Cyclic Characteristics Research Articles

Na3V2(PO4)3/C·Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C@rGO blended cathode material with elevated energy density for sodium ion batteries

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP), a promising cathode material of sodium ion batteries, has gained much attention due to its competitive capability of sodium storage. However, the relatively low discharge potential of ~3.4 V (vs. Na+/Na) needs to be improved and the current energy density cannot satisfy the practical applications. Herein, the introduction of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 with high voltage plateaus is adopted to elevate the energy density. Therefore, the mixed composite seems to be more attractive because of the prospective high energy character. Nevertheless, this mixture still suffers from the intrinsic poor electronic conductivity. Accordingly, a novel Na3V2(PO4)3/C·Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C @reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (denoted as B@rGO) blended cathode material is successfully synthesized through a facile sol-gel method. The coated carbon layers and rGO are employed to construct a conductive network for promoting the ionic and electronic diffusion efficiently. Detailed kinetic analyses demonstrate that the NVP phase dominates the kinetic reaction in the blended composite. With respect to the electrochemical properties, this modified B@rGO composite can deliver a discharge capacity of 115.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, corresponding to a high energy density of 418.3 Wh kg-1, which is far more than the theoretical one of pure NVP (399.8 Wh kg-1). Moreover, the cyclic characteristics are significantly improved, resulting from the boosted structural stability. Even at a high rate of 30 C, it can release a reversible capacity of 85.9 mAh g-1, and a high capacity retention of 81.6% is obtained after 200 cycles. Furthermore, the superior electrochemical properties are determined and demonstrated by the improved kinetics, including the large capacitive contribution (79.6% at 0.5 mV s-1) and rapid ionic migration. Therefore, this novel co-modification strategy with high-voltage material and conductive rGO can be an efficient way for Na3V2(PO4)3 to optimize the electrochemical performance and push its application in sodium ion batteries.

Creep-Fatigue Experiment and Life Prediction Study of Piston 2A80 Aluminum Alloy.

In order to improve the reliability and service life of vehicle and diesel engine, the fatigue life prediction of the piston in a heavy diesel engine was studied by finite element analysis of piston, experiment data of aluminum alloy, fatigue life model based on energy dissipation criteria, and machine learning algorithm. First, the finite element method was used to calculate and analyze the temperature field, thermal stress field, and thermal–mechanical coupling stress field of the piston, and determine the area of heavy thermal and mechanical load that will affect the fatigue life of the piston. Second, based on the results of finite element calculation, the creep–fatigue experiment of 2A80 aluminum alloy was carried out, and the cyclic response characteristics of the material under different loading conditions were obtained. Third, the fatigue life prediction models based on energy dissipation criterion and twin support vector regression are proposed. Then, the accuracy of the two models was verified using experiment data. The results show that the model based on the twin support vector regression is more accurate for predicting the material properties of aluminum alloy. Based on the established life prediction model, the fatigue life of pistons under actual service conditions is predicted. The calculation results show that the minimum fatigue life of the piston under plain condition is 2113.60 h, and the fatigue life under 5000 m altitude condition is 1425.70 h.

Study on Cyclic Cumulative Deformation Characteristics and the Equivalent Cyclic Creep Model of Soft Clay

Suction caisson foundations can be used to anchor tension leg platforms. The soil at the bottom of the caisson undergoes both unloading and cyclic loading under wind and wave loads. However, the problem of cyclic cumulative deformation of soft clay under unloading has rarely been addressed. So, the strain cumulative deformation and strain softening characteristics of soft clay are studied by cyclic triaxial tests. The test results show that under low static deviator stress ratios and dynamic deviator stress ratios, the soil has a low level of strain accumulation and softening. As the dynamic deviator stress ratios increase, the cumulative cyclic deformation gradually increases, which rapidly develops in the early stage and tends to stabilize in the later stage. Moreover, the softening index gradually increases and is linearly related to the logarithm of the number of cycles. The cyclic cumulative deformation of the soil increases with increases in unloading stress and dynamic deviator stress, showing a creep characteristic of attenuation and then stabilization. Based on the tests, an equivalent cyclic creep model is established to describe the strain accumulation and softening of soil and verified through comparison with the test results. Then, the model is extended to a three-dimension model, and a finite element subroutine is developed for studying the strain cumulative deformation and strain softening characteristics of soft clay.

