Cyclic Mechanism Research Articles

Metabolic mechanism and anti-inflammation effects of sinomenine and its major metabolites N-demethylsinomenine and sinomenine-N-oxide

AimsSinomenine (SIN) is clinically used as an anti-rheumatic drug. However, the metabolic and pharmacological mechanisms of SIN combined with its metabolites are unclear. This study aims to explore the cyclic metabolic mechanism of SIN, the anti-inflammation effects of SIN and its major metabolites (N-demethylsinomenine (DS) and sinomenine-N-oxide (SNO)), and the oxidation property of SNO. Materials and methodsSIN was administrated to rats via gavage. Qishe pills (a SIN-containing drug) were orally administrated to humans. The bio-samples were collected to identify SIN's metabolites. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic incubations were used to reveal SIN's metabolic mechanism. Impacts of SIN, SNO and DS on the inflammation-related cytokine's levels and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were evaluated in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells. ROS induced by SNO (10 μM) was also assessed. Key findingsCYP3A4 and ROS predominantly mediated the formation of SNO, and CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 primarily mediated the formation of DS. Noteworthily, SNO underwent N-oxide reduction both enzymatically, by xanthine oxidase (XOD), and non-enzymatically, by ferrous ion and heme moiety. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were ameliorated after pretreatment of SIN in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells, while limited attenuations were observed after pretreatment of DS (SNO) even at 200 μM. In contrast, SNO induced ROS production. SignificanceThis study elucidated that SIN underwent both enzymatic and non-enzymatic cyclic metabolism and worked as the predominant anti-inflammation compound, while SNO induced ROS production, suggesting more studies of SIN combined with SNO and DS are necessary in case of DDI and potential toxicities.

119 Disrupting the cycle of adverse childhood experiences by supporting mothers with addiction

Abstract Introduction/Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including exposure to neglect, abuse and household dysfunction, have been linked to a higher risk of addiction and mental illness. As these children grow up and start families of their own, their children are at higher risk for ACEs. Evidence has shown that interventions targeting high-risk families with young children are most effective at disrupting these cyclic mechanisms, especially where maternal addiction is present. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the predominance of generational addiction in a cohort of families impacted by maternal addiction, and to identify the potential risks that are present for the current generation of children, in terms of ACEs. Design/Methods The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was administered to women who experienced alcohol- or substance-use disorder during pregnancy. Participants were asked about their family’s history of addiction and if anyone in a given category (i.e. maternal grandmother, mother’s brother) has been affected by either alcohol- or substance-use disorder. Furthermore, existing conditions that are risk factors for ACEs in the current generation were identified (i.e. addiction, incarceration of a family member, domestic violence, mental illness). Results Many participants reported that at least one of their maternal (68.9%) or fraternal (42.2%) grandparent was impacted by addiction. The subsequent generation was similarly impacted with most participants reporting the presence of addiction in their father and/or his siblings (88.9%) and their mother and/or her siblings (86.7%) Participants report that they experienced an average of seven ACEs (M = 7.13, SD = 2.501) before their 18th birthday. Of this cohort, 53.35% have been incarcerated at least once, 91.1% have been hit by a sexual partner, and 44.4% have been diagnosed with at least one mental health issue. All participants have personally experienced addiction. Conclusion The participants of this study are clients of the Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP), a three-year intervention that supports families impacted by maternal addiction. Given the results of the current study, it is evident that growing up in a home where addiction is present increases the risk of ACEs and future addiction and mental health issues. The PCAP intervention is designed to disrupt this cycle and help families to create a healthier family environment.

Electrocatalytic Oxidation Study of Theophylline on a Copper Nanoparticles-Modified, Carbon Paste Electrode Based on Cyclic Voltammetry

In this study, the Cu nanoparticles were prepared by reducing CuSO4. These particles were used in making copper nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (nano-CPE). The electrochemical characteristics of this electrode (nano-CPE) were investigated. The results of the electrocatalytic oxidation of theophylline (TP) on nano-CPE, using the cyclic voltammetry technique showed that nano-CPE, has more reactivity and more effective surface area, as compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode (un-CPE). The investigation of voltammograms obtained from oxidation of TP at different scan rates on the nano-CPE confirmed a cyclic mediated redox mechanism followed by reducing Cu(III) which is a chemical reaction (EC mechanism). These species formed in more positive potentials and act as a redox intermediate for TP oxidation. There was a linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and the square root of the scan rate, showing that the oxidation reaction of TP at nano-CPE might be due to the diffusion-controlled process.

