’ plants exposed to short periods of low temperatures (2, 4 or 8 weeks after panicle emergence at 15/10°C) before transfer to high temperatures (30/25°C) had a lower proportion of female flowers compared with plants maintained continuously at 15/10°C. A cyclical leaf water stress (pre-dawn leaf water potential of —2.0 MPa vs. —0.6 MPa) after panicle emergence reduced panicle length and dry weig...

Effects of temperature and leaf water stress on growth and flowering of litchi(Litchi chinensisSonn.)

SummaryHigh day temperatures in the shoot (constant 20°C or 30°C day/10°C night or 30°C day/25°C night compared with 15°C day/10°C night) and high root temperatures (constant 27.5°C compared with constant 12.5°C or 15°C day/10°C night) promoted vegetative growth and reduced or eliminated flowering in ‘Tai So’ litchi. Higher temperatures also promoted the production of leafy rather than leafless panicles. Leaf water potential in most treatments during the day ranged from –0.3 to –1.5 MPa with warm days, cool nights and cool roots generally increasing tree water stress. A combination of warm shoots (30°C day/25°C night) and cool roots (constant 12.5°C) induced lower leaf water potentials (–1.0 to –2.0 MPa) and totally suppressed growth. Terminal buds grew out as vegetative shoots within two weeks when leaf water potential was increased (–0.3 to –1.5 MPa) by increasing the root temperature to 25–30°C. Starch levels were generally low (<5.0%) in mature leaves and roots, except for flowering plants at 15°C day/10°C night sampled at panicle emergence (6.2–9.8%). Starch levels were high in twigs, branches and trunks in non-flushing trees, especially in flowering trees at 15°C day/10°C night sampled at panicle emergence (10.6–12.6%), flowering trees at 20°C day and night and 12.5°C root harvested at anthesis (11.8–12.5%), and vegetatively dormant trees at 30°C day/25°C night and 12.5°C root (10.0–13.7%). The concentration of some nutrients in the shoots was increased by cool shoot temperatures and warm root temperatures. The levels of all nutrients, however, fell within the same range, in the standard nutrient table for litchi. A moderate or severe cyclical leaf water stress (irrigation when pre-dawn leaf water potential fell to –1.0 or –2.0 MPa compared to –0.6 MPa) and a constant moderate leaf water stress (–1.0 MPa) reduced vegetative growth in litchi (cv. Kwai May Pink) grown at 30°C day/25°C night. Flushing was completely prevented when plants were held at a severe constant leaf water stress (–2.0 MPa). Terminal buds grew out as leafy shoots when water stress (10°C root temperature and pre-dawn leaf water potential below – 1.5 MPa) was relieved after seven weeks and the plants maintained at 30°C day/25°C night, but were floral when transferred to 15°C day/10°C night. This experiment suggests that day shoot temperatures and root temperatures interact to control the level of flowering in litchi. Water stress appears to act by synchronizing vegetative dormancy in the branches before exposure to low temperatures. Flowering was very weak when day shoot temperatures and root temperatures exceeded 20°C. Poor flowering at high temperatures was associated with low starch reserves, especially in the twigs, branches and trunk.