On the cyclic fatigue of adhesively bonded aluminium: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation

Direct bonding of metals with resin plays a critical role in the jointing of dissimilar materials. The adhesion strength is known to be dependent on strain (loading) rate due to the strain rate sensitivity of polymeric resin. This study evaluated the adhesion durability of an epoxy resin adhesive on an aluminum alloy under cyclic impact loading. First, we used a repetitive laser shock adhesion test (LaSAT), which enabled us to evaluate the impact strength of interfacial fractures (i.e., adhesion and its durability). In this method, a pulsed YAG laser was used to generate strong elastic waves, which resulted in the interfacial fracture of the adhesive/aluminum alloy. We prepared two types of specimens with different curing temperatures (20 °C and 100 °C) and found that the specimen with the higher curing temperature showed higher adhesion strength and durability. We revealed that the adhesion strength showed cyclic fatigue characteristics, and that higher curing temperature improved fatigue strength. To elucidate this mechanism on the molecular level, we conducted a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the epoxy resin adhesive on aluminum alloy. The model featured an all-atom model of the Al2O3/epoxy resin interface, and we performed cyclic tensile deformation until delamination. We found that the number of loading cycles until delamination increased when the applied tensile stress was lower. We also found that the 400 K curing model had greater adhesion strength than the 300 K curing model. This tendency was confirmed by the results of the LaSAT experiments. Our comprehensive study incorporating LaSAT experiments and MD simulations evaluated adhesion strength and revealed its fracture mechanism.

Crack Growth Sensitivity to the Magnitude and Frequency of Load Fluctuation in Stage 1b of High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking

Pipelines undergo sequential stages before failure caused by high-pH stress corrosion cracking. These sequential stages are the incubation stage, intergranular crack initiation (Stage 1a), crack evolution to provide the condition for mechanically driven crack growth (Stage 1b), sustainable mechanically driven crack propagation (Stage 2), and rapid crack propagation to failure (Stage 3). The crack propagation mechanisms in Stage 1b are composed of the nucleation and growth of secondary cracks on the free surface and crack coalescence of secondary cracks with one another and the primary crack. These mechanisms continue until the stress intensity factor (K) at the crack tip reaches a critical value, known as KISCC. This investigation took a novel approach to study Stage 1b in using precracked compact tension (CT) specimens. Using precracked specimens and maintaining K at less than KISCC provided an opportunity to study crack initiation on the surface of the specimen under plane stress conditions in the presence of a pre-existing crack. In the present work, the effects of cyclic loading characteristics on crack growth behavior during Stage 1b were studied. It was observed that the pre-existing cracks during Stage 1b led to the initiation of secondary cracks. The initiation of the secondary cracks at the crack tip depended on loading characteristics, i.e., the amplitude and frequency of load fluctuations. The secondary cracks at the crack tip can be classified into four categories based on their positions with respect to the primary crack. Low R-ratio cycles generated an evident cyclic plastic zone, where high density of intergranular cracks were formed. The higher the frequency of the low R-ratio cycles, the higher the density of the intergranular cracks forming in the cyclic plastic zone. The crack growth rate increased with an increase in either the amplitude or the frequency of the load fluctuations. The minimum and maximum crack growth rates were 8 × 10−9 mm/s and 4.2 × 10−7 mm/s, respectively, with the R-ratio varying between 0.2 and 0.9, frequency varying between 10−4 Hz and 5 × 10−2 Hz, and at a fixed stress intensity factor of 15 MPa√m. It was found that avoiding rapid and large load fluctuations slowed down crack geometry evolution and delayed the onset of Stage 2. The implication of these results for pipeline operators is that reducing internal pressure fluctuations by reducing the frequency and/or amplitude of the fluctuations can expand Stage 1 and increase the reliable lifetime of operating pipelines.

