Cyclic Strain Research Articles

A study on breast cancer image classification based on particle swarm algorithm and transfer learning

Breast cancer is a major disease that poses a serious threat to the lives and health of women. A new framework was proposed to address the common challenges of high dimensional and data imbalances in image classification. This framework integrates particle swarm optimization (PSO) and transfer learning into a convolutional neural network model based on the ResNet34 architecture. The respective strengths complement each other to enhance the performance and efficiency of the classification model. Through parameter optimization and functional selection of PSO, the global search of the model has been improved. Transfer learning lets the model use large pre-trained datasets to learn more quickly on small sample datasets, which is especially helpful in areas where there are a lot of images that don’t have labels. Experimental findings reveal that our framework attains a 97.83% accuracy rate on the dataset and notably shortens the training cycle, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving breast cancer diagnosis performance with small sample sizes.

School-level variation in children's moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity before and after COVID-19: a multilevel model analysis.

Schools play a crucial role in facilitating physical activity among children, but the COVID-19 pandemic has affected both children's physical activity and the school environment. It is essential to understand between-school differences in children's physical activity post lockdown, to determine if and how the role of schools has changed. Active-6 is a natural experiment comparing postlockdown accelerometer-estimated physical activity to a pre-COVID-19 comparator group. Accelerometer and individual data were collected on 1296 children aged 10-11 pre-COVID-19 (2017-8), with school characteristics collected from the 50 schools they attended. Post lockdown, we collected accelerometer, individual and school data from 393 children in 23 of the same schools and 436 children in 27 of the same schools in 2021 (Wave 1) and 2022 (Wave 2), respectively. Sources of variation (between-school, between-pupil and within-pupil) in child weekday moderate to vigorous physical activity at each wave were modelled using linear mixed-effects models with school-level wave random coefficients. We extended the model to estimate the proportion of between-school variation explained by school policy, curriculum and physical environment factors and school-aggregated pupil characteristics. We also explored the extent to which postlockdown differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity were mediated by individual or school factors. Between-school variation comprised 13% of the total variation pre-COVID-19, 7% in Wave 1 and 13% in Wave 2. School factors associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity were the following: whether physical education was compromised due to space (often: 9 minutes lower moderate to vigorous physical activity; sometimes: 5.4 minutes lower); high after-school club attendance (7 minutes higher moderate to vigorous physical activity for each additional club attended on average in the school); cycle training policy (4 minutes higher moderate to vigorous physical activity); and higher prevalence of active travel (1 minute higher moderate to vigorous physical activity for each 10% point increase in prevalence). These factors explained 22% of the between-school variation pre-COVID-19, and 72% at Wave 2. The relative importance changed, with cycle training policy and active travel being the most important pre-COVID-19 and cycle training policy, active after-school clubs and compromised physical education space most important in Wave 2. No factors were found to mediate the postlockdown differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity, except compromised physical education space, which had a suppressor effect in Wave 2. Only 27 of the initial 50 schools participated post lockdown, limiting our ability to make comparisons across waves. Sample sizes were additionally affected by missing data for some variables. While schools continue to play an important role in facilitating children's physical activity, the factors that contribute to this have changed post-COVID-19, with cycle training, active after-school clubs and ensuring physical education is prioritised even when space is limited now explaining nearly three-quarters of the between-school variation in children's moderate to vigorous physical activity. School-level interventions that focus on these areas, and policies that support them, may offer the potential to increase children's physical activity. This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number NIHR131847.

Montmorency cherry supplementation enhances 15km cycling time trial performance: Optimal timing 90-min pre-exercise.