In the Shadow of the Union Jack: British Legacies and Great Lakes Fishery Policy

Environmental and economic policies-what are they made of? Those associated with the Great Lakes fisheries for the last one hundred and eighty years have blended many ingredients. A range of economic realities has combined to produce legislation designed, however imperfectly, to maintain the fisheries as a source of food. Political considerations have loomed large in that policy making. Elected officials have responded to a variety of constituencies: consumers, commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and Indian people trying to insure fishing rights guaranteed by treaties with the United States. All of those groups have had agendas that put them in adversarial positions. Enormous changes in the use of the land area in the Great Lakes watershed and the ensuing rise of powerful commercial, industrial, and agricultural interests have exerted a major influence on the way legislators have treated fishery policy making. Influences from many other sources shaped Great Lakes fishery policy, including the broad course of relationships between the United States and Canada. Fishery laws have mirrored changing ideas about the appropriate sphere of government as well as the changing roles of dominion and province in Canada and patterns of federal and state relations in the United States. In recent years the environmental movement has made a significant impact on policy as have shifts in scientific thought about fishery management. The realities of weather patterns, seasons noted for temperature extremes, varying precipitation amounts, and the cyclical high and low water levels of the lakes have also left their mark. Natural accidents like the uncontrolled rampage of predator fish on commercially preferred species have greatly influenced policy makers. Nor should one ignore cultural factors such as the dietary preferences of consumers or the ethnic composition of commercial fishermen. In addition to all of the above, historians of North American economic and environmental history need to consider carefully the implications of the British legacy on the Great Lakes fishery and on those who make policy. That legacy has strongly influenced legislators for the past 180 years. It has shaped political and economic institutions and provided a veritable grab bag of ideas about the economics and conservation of

Characterization of Water Stress and Low Temperature Effects on Flower Induction in Citrus

Experiments were conducted with containerized ;Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) trees in order to define conditions needed to induce flowering. Cyclical or continuous water stress for 4 to 5 weeks induced flowering. Moderate (-2.25 megapascals, midday) or severe (-3.5 megapascals, midday) water stress as measured by leaf xylem pressure potential, for as little as 2 weeks induced flowering, but the response was more significant in severely stressed trees. Low temperature (18 degrees C day/10 degrees C night) induced a time dependent flowering response much like that of moderate water stress. Significantly negative leaf xylem pressure potentials as compared to controls were found only under water stress treatment, suggesting that a common stress-linked event, separate from low plant water potential is involved in floral induction. Leafless, immature cuttings from mature, field-grown trees were induced to flower by water stress treatment, suggesting that leaves are not essential for a flower inductive response.

Sediment Dispersal Within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin

ABSTRACT The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basin. It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges. In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2-63, The silt-sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes. The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the coarse fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2,000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction. Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition. The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well-crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin bottom water. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steepness of the seafloor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the sub-plateau. Hydrographic data indicate that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow.

Some newer aspects of reproductive physiology

This paper deals with several problems in the field of reproductive physiology, chosen because of their newness and their importance, and because they indicate new trends in this field. The most outstanding advance of the past few years is the recent work on the chemistry of the male and female gonadal hormones (estrin, progestin, androkinin), indicating as it does the close chemical kinship of all three. Furthermore, a similarly close relation has been demonstrated between these hormones and certain well-known chemical substances of the sterol group, as well as the bile acids, certain vitamins, and certain carcinogenic substances. This last named relationship has sent investigators off full cry on a new scent, and it is even possible that the cancer problem may be unlocked with an endocrine key.While hitherto reproductive physiology has been concerned almost entirely with endocrinology, investigators are beginning to go beyond the endocrine glands in explaining certain cyclical phenomena, and to speak of a sex center located somewhere in the midbrain. Certain cyclical disturbances of menstruation would seem to justify such an assumption and to suggest also a possible participation of the posterior lobe. One of the most interesting phenomena coming under this head is the weight increase and edema seen in many women at menstruation, and in exaggerated form in the so-called generalized edema of menstruation. This type of cyclical water balance disturbance may be seen even in the absence of a bleeding cycle. Its exact mechanism is not known, but its occurrence seems in some way linked up with a change in the globulin-albumin proportions of the blood serum.Reference is made again to the undoubted possibility that periodic bleeding, clinically interpreted by the patient as normal menstruation, may occur without ovulation. The bearing of this on the study of sterility is obvious, for it undoubtedly explains some cases. The technic which we have found most satisfactory in determining whether or not a patient is ovulating is briefly described.Finally, brief reference is made to recent investigations suggesting that menstrual bleeding is due to withdrawal of progestin rather than of estrin, as has been generally accepted. Because of the now well-established chemical relation between estrin and progestin, and the fact that they exert a similar inhibiting effect upon the hypophysis, there is no material change in the general concept of the mechanism responsible for the bleeding of menstruation.