Capturing regulatory patterns in online collaborative learning: A network analytic approach

Interest in understanding regulation in the context of collaborative learning has increased in the past decade. Existing studies have investigated how regulated learning evolves in collaborative learning by focusing on external behaviors, and how different types and strategies of regulation are effective in promoting collaborative learning. Due to the cyclical and dynamic characteristics of regulation, there is a need for new methods that can trace the dynamic emergence of regulatory processes in diver collaborative learning contexts, so as to provide some insight into effective learning design. In the context of 45 student teachers participating in multi-layered online collaborative activities, this study investigated their regulatory patterns during various stages of online collaborative learning activities over an eight-week semester via content analysis and epistemic network analysis (ENA). Quantitative analyses indicated that student teachers demonstrated active social aspects of regulation and had many regulatory behaviors in content monitoring in the designed online collaborative learning activities. Through identifying and comparing the regulatory patterns of the high-performing group and the low-performing group across the stages of learning activities, the results showed that the group demonstrating ample regulatory patterns in “content monitoring”, “evaluating”, and “social emotional regulatory behavior” performed better on the collective score of group product. Furthermore, the analysis elucidated how groups regulated their collaboration variously in different stages of online learning activities. Suggestions about regulated learning at both cognitive and social emotional aspects are provided to teachers and learning designers for designing and implementing online collaborative learning activities.

Recycled Glass Blends with Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Sustainable Railway Geotechnics

This research investigates the static and cyclic characteristics of recycled glass (RG) as a supplementary material with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the rail track capping layer. RG was blended by-weight with RCA in 10% increments up to 50% RG content. A performance-based laboratory testing scheme was designed according to the field loading conditions of capping layers in rail tracks. Basic geotechnical properties of RG + RCA blends were evaluated through their particle size distribution, compaction properties, and California bearing ratio. Effect of flooding was assessed with one-dimensional static and cyclic compression tests. Multistage triaxial compression tests were performed to determine the effect of RG content on shear strength parameters. A new repeated loading triaxial testing protocol was introduced for railway capping layer materials to assess the stiffness of RG blends to cyclic loading. Long term performance of samples also was evaluated through multistage cyclic permanent deformation tests. The shakedown concept was used to assess the permanent deformation results of RG + RCA samples. Results indicated that RG can be used effectively as a supplementary geomaterial in construction of rail track substructure.

Linking Holocene East Asian monsoon variability to solar forcing and ENSO activity: Multi-proxy evidence from a peatland in Northeastern China

High-resolution proxy-based paleoenvironmental records derived from peatlands provide important insights into climate changes over centennial to millennial timescales. In this study, we present a composite climatic index (CCI) for the Hani peatland from northeastern China, based on an innovative combination of pollen-spore, phytolith, and grain size data. We use the CCI to reconstruct variations of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity during the Holocene. This is accomplished with complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD), REDFIT, and cross-wavelet coherency analysis to reveal the periodicities (frequencies) of the multi-proxy derived CCI sequences and to assess potential external forcing of the EASM. The results showed that periodicities of ca. 300–350, 475, 600, 1075, and 1875 years were present in the Hani CCI sequence. Those periodicities are consistent with previously published periodicities in East Asia, indicating they are a product of external climate controls over an extensive region, rather than random variations caused by peatland-specific factors. Cross-wavelet coherency analysis between the decomposed CCI components and past solar activity reconstructions suggests that variations of solar irradiation are most likely responsible for the cyclic characteristics at 500-year frequency. We propose a conceptual model to interpret how the sun regulates the monsoon climate via coupling with oceanic and atmospheric circulations. It seems that slight solar irradiation changes can be amplified by coupling with ENSO events, which result in a significant impact on the regional climate in the East Asian monsoon area.

Binary and ternary deep eutectic solvent mixtures: Influence on methylene blue electropolymerisation

Binary and ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixtures based on choline chloride, with ethylene glycol, oxalic acid, urea and fructose, were used for the first time as media for the electropolymerisation of poly(methylene blue) (PMB) on glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) and GCEs modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The influence of different parameters such as DES composition, the presence of MWCNTs and/or of perchlorate dopant, on the polymer film properties was evaluated. The polymer films electrodeposited in the different media were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and different voltammetric characteristics were observed depending on the electropolymerisation conditions. This knowledge was used to determine the best binary and ternary mixtures for polymer growth, with a view to electrochemical sensor applications. The PMB-based modified electrode with the best characteristics was tested for ascorbate sensing in order to demonstrate the usefulness of this platform.