Montmorency cherry (MC) can improve endurance performance, but optimal pre-exercise timing of supplementation and influence of training status on efficacy are unknown. We investigated the effect of MC concentrate ingestion between 30- and 150-min pre-exercise in trained and recreational cyclists on 15-km time trial (TT) performance and exercise economy. Twenty participants (10 recreationally active, RA; 10 trained, T) completed 10min of steady-state exercise (SSE) at 40%Δ (SSE) and a TT on four separate occasions following an unsupplemented (US), 30-, 90- or 150-min pre-exercise Montmorency cherry concentrate (MCC) supplementation conditions (MCC30/90/150min). Venous and capillary blood samples were taken at regular intervals pre- and post-SSE and TT. MCC significantly improved TT performance, but not exercise economy. The greatest improvement in performance occurred following MCC90min compared to US (US 1603.1±248s vs. MCC90min 1554.8±226.7s, 2.83% performance improvement). Performance was significantly enhanced for trained (US 1496.6±173.1s vs. MCC90min 1466.8±157.6s) but not recreationally active participants. Capillary [lactate] and heart rate were significantly greater during the TT for the 90-min dose timing (p<0.05). In the MCC30min and MCC90min conditions, plasma ferulic (US 8.71±3.22nmol. L-1 vs. MCC30min 15.80±8.69nmol. L-1, MCC90min 12.65±4.84nmol. L-1) and vanillic acid (US 25.14±10.91nmol.L-1 vs. MCC30min 153.07±85.91nmol. L-1, MCC90min 164.58±59.06nmol. L-1) were significantly higher pre-exercise than in US and MCC150min conditions (p<0.05). There was no significant change in muscle oxygenation status or plasma nitrite/nitrate concentration. MCC supplementation enhanced endurance exercise performance optimally when consumed ∼90min pre-exercise producing maximal plasma phenolic metabolites during exercise. The ergogenic effect was greater for trained participants.

Effects Of Endurance Cycling Training With Electrical Muscle Stimulation Of Lower Limb On The Endothelial Function

Effects Of Endurance Cycling Training With Electrical Muscle Stimulation Of Lower Limb On The Endothelial Function

Time-dependent relaxation dynamics of remanent strain in textured PMN–PZ–PT and PMN–PIN–PT piezoceramics

Crystallographically textured lead-based piezoceramics, particularly Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PZ–PT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PIN–PT), play a pivotal role in electromechanical applications due to their enhanced field-induced strain responses. However, challenges in precision positioning arise from heightened remanent strain (Sr) caused by embedded templates in the textured grains, impacting strain cycle consistency due to increased time delay for Sr relaxation. This study investigates the time-dependent relaxation dynamics of Sr in textured PMN–PZ–PT and PMN–PIN–PT piezoceramics, focusing on experimentally determining relaxation time between cycles required for complete Sr relaxation. Our findings reveal that the relaxation time in textured piezoceramics is notably longer than that in their non-textured counterparts, primarily due to pinning of domain walls by embedded templates. This work provides insights into the strain relaxation characteristics of piezoceramics and underscores the importance of time delay in designing precision positioning systems for improved reliability.

The Influence of Elite Race Walkers’ Year-Long Training on Changes in Total Energy and Energy Cost While Walking at Different Speeds

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of year-long training of race walkers on physiological cost and total energy center of mass (CoM). The assessment performed was based on indicating the differences between the resulting energy cost in a group of elite race walkers walking at technical, threshold, and racing speeds calculated by physiological and biomechanical methods before beginning and after finishing a year-long training cycle. The study involved 12 competitive race walkers who had achieved champion or international champion level. Their aerobic endurance was determined by means of a direct method, applying an incremental exercise test on the treadmill. The gait of the participants was recorded using the 3D Vicon analysis system. Changes in mechanical energy amounted to the value of the total external work of the muscles needed to accelerate and lift the center of mass during a normalized gait cycle. The highest influence on the total external work increase for increasing speeds of gait in both examinations was attributed to the changes in the kinetic energy resulting from the center of mass movement. A statistically significant decrease of the mean value of total external work for racing speed was observed in the second examination (p &lt; 0.001). An approx. 8% decrease (NS) of EE energy cost, standardized by body mass and distance covered, was found between the first and second examinations. The energy cost and total external work were significantly differentiated by the walkers’ gait speeds (p &lt; 0.05–0.001). The energy cost significantly differed from the total external work at p &lt; 0.001.

Continuous measurement of interstitial glycaemia in professional female UCI world tour cyclists undertaking a 9-day cycle training camp.

Nine cyclists (age: 26±5years, height: 168±5cm and mass 58.5±4.5kg) were observed using continuous glucose monitoring devices throughout a training camp. Interstitial glucose [iG] data were captured via the Abbott libre sense biosensor (Abbott Laboratories) and paired with the Supersapiens software (TT1 Products Inc.). [iG] data were split into time ranges, that is, overall (24-hourly), day-time (06:00-23:59), night-time (00:00-05:59) and exercise. [iG] data were stratified into percentage of time, below range ([TBR]<70mg/dl), in range ([TIR] 70-140mg/dl) and above range ([TAR]≥141mg/dl). Differences in diurnal and nocturnal data were analysed via repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests where appropriate. p-value of ≤0.05 was accepted as significant. Riders spent an average of 3±1% TAR, 93±2% TIR and 8±3% TBR. Mean 24h [iG] was 93±2mg/dl with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 18±1%. Mean (day: 95±3 vs. night: 86±3mg/dl and p<0.001) and CV (day: 18±1 vs. night: 9±1% and p<0.001) in [iG] were higher during the day-time hours. TAR was greater during the day (day: 3±1 vs. night: 0±0% and p<0.001) but TBR and TIR were similar. Glucose levels below the clinical range may have implications for those without diabetes and warrants further investigation.

