Cyclical Evolution Research Articles

The superimposition and classification of dunes formed by unidirectional aqueous flows

Superimposed large-scale transverse bed forms are currently assigned to classes in addition to dunes. In modern rivers superimposition of the forms occurs only where the hydrological variables change rapidly with time over a large range. An analysis of the time-series of large-scale transverse forms in the Fraser River, Canada, indicates that the small forms, which here abruptly arise on the backs of large ones on the recession, are able during the flood to evolve back into the large forms. Hence superimposed large-scale transverse forms may all be classified hydrodynamically as dunes, though only the members of one order (the smallest in scale) may be expected to be active at any instant. The concept of the bed-form hierarchy remains valid but, in the context of unsteady natural flows, it should be recognized that the members of some classes of form may experience a discontinuous cyclical evolution.

The cyclical evolution of marketing channels

Examines the process of change in marketing channels and its cyclical nature. Looks at the contradictory problems of the needs of small retailers and efficient distribution, suggesting possible answers. Explores the implications of the rise of franchising for channels and the economy as a whole. Provides some current options for manufacturers to secure their marketing channels.

Corticotrofina e cortiomdes em neurologia: avaliação critica dos resultados em 518 pacientes hospitalizados

Com base no tratamento pela corticotrofina e corticóides de 518 pacientes internados no período de 1952 e 1967, os autores fazem a avaliação crítica dos resultados dessa terapêutica em diversas afecções do sistema nervoso. São as seguintes as afecções estudadas: moléstias desmielinizantes, polirradiculoneurite ,coréia aguda, mielose funicular, hipsarritmia, miastenia grave, polimiosite, neurotuberculose e neurocisticercose. Os medicamentos empregados foram o ACTH ou corticotrofina pelas vias venosa ou intramuscular, e a cortisona e derivados pelas vias oral ou parenteral. O uso de derivados da cortisona, especialmente o acetato de metilprednisolona, pela via intratecal constituirá objeto de outro estudo. Os resultados do tratamento hormonal foram analisados sob os aspectos curativo e preventivo. Neste último aspecto a análise se restringiu à prevenção de seqüelas nos casos de neurotuberculose e neurocisticercose. A avaliação dos efeitos terapêuticos obedeceu a critério clínico e, quando necessário, ficou subordinada ao estudo evolutivo dos exames complementares. Foram referidos apenas os resultados imediatos, observados pela condição de alta dos pacientes. Desse estudo os autores concluem: 1. A corticotrofina e/ou corticóides são empregados com resultados favoráveis no tratamento de diversas moléstias do sistema nervoso, tanto como terapêutica curativa como preventiva. 2. Os resultados em geral são de avaliação difícil e estão na dependência da natureza e caráter evolutivo da afecção e da época em que o tratamento é instituído relativamente ao início da sintomatologia. 3. Em relação ao tratamento curativo, as afecções agudas de natureza imunalérgica ou os surtos das neuropatías de evolução cíclica e as suscetíveis de agravação progressiva com manifestações paroxísticas foram as que melhor responderam à terapêutica hormonal. Certas moléstias que costumam evoluir com fases de agravação e cuja natureza parece estar ligada a fatores imunológicos, também responderam de modo favorável ao emprego do ACTH e/ou corticóides. 4. Conseqüentemente, melhores efeitos foram obtidos na coréia aguda, polirradiculoneurite, complicações neurológicas das vacinações, da coqueluche, da parotidite epidêmica e de febres eruptivas, nas crises paroxísticas e disritmia cerebral da hipsarritmia e na miastenia grave. Em ordem decrescente quanto aos benefícios proporcionados pela terapêutica hormonal, estão a esclerose múltipla e outras desmielinizações primárias. O número pequeno de casos não permitiu conclusão quanto à polimiosite. É de notar que, em relação às desmielinizações primárias, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando o tratamento era aplicado no combate aos primeiros surtos de agravação da moléstia tornando-se menos eficiente nos surtos ulteriores. A mielose funicular foi a neuropatía que menos se beneficiou com o emprego isolado dos glicocorticóides. 5. Na meningencefalite tuberculosa subaguda ou crônica os resultados em geral não foram bons, porém nos casos recentes a associação da medicação específica ao ACTH ou corticóides, foi benéfica, tanto como terapêutica curativa como na prevenção de aderências pia-aracnóideas. 6. Na neurocisticercose os resultados de modo geral foram favoráveis, justificando amplamente o emprego dos hormônios glicocorticóides como terapêutica preventiva no sentido de limitar a formação de aderências. Usados com critério e com as necessárias precauções, o ACTH e os corticóides acarretaram índice significativamente baixo de complicações que, no entanto, foram quase sempre muito graves. 8. Com essas restrições a terapêutica hormonal constitui arma preciosa no arsenal terapêutico da Neurologia. Mesmo nos casos menos favoráveis, freqüentemente esses hormônios representam o único recurso disponível e o pouco que se obtiver será suficiente para justificar o seu emprego. Em certos casos de evolução dramática o uso do ACTH e/ou corticóides torna-se quase imperativo.