Cyclic pseudoelastic training and two-way shape memory behavior of a NiTi alloy with small irrecoverable plastic strains:numerical modeling

Novel applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in various fields of medicine and engineering necessitate theoretical models that can capture non-inherent material behaviors such as the two-way shape memory effect (TWSME). Most often, this requires the use of completely different sets of models or parameters to distinguish the “virgin” material exhibiting the fundamental behaviors like superelasticity (also known as pseudoelasticity), pseudoplasticity, and one-way shape memory effect, from the “trained” alloy showing the TWSME. Although using a single model (or set of parameters) can provide much insight on the changes within the material during various loading paths and histories from the initial virgin state to the trained state, it is quite challenging. In this study, an attempt was made to use a developed general multi-mechanism material model and a single set of parameters to predict both the inherent pseudoelastic behavior and non-intrinsic two-way shape memory effect characteristics of a NiTi shape memory alloy. To this end, several simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of pseudoelastic training conditions on the corresponding actuation strain, cyclic stability, and transformation temperatures of the NiTi under zero-load TWSME. Whilst previous studies considered external indicators such as the magnitude of plastic or irrecoverable strain as a prerequisite for TWSME, the present model focused primarily on internal stresses. Based on the magnitude of the zero-load actuation strain (measured from the trained material under no external load), the model results indicated that the magnitude of the pseudoelastic training strain (in comparison to the training temperature, and the number of training cycles) has a pronounced effect on the cyclic TWSME actuation characteristics. Moreover, observations from the internal state (hidden) variables of the model, representing the intrinsic residual stress state in the trained material (under zero observable/external stress) showed the possibility for an SMA to generate TWSME even if there is no significant accumulation of permanent strains.

EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF RESISTANCE OF PROPAGATION OF CORROSION- FATIGUE CRACKS OF LONG-TERM OPERATED DRILL PIPES

The aim of the proposed article is to determine the patterns of the corrosion-fatigue cracks in long-term operational metal elements of drill strings (steel 45, 36G2S, 40HN) when drilling wells in corrosive environments (drilling fluid "Biocar", potassium polymer mud and on the air). Based on the obtained results of experimental studies, diagrams of cyclic corrosion crack resistance for the studied systems "metal - medium" were drawn. The cyclic crack resistance characteristics of long-used metals of drill string elements are determined - the values of constants (C and n) in power dependence of Paris, as well as the values of threshold and critical stress intensity factory. The influence of drilling mud of the corrosion crack resistance of the investigated metals of drill string elements was estimated quantitatively. In particular, in the environment of drilling mud "Biocar" the process of corrosion-fatigue crack development in the studied metals of the elements of drill strings is not significantly, in the range of 1-5%, differs from the development of fatigue crack on the air. Whereas in the potassium polymer drilling mud media, the rate of corrosion-fatigue cracks development in the investigated metals of the drill strings elements significantly, in the range of 15-35%, differs from the development of fatigue cracks on the air. It is established that under the influence of working loads the process of the corrosion-fatigue crack development in long-operated elements of drilling string is accelerated by more than 10% in the media of the potassium polymeric drilling mud than in the environment of drilling mud "Biocar".

Cyclic Plastic Deformation Behavior of TC4 Titanium Alloy Under Different Microstructures and Load Conditions Using Finite Element Method

This paper focuses on the plastic deformation behavior of TC4 titanium alloy under cyclic loading by the finite element method. Finite element models were established based on the realistic microstructure whose volume fraction and gain size of primary α phase are 11.86% and 10.35 μm, respectively. The effect of cyclic loading conditions and microstructure characteristics on cyclic plastic deformation behavior of the alloy was analyzed. The results showed that due to the obvious difference in mechanical properties between primary α phase and transformed β matrix, their equivalent plastic strains are obviously different after different cycles of cyclic loading. Moreover, the equivalent plastic strain gradually decreases with the increase in primary α phase volume fraction, the decrease in primary α phase grain size, the decrease in strain amplitude and the increase in strain ratio, respectively. There is a close relationship between plastic damage and fatigue strength of the metal materials. The cyclic loading conditions and microstructure characteristics have a great influence on the fatigue life of TC4 titanium alloy.