Effect of Pt-Al coating on low-cycle fatigue behavior in a Ni-based single crystal superalloy at 760 °C

The effect of Pt-Al coating on low-cycle fatigue behavior of Ni-based single crystal superalloy at 760 °C was evaluated. The results show that Pt-Al coating does not change the cyclic stress response behavior of the Ni-based single crystal superalloy at 760 °C. Under the total strain amplitude from 0.6 % to 1.2 %, the cyclic stress amplitude value of Pt-Al coating samples is slightly lower than uncoated samples during cyclic deformation at the stable stage under the same applied total strain amplitude, and the fatigue life of Pt-Al coating samples is lower than uncoated ones, with an average fatigue life reduction of about 19.9 %. By the relation curve of comparing the cyclic strain amplitude with the reversals to failure, it is observed that the fatigue ductility coefficient ε′f of the Pt-Al coating sample is higher than the uncoated sample, the fatigue ductility index c and fatigue strength coefficient σ′f are lower than the uncoated sample, but the fatigue strength index b has little difference. It is found that the cyclic strength coefficient K′ and the cyclic strain hardening index n' of the Pt-Al coating sample are lower than the uncoated sample after fitting the curves of the relationship between cyclic stress amplitude and total strain amplitude. In addition, the cyclic stress amplitude of Pt-Al coating sample is slightly lower than uncoated sample under the same applied total strain amplitude. It was found by SEM that the cracks of both uncoated and Pt-Al coating samples initialized near the surface of the samples under low-cycle fatigue loading at 760 °C, and multiple crack sources began to spread into the substrate. It was found by TEM observation that at low strain amplitude (Δεt/2 = 0.6 %), the dislocations in both uncoated and Pt-Al coating samples mainly converged in γ, and a large number of dislocation debris gathered in the γ and dislocation entanglement was generated, while a small number of dislocations were observed to cut into γ'. The γ′ is seriously deformed and slightly rafted at Δεt/2 = 1.2 %, and a few dislocations are also observed in γ'.

The effect of caffeine chewing gum on muscle performance and fatigue after severe-intensity exercise: isometric vs. dynamic assessments in trained cyclists.

This study investigated the effect of caffeinated chewing gum (GUMCAF) on muscle fatigue (isometric vs. dynamic) after severe-intensity cycling bouts. Fifteen trained male cyclists participated in four visits. Each visit involved two severe-intensity cycling bouts (Δ1 and Δ2) lasting 6min, separated by a 5-min recovery period. Muscle fatigue was assessed by isometric maximal voluntary knee extension contraction (IMVC) with twitch interpolation technique and dynamically by 7s all-out cycling sprints. Assessments were performed before GUMCAF (Pre-GUM) and after the cycling bouts (Post-Exercise). GUMCAF and placebo gum (GUMPLA) were administered in a randomized double-blind procedure with participants receiving each gum type (GUMCAF and GUMPLA) during two separate visits. The results showed no significant interaction between gum types and time for the isometric and dynamic measurements (p > 0.05). The percentage change in performance from Pre-GUM to Post-Exercise showed no significant difference between GUMCAF and GUMPLA for either the dynamic-derived TMAX (~ -17.8% and -15.1%, respectively; p = 0.551) or isometric IMVC (~ -12.3% and -17.7%, respectively; p = 0.091) measurements. Moderate to large correlations (r = 0.31-0.51) were found between changes in sprint maximal torque and maximal power output measurements and isometric force, for both gum conditions. GUMCAF was not effective in attenuating muscle force decline triggered by severe-intensity cycling exercises, as measured by both isometric and dynamic methods. The correlations between IMVC and cycling maximal torque and power output suggest caution when interpreting isometric force as a direct measure of fatigue during dynamic cycling exercises.

Evaluation of a training programme on the management of infectious and sharp healthcare waste in Tunisia

IntroductionThe management of healthcare waste is a crucial issue for public health and the environment. To minimise risks, it is essential to ensure that the management of healthcare waste is...