Microfacies Study of a Middle Devonian Bioherm, Columbus, Indiana

ABSTRACT The microfacies and statistical study of a Middle Devonian bioherm has revealed that, unlike many similar structures, the investigated one is a composite body in which a transgressive phase of stromatoporoidal growth overlying dolomites has been welded by a horn coral and echinoderm development to a regressive phase of stromatoporoidal growth which is itself overlain by another dolomitic zone. The ecological zones resulting from this strikingly cyclical evolution were found to be, in increasing relative depth order: mat-like stromatoporoids, horn corals and arenaceous foraminifera, echinoderms and ostracods.

Two Times, Three Movements

The arrow and the wheel have both been used to represent time, which has been measured by the flowing of water or sand, unilateral and definitive, or by the movement of a needle on a dial, an ever recurring cycle. These two aspects of time—the unlimited advance without stop or return and the cycle which passes again and again through exactly the same states— have for various reasons preoccupied both philosophers and astronomers. A universe of infinite duration which never returns to any of its preceding states, the sort suggested by application of the second principle of thermodynamics, has little appeal for certain thinkers and leads them to a sort of cosmic pessimism. A cyclical evolution, on the other hand, with an eternal return to states, if not identical, at least very similar, to the one in which we live, gains more sympathy by providing the mind with a sort of repose, a vague consolation for death. This preference can be observed in action whenever the progress of astrophysics presents a new hypothesis on cosmic evolution. The expansion of the universe, an irremediable evolution, met with a hostility which, under cover of scientific arguments, concealed an affective malaise induced by metaphysical anguish in the presence of this final fading-away, far as it might be from our day.

Plasma cell leukemia

SummaryA case of plasmocytic leucosis is reported. The principal findings were : a cyclical evolution with exacerbations marked by the coincidence of haemorrhages and plasmocytosis (maximum of 13 % plasmocytes on 16.500/mm3leucocytes), the absence of osseous manifestations, a diffuse plasmocytic infiltration of the bone-marrow, leukemic plasmocytic infiltrations of the viscera.The relations between plasmocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma and between hyperglobulinemia and haemorrhages are discussed.

Location of Industry and Regional Patterns of Business-Cycle Behavior

In a recent paper' we presented the first stage of a statistical inquiry into the nature of the abstraction involved in the use of national series for the description and analysis of business cycles. The results were given of an analysis of one aspect of the cyclical behavior of national income-its percentage rate of change. This rate of change of the national total was interpreted as a parameter of the frequency distribution of the respective rates of change of the component parts of the larger area, and statistics describing a certain pattern of behavior of these distributions were shown. The distributions appear to have a characteristic shape approximating logarithmic normality, and there is a suggestion of a systematic development as the different phases of the business cycle unfold. The skews of the distributions appear to be positive during the period of the expansion when the rate of growth is increasing. When the rate of growth begins to decline, it was tentatively suggested that the skew shifts to a negative and remains a negative through the absolute turning point of national income and during the period when the rate of contraction is increasing. When this rate of contraction begins to decline, the skew of the distribution again shifts to the positive. An attempt was made to rationalize this cyclical evolution of shape of these distributions. It was further noted that the extreme movements from year to year are found generally among the same set of states, there being a tendency evident for the more sparsely settled states that are highly specialized in raw-material production to cluster in the ends of the distribution and, in years of marked change, in the same end of the distribution. It is proposed in the present paper to discuss in more detail the geographical make-up of these annual frequency distributions of regional rates of business change. We think that certain generalizations may be made regarding a regional pattern of short-run business change, and we should like to analyze possible factors that might account for the observable similarities and differences. Our previous discussion of the factors determining the cyclical responsiveness of a given region laid emphasis upon industrial location or specialization and the institutional and physical factors influencing the region's commercial ties. The question we raise now has to do with certain attributes of industrial location that we regard as particularly relevant for regional businesscycle analysis.