Experimental Study on Fatigue-Creep of P/M FGH96 Superalloy with Different Holding Time

The fatigue-creep deformation characteristics and evolutions of microstructure of P/M superalloy FGH96 widely used for the turbine disc of an aero-engine were investigated experimentally. The low cycle fatigue-creep tests with different holding times were performed at 550℃. The influence of the holding time on the stress-strain curve, cyclic strain response, fatigue-creep life and damage mechanism were discussed. The results reveal that the holding time has a significant effect on the fatigue-creep deformation characteristics. As the holding time increases, the hysteretic energy of inelastic strain rises, the steady-state hysteresis curve shifts to the right and the envelope strain and the envelope strain rate increase. Fatigue-creep life decreases firstly exponentially and then stabilizes. The creep damage gradually plays a leading role. The fracture analysis indicates that the introduction of the holding time makes the section appear as a multi-crack source. The fracture mode changes from transgranular fracture to transgranular-intergranular mixed fracture. The slip bands and a small amount of dimples appear in the crack propagation zone and the dimple characteristics of the transient fracture zone are obvious.

A Student-Led Elective Provides Quality Improvement Feedback for a Required Compounding Course

Objective. To implement an advanced elective compounding course where pharmacy students conduct investigations to improve compounding-related issues that were subsequently evaluated in a required compounding course. Methods. The elective compounding course required students to engage in self-directed learning, critical thinking, creation and evaluation of laboratory data, and self- and group reflection. Students researched and developed "solutions" to compounded preparation problems, and their solutions were tested in the next iteration of a required compounding course. For example, students in the elective course identified sources of potency variability in a ketoprofen Pluronic organogel (PLO) emulsion preparation. The students identified six variables and executed an investigative action plan. They considered all data collected and proposed a method to reduce potency variation. The recommended solution was implemented in the next offering of a required compounding course and the potency variability results were compared to the previous required course's results. Results. The mean ketoprofen PLO emulsion potency achieved in the required course prior to implementing the elective course recommendation was 129% (SD 21%), n=158. After the recommended change from elective course was implemented, the mean potency was 118% (SD 21%), n=131. Conclusion. The teaching methods and activities conducted in the elective course provided students with a deeper level of learning and understanding of compounding science, while providing practical experience in scientific research methodology. The course also provided a cyclic quality improvement feedback mechanism for the required course.

Molecular dynamics study of fatigue mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of Ni-based single crystal superalloys under cyclic loading

The fatigue performance and deformation mechanism of Ni-based single crystal superalloys under cyclic tension–compression loading are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the cyclic deformation of superalloys are discussed. The results show that there are three different cyclic deformation mechanisms at different temperature ranges. In the low temperature range, dislocations and stacking faults shearing γ' phase is the main deformation mechanism. In the high temperature range, Orowan bypassing and climbing mechanism dominates the deformation. While in the medium temperature range, the deformation mechanism gradually transforms from the dislocation and stacking faults shearing the γ' phase to the Orowan bypassing and climbing. The simulation results also reveal that the superalloys exhibit a cyclic saturation stage after the initial cyclic hardening. The cyclic saturation stage is a dynamic equilibrium of dislocation proliferation and annihilation, indicating that the superalloys have excellent fatigue mechanical properties. Moreover, the dislocation density and the proportion of stacking faults increase with increasing strain rate, resulting in faster cyclic stability and higher stress amplitude for the superalloys. These results provide important information for understanding the fatigue mechanisms of superalloys from an atomistic perspective.

Rapid and Controlled Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of 3S-(Isobutyl)morpholine-2,5-dione and Copolymerization with Lactide

Morpholine-2,5-diones are increasingly attractive monomers derived from amino-acids whose copolymerization with other monomers produces interesting biodegradable materials. In this study, the rapid and controlled organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 3S-(isobutyl)morpholine-2,5-dione (MD) and its copolymerization with lactide (LA) was accomplished using 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene and a thiourea (TU) cocatalyst. The amount of TU used for the polymerization was found to be fundamental for achieving good control. A range of polymers with molecular weights between 8.1 and 25.2 kg mol–1 was thus produced with narrow chain distributions (Đ = 1.13–1.18) in short periods (5 to 10 min). Secondly, copolymers with varying compositions (MD:LA = 25:75;50:50; 75:25) were prepared (11.2 to 12.7 kg mol–1; Đ = 1.09–1.26). The kinetics of these polymerizations suggest that concurrent thioimidate and cyclic imidate mechanisms are occurring and that these are governed by the quantity of TU in respect to MD.