Home-based long-term physical endurance and inspiratory muscle training in children and adults with Fontan circulation.

Regular physical activity is highly recommended for patients with Fontan hemodynamics. Our aim was to investigate the effects of a long-term individualized home-based endurance training (IHET) on a bicycle ergometer in combination with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in pediatric and adult patients after Fontan palliation. Additionally, factors influencing the trainability of Fontan palliated patients were analyzed. From 2018 to 2021 a single-center prospective study was performed initially including 25 Fontan palliated patients. During study period nine patients were excluded due to incompliance. A Magbike® bicycle ergometer (DKN Technology, France) was used for IHET and a POWERbreathe® Medic plus device (HaB GmbH, Germany) was utilized for the IMT. Over the study period, bike training was increased from 90 min of basic endurance training per week to additional 25 min of interval training per week. IMT consisted of 30 breaths per day for 6-7 days per week with pressure adaption over time. Patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and body plethysmography including measurement of respiratory muscle strength at baseline and at follow-up examinations at 4, 10 and 22 months. Follow-up examinations were completed by 18/25 patients (72.0%) at 4 and 10 months and 16/25 patients (64.0%) at 22 months. Median exercise capacity slightly increased by 0.13 W/kg from baseline to last follow-up (p = 0.055, 95%CI: 0.0-0.36). However, a significant increase of oxygen pulse of 0.7 ml/beat (p = 0.006, 95%CI: 0.38-2.22) was detectable. IMT significantly improved respiratory function with an increase of inspiratory vital capacity (VCin/reference) by 4.0% (p = 0.016, 95%CI: 0.8-8). Median maximal inspiratory pressure increased by 1.2 kPa (p = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.64-3.19) and expiratory pressure by 1.5 kPa (p = 0.036, 95%CI: 0.08-2.29). No adverse events or unplanned interventions occurred during the study. Patients' subjective quality of life did not significantly change over the study period. In Fontan palliated patients, IHET in combination with IMT leads to a significant increase in oxygen pulse, inspiratory vital capacity as well as median maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure but not to significant improvement of quality of life. Fontan patients should be encouraged to perform regular home-based exercise training.

Training of future ship engineers and electricians by means of competence, communicative and interdisciplinary approaches

The article examines the peculiarities of future ship engineers and electricians education by means of competence, communicative and interdisciplinary approaches; emphasis is placed on the interdisciplinary connections of the disciplines of different cycles of training; it is underlined that the process of future seafarers education should be based on a competent, communicative and interdisciplinary approach, which will provide future specialists with efficiency in acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities. The important competencies are defined in research by the educational goals of the competency-based approach that include knowledge and understanding (theoretical knowledge of an academic discipline, the ability to know and understand); knowledge of how to act (practical or operational application of knowledge in certain situations); knowledge of how to live (values as an integral element of perception and coexistence with others in a social context). The interdisciplinary approach is an interdisciplinary movement of knowledge towards integrity, which involves a systematic study of the object and is a logical result of changes in each of the interacting knowledge systems, and is the source of the emergence of new trends towards their integration. The study notes that the use of competency-based and interdisciplinary approaches contributes to the effective planning of professional training of a specialist; the analysis of the situation with the influence of interdisciplinary and competence approaches on the sequence of presentation of educational material when studying the disciplines of different training cycles allows to say that the use of these approaches contributes both to the in-depth assimilation of knowledge and skills by cadets and enriches their horizons allowing to establish relationships and interdependencies in the process of their education. Attention is drawn to the fact that the communicative approach in studying the disciplines of the cycle of humanitarian and socio-economic education will contribute not only to communicative knowledge and skills (frequency, accuracy in formulating statements, the correct use of existing samples and the construction of one's own), but will also produce such universal skills as teamwork, creativity, flexibility, etc. It has been proven that there is a need to apply the principles of interdisciplinary and competency-based approaches in educational and professional programs, training programs, curricula for more effective mastery of the future profession by ship engineers and electricians