Simplified t-z models for estimating the frequency and inclination of jacket supported offshore wind turbines

With the water depth exceeding 30 m, jacket foundation is the suitable supporting structure for offshore wind turbine (OWT). In this paper, it first illustrates that the vertical soil resistance along the pile shaft (namely the t-z springs) significantly affects the inclination behaviour of jacket supported OWT. Then, for different shear amplitudes, normal stresses and normal stiffnesses, a series of sand-pile interface shear tests are performed to study the cyclic degradation characteristics of interface strength. Based on the test results, two simplified t-z models and related calculation methods for estimating the frequency and accumulated inclination of jacket supported OWT with multi-piles are proposed. For the two simplified t-z models, a general interface strength degradation formula is established, in which the cycle number, normal stress, normal stiffness and shear amplitude can be considered. The verifications of the two proposed calculation methods are conducted with field tests of single pile and a centrifuge test of jacket foundation. Afterwards, a series of simulations are performed to study the evolutions of frequency and accumulated inclination under cyclic loadings for a typical jacket supported OWT. It illustrates that the accumulated inclination should be the controlling factor rather than the natural frequency for the design of jacket supported OWT with multi-piles in engineering.

Laboratory-based assessment on similarities between dynamic behavior of MSW and clay

The dynamic response of landfills under seismic loads is greatly dependent on stress–strain cyclic characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW). Accurate evaluation of these characteristics is essential for improving the current understanding of MSW’s seismic behavior and, consequently, stabilizing landfills under such loads. Therefore, a comprehensive undrained cyclic triaxial test program was executed to examine the MSW's dynamic response under influential factors such as the number of loading cycles, loading frequency, confining stress, and aging. Additionally, this study focuses on finding similarities between normalized shear modulus and damping ratio curves of MSW and clayey soil. Based on the results of the current investigation and those obtained from the literature, the progression of decomposition in organic content of MSW and compaction induced by landfill operations improves the uniformity of MSW. This improvement in uniformity decreases the MSW's discreteness and, consequently, results in a higher amount of shear stiffness under cyclic loadings. However, the damping ratio results are not following a specific trend due to the unknown nature of MSW. Given the observations made by this study, MSW behaves similar to moderately plastic clay. This finding was assessed further by comparing the influential factors’ effect on MSW and clayey soil’s dynamic responses.

Pseudoelastic Deformation in Refractory (MoW) <sub>85</sub> Zr <sub>7.5</sub>(TaTi) <sub>7.5</sub> High-Entropy Alloy

Phase diagrams supported by density functional theory methods can be crucial for designing high-entropy alloys that are subset of multi-principal-element alloys. We present phase and property analysis of quinary (MoW)xZry(TaTi)1-x-y refractory high-entropy alloys from combined Calculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) and density-functional theory results, supplemented by molecular dynamics simulations. Both CALPHAD and density-functional theory analysis of phase stability indicates a Mo-W-rich region of this quinary has a stable single-phase body-centered-cubic structure. We report first quinary composition from Mo-W-Ta-Ti-Zr family of alloy with pseudo-elastic behavior, i.e., hysteresis in stress-strain. Our analysis shows that only Mo-W-rich compositions of Mo-W-Ta-Ti-Zr, i.e., Mo+W ≥ 85 at.%, show reproducible hysteresis in stress-strain responsible for pseudo-elastic behavior. The (MoW)85Zr7.5(TaTi)7.5 was down-selected based on temperature-dependent phase diagram analysis and molecular dynamics simulations predicted elastic behavior that reveals twinning-assisted pseudoelastic behavior. While mostly unexplored in body-centered-cubic crystals, twinning is a fundamental deformation mechanism that competes against dislocation slip in crystalline solids. This alloy shows identical cyclic deformation characteristics during uniaxial loading, i.e., the pseudoelasticity is isotropic in loading direction. Additionally, a temperature increase from 77 to 1,500 K enhances the elastic strain recovery in load-unload cycles, offering possibly control to tune the pseudoelastic behavior.

Cyclic Degradation Characteristics of Undisturbed Soft Clay considering Anisotropy

The stress‐strain characteristics of soil depend primarily on the previous stress history and stress path, thus related to both the stress magnitude and direction. To have a better understanding of the response of soft clay under heart‐shaped stress paths, 18 cyclic hollow cylinders tests were performed on undisturbed Hangzhou soft clay under different cyclic stress ratios, deviatoric consolidation ratios (K0), and loading frequencies. The result shows that as the vertical dynamic stress amplitude, K0 value, and loading frequency increase, the degradation index gradually decreases. Moreover, the degradation index of the soil under the cyclic torsion shear (CTS) test is always higher than that under the cyclic triaxial (CT) test. The increase in the amplitude of the cyclic stress ratio (CSR), K0 value, and the decrease in the loading frequency will promote the initial accumulative plastic strain and accelerate the failure rate of the soil sample; it shows that the effects of cyclic stress ratio amplitude, deviatoric consolidation ratios K0, and loading frequency on the accumulative plastic deformation of soil cannot be ignored. On the basis of the test results, a logarithmic relationship between the degradation index and the loading frequency is determined. A new empirical formula of accumulative plastic strain degradation of soft clay has been established, and its accuracy has been further verified by test data. The research results can provide theories for predicting and calculating the long‐term settlement and deformation of clay foundation.