Training Methods and Competitive Ability of High School Aerobics Athletes

This study is based on the relationship between the training methods and influencing factors of high school aerobics athletes' competitive ability, laying a foundation for improving the competitive ability of aerobics athletes. The results show that the improvement of aerobics athletes' training methods in training, such as Training goals and plans, Training content and methods, Training intensity and quantification, Training cycle and rhythm, Coaching team and support system, and Cultivation of athletes' psychological quality, all contribute to the improvement of competitive ability, thereby improving the sports performance of aerobics athletes. Through descriptive correlation design and SPSS analysis of 65 students' data, it was found that aerobics athletes' interest in high-dimensional competitive ability, including Technical level, Physical fitness, Artistic expression, Mental quality, Spirit of teamwork and Training goals and plans, Training content and methods, Training intensity and quantification, Training cycle and rhythm, Coaching team and support system, Cultivation of athletes' psychological quality in training methods, etc. In order to improve the competitive ability and training method level of aerobics athletes, teachers should take relevant measures in teaching, such as not considering sex, grade, and training years as the main factors for evaluating the competitive ability and training methods of aerobics athletes, emphasizing the actual content of course design and the organization of teachers, helping aerobics athletes to establish a good training method system and improve the development level of aerobics competitive ability.

Enhancing trainee performance in obstetric ultrasound through an artificial intelligence system: randomized controlled trial.

Performing obstetric ultrasound scans is challenging for inexperienced operators; therefore, the prenatal screening artificial intelligence system (PSAIS) software was developed to provide real-time feedback and guidance for trainees during their scanning procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of utilizing such an artificial intelligence system to enhance the efficiency of obstetric ultrasound training in acquiring and interpreting standard basic views. A prospective, single-center randomized controlled study was conducted at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. From September 2022 to April 2023, residents with no prior obstetric ultrasound experience were recruited and assigned randomly to either a PSAIS-assisted training group or a conventional training group. Each trainee underwent a four-cycle practical scan training program, performing 20 scans in each cycle on pregnant volunteers at 18-32 gestational weeks, focusing on acquiring and interpreting standard basic views. At the end of each cycle, a test scan evaluated trainees' ability to obtain standard ultrasound views without PSAIS assistance, and image quality was rated by both the trainees themselves and an expert (in a blinded manner). The primary outcome was the number of training cycles required for each trainee to meet a certain standard of proficiency (i.e. end-of-cycle test scored by the expert at ≥ 80%). Secondary outcomes included the expert ratings of the image quality in each trainee's end-of-cycle test and the discordance between ratings by trainees and the expert. In total, 32 residents and 1809 pregnant women (2720 scans) were recruited for the study. The PSAIS-assisted trainee group required significantly fewer training cycles compared with the non-PSAIS-assisted group to meet quality requirements (P = 0.037). Based on the expert ratings of image quality, the PSAIS-assisted training group exhibited superior ability in acquiring standard imaging views compared with the conventional training group in the third (P = 0.012) and fourth (P < 0.001) cycles. In both groups, the discordance between trainees' ratings of the quality of their own images and the expert's ratings decreased with increasing training time. A statistically significant difference in overall trainee-expert rating discordance between the two groups emerged at the end of the first training cycle and remained at every cycle thereafter (P < 0.013). By assisting inexperienced trainees in obtaining and interpreting standard basic obstetric scanning views, the use of artificial intelligence-assisted systems has the potential to improve training effectiveness. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Analysis of high temperature and strain amplitude effects on low cycle fatigue behavior of pitting corroded killed E350 BR structural steel

High-tension structural steels are prone to accelerated fatigue damage from pitting corrosion and high-temperature. Despite adverse effects, research on their low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior is limited. Specifically, studies analyzing temperature-dependent pit sensitivity effects, considering pit-related material’s susceptibility to surface topographic features variation and stress concentration are lacking. This study conducts LCF tests on pitting corroded killed E350 BR structural steel at multiple strain amplitudes and high temperatures. It develops temperature-dependent parameters, such as the cyclic softening pit sensitivity factor, suitable for integration into existing approaches like total cyclic plastic strain energy density (CPSED), power-law, average strain energy density (SED), Coffin-Manson, and pit stress intensity factor (pit-SIF). Further, it proposes multiple linear regression-based prediction models relating total CPSED and average SED with strain amplitude and temperature. Corroded specimens show higher plastic deformation and reduced peak stress, fatigue life, and total CPSED compared to uncorroded ones. The developed parameters, integrated with average SED approach, predicts LCF life within an error band of ±1.5, while power-law relationship reduces it to ±1.2. Moreover, pit-SIF approach estimates fatigue life within an error band of ±1.5. The findings provide critical knowledge for enhanced component design, leading to structural safety, performance, and fire resilience.