Limit analysis of seismic collapse for shallow tunnel in inhomogeneous ground

Shallow tunnels are vulnerable to earthquakes, and shallow ground is usually inhomogeneous. Based on the limit equilibrium method and variational principle, a solution for the seismic collapse mechanism of shallow tunnel in inhomogeneous ground is presented. And the finite difference method is employed to compare with the analytical solution. It shows that the analytical results are conservative when the horizontal and vertical stresses equal the static earth pressure and zero at vault section, respectively. The safety factor of shallow tunnel changes greatly during an earthquake. Hence, the cyclic loading characteristics should be considered to evaluate tunnel stability. And the curve sliding surface agrees with the numerical simulation and previous studies. To save time and ensure accuracy, the curve sliding surface with 2 undetermined constants is a good choice to analyze shallow tunnel stability. Parameter analysis demonstrates that the horizontal semiaxis, acceleration, ground cohesion and homogeneity affect tunnel stability greatly, and the horizontal semiaxis, vertical semiaxis, tunnel depth and ground homogeneity have obvious influence on tunnel sliding surface. It concludes that the most applicable approaches to enhance tunnel stability are reducing the horizontal semiaxis, strengthening cohesion and setting the tunnel into good ground.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ГОРЯЧЕГО ИЗОСТАТИЧЕСКОГО ПРЕССОВАНИЯ В ЛИТЕЙНЫХ АЛЮМИНИЕВЫХ СПЛАВАХ (обзор)

The article provides an overview of studies on the influence of HIP on the density, roughness and mechanical properties of cast aluminum alloys. As a result of HIP, the density of the alloy, its ductility, and cyclic characteristics increase, and the scatter of mechanical properties determined during tensile and long-term strength tests decreases. The use of HIP increases the yield of good casting due to the reduction of rejects due to unacceptable porosity detected during х-ray inspection. Thus, the casting acquires a homogeneous, completely dense structure.

A Cross-Country Analysis on Capital Flows Cycle: Stylized Facts and Regional Synchronization

Capital flows often behave in waves, have strong cyclical profiles and show greater volatility, especially before and after a financial crisis. This study analyzed the cyclical characteristics of capital flows from the perspectives of duration, amplitude and speed. First, by identifying the capital flows cycles of 60 representative economies from Q1 1980 to Q1 2020 using the Bry and Boschan Quarterly (BBQ) algorithm, we found that small economies generally have higher amplitude and speed of net capital flows compared with large economies. The duration of the capital flows cycle in most regions had significantly shortened after the global financial crisis in 2008. Further, we investigated the regional synchronization of capital flows cycles, and the results show that the degree of regional synchronization of capital flows cycles within advanced economies is high, while it is relatively low within emerging and developing economies. In addition, the capital flows cycle between advanced Asian economies and any region of emerging and developing economies is highly synchronized. The study provides insights for understanding the relationship between financial crises and the volatility of capital flows.

Green business cycle: an analysis on China and France

Business cycle analysis generated an essential impulse in stimulating and provoking interesting academic and professional debates within a growth perspective. In fact, measuring business cycles is critical in determining the stylized facts on the cyclical behavior of aggregate macroeconomic indicators over time. As green growth topics started to occupy much academic interest, the question of the co-existence of equitable and sustainable development as well as current dynamics and cyclical features of economic growth comes into foreplay. This paper aims to evaluate cyclical characteristics of green growth related variables by observing two countries that showed different green policy aspirations over time, namely China and France. Following the paper's main objective, we want to provide a detailed analysis of the extent to which Green GDP and relevant output measures are comparable in a wider 'deviation cycle' context that includes cycle correlation, cycle coherence, and cycle magnitude. Results suggest that business cycles of GDP/GNI and Green GDP are strongly connected and coherent to a high degree. However, we found that the strength of that nexus and the degree of similarity has changed considerably over time, yet in a positive way.