Application of a Standard Simulation Module as a Tool for Professional Development of Higher Education Teachers

The cycle of advanced training of the faculty on the basis of the Federal Accreditation Center of Perm State Medical University was created to form the professional competencies of students and the work functions of teachers. To introduce practical classes into the programs of clinical disciplines, a standard simulation module (SIM) was used, which is becoming a mandatory basis for the educational process at the University. The analysis of 106 SIM showed the use of simulation equipment and identified problems that are the basis for further development of the course.

Reversible Molecule Interactions Enable Ultrastretchable and Recyclable Ionogels for Wearable Piezoionic Sensors.

Ionogel-based piezoionic sensors feel motions and strains like human skin relying on reversible ion migrations under external mechanical stimulus and are of great importance to artificial intelligence. However, conventional ion-conductive polymers behave with degraded electrical and mechanical properties after thousands of strain cycles, and the discarded materials and devices become electronic wastes as well. Here, we develop ultrastretchable ionogels with superior electrical properties via the mediation of metal-organic frameworks, whose properties are attributed to reversible molecule interactions inside the material system. Ionogels present excellent mechanical properties with breaking elongation as high as 850%, exceeding most previously reported similar materials, and the high conductivity enables further application in sensor devices. In addition, our ionogels display superior recyclability because of the reversible physical and chemical interactions inside material molecules, which are eco-friendly to the environment. As a result, the ionogel-based piezoionic sensors deliver high sensitivity, flexibility, cyclic stability, and signal reliability, which are of great significance to wearable applications in human-motion detections such as throat vibration, facial expression, joint mobility, and finger movement. Our study paves the way for ultrastretchable and eco-friendly ionogel design for flexible electrochemical devices.

The impact of hypoxic training at different altitudes on human physiology, biochemistry, and cytogenetics

This study investigated the impact of dosed hypoxic normobaric exercises on the physio-biochemical parameters of blood and lymph circulation, as well as cytogenetic changes in red blood cells (RBC), using a Sprague Dawley Rat Model. Hypoxic training was conducted in an animal hypoxic chamber. The session lasted 34-35 minutes. The O2 content was 20.5% at the beginning of the session; then, it dropped to 14.8% within 4-5 minutes, corresponding to a rise to an altitude of 2,900-3,000 m, and was maintained at that level until the end of the session. The hypoxic training cycle increased the RBC count by 4.1%, the hemoglobin count by 4.2%, the blood oxygen capacity by 8.3%, the circulating blood volume by 16.7%, and interstitial metabolism and lymph circulation by 30.6%. A cytogenetic study revealed an increase in erythropoiesis-reticulocyte count by 40.3% and a slightly higher frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes. We observed economization of the heart, respiration, activation of glucose transport by 33.5%, increased lipid utilization, and increased antioxidant protection. These parameters especially changed when hypoxic training was combined with physical activity. Hypoxic training with physical activity expands the body’s compensatory and adaptive capabilities by increasing the reserves of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems.

Analyzing the theoretical trajectory of “staleness” and its relevance to modern sports psychiatry

Abstract: Introduction: Despite recent advancements in sports medicine and sports psychiatry, a lack of clarity remains in understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of Overtraining Syndrome (OTS). Early research on endurance athletes in high volume/intensity cycles of training described a condition of “staleness”, which could be detected using psychometric assessments on mood. Associated with both physical and psychological symptoms, “staleness” was found to be dose responsive and tended to abate with a reduction in training. Subsequent study of OTS has not revealed reliable or reproducible measurements for ascertaining or treating the condition. Methods: We reviewed historical literature discussing “staleness”, summarizing its theoretical trajectory in academic domains, and comparing this with more recent work that emphasizes the physiological parameters of OTS. We also consider the sociocultural context surrounding these terminological shifts. Results: Though the term “staleness” has fallen out of favor, past work into this topic may have relevance in attempts to define, diagnose, and treat OTS. Further, sports psychiatry may be in a unique position to revisit the literature and emphasize the utility of psychometric assessment in screening, as well as underlining the importance of maintaining mental health among high performing athletes. Conclusion: Research and psychometric assessments designed to discuss “staleness” still remain relevant, particularly in sports psychiatry, and may deserve to be revisited as well as expanded.

Analysis of the Causes and Ways to Correct Mistakes of Students in the Course "Fundamentals of First Aid"

We have analyzed the causes of the most common mistakes in the development of first aid skills that affect the level of residual knowledge of students at the end of the training cycle. In studying this issue, the tests compiled by the authors were used to assess the priority of using auditory and visual channels of information perception by students. The data obtained made it possible to adjust the educational process to improve the quality of training.