Research on the Macro-prudential Policy of Capital Flows: Based on a DSGE Model Considering Domestic and International Financial Institutions

In recent years, the importance of international capital flows has been increasing, which has significantly accelerated the integration process of the international financial system. After 2008, the central banks of major western developed economies implemented loose monetary policy, which led to a large amount of capital flowing into new market countries. However, international capital flowed out of new market countries after Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said in 2013 that the Federal Reserve would gradually withdraw from quantitative easing.The great fluctuation of international capital has aroused the debate about monetary policy and macro-prudential policy. Rey (2015) believes that under any exchange rate system, only the control of international capital flows can maintain the independence of monetary policy. In view of the above findings, since 2016, the People’s Bank of China has established a macro-prudential regulatory mechanism for international capital flows to resist external financial shocks.By introducing domestic and international financial institutions, this paper brings the macro-prudential policy of foreign financial shocks and capital flows into the DSGE framework of small countries’ open economy. Domestic financial institutions can raise funds by absorbing the deposits of their own residents and foreign residents; international financial institutions buy and sell the creditor’s rights issued by various countries, so as to implement capital flows.It is found that under the impact of foreign interest rate increase, on the one hand, it will tighten the balance sheet of domestic financial institutions, and reduce the scale of corporate credit through bank incentives and constraints; on the other hand, it will cause the devaluation of domestic currency and international capital outflows, and affect the stability of the financial system. The macro-prudential management mechanism of capital flows can enhance the ability to resist external financial shocks. For China, the proportion of foreign debt is relatively low, and the policy effect is relatively mediocre for the counter cyclical tax adjustment mechanism of external borrowing of domestic financial structure; however, the counter cyclical adjustment mechanism for the capital flow of international financial institutions can significantly improve social welfare.This paper gives the following policy recommendations: Firstly, we should increase the significance of external financial risk prevention. In recent years, the rapid growth of international capital flows has brought new challenges to new economies. Secondly, we should strengthen the supervision of cross-border capital flows to resist external financial risks. In the process of further opening up of China’s financial market, the People’s Bank of China should improve the macro-prudential supervision of foreign exchange market, real estate market and credit market to prevent systemic financial risks. Finally, we should properly solve the financing problems of enterprises. For China, capital outflows will aggravate the already severe credit market pressure. Therefore, on the one hand, resist the external financial risk contagion through the macro-prudential supervision mechanism of capital flows; on the other hand, maintain the liquidity at a reasonable level through the flexible operation of monetary policy, in order to support economic growth.

TBL1XR1 Mutations Drive Extranodal Lymphoma by Inducing a Pro-tumorigenic Memory Fate

The most aggressive B cell lymphomas frequently manifest extranodal distribution and carry somatic mutations in the poorly characterized gene TBL1XR1. Here, we show that TBL1XR1 mutations skew the humoral immune response toward generating abnormal immature memory B cells (MB), while impairing plasma cell differentiation. At the molecular level, TBL1XR1 mutants co-opt SMRT/HDAC3 repressor complexes toward binding the MB cell transcription factor (TF) BACH2 at the expense of the germinal center (GC) TF BCL6, leading to pre-memory transcriptional reprogramming and cell-fate bias. Upon antigen recall, TBL1XR1 mutant MB cells fail to differentiate into plasma cells and instead preferentially reenter new GC reactions, providing evidence for a cyclic reentry lymphomagenesis mechanism. Ultimately, TBL1XR1 alterations lead to a striking extranodal immunoblastic lymphoma phenotype that mimics the human disease. Both human and murine lymphomas feature expanded MB-like cell populations, consistent with a MB-cell origin and delineating an unforeseen pathway for malignant transformation of the immune system.

Ultra-Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Prediction Model Based on the Localized Emotion Reconstruction Emotional Neural Network

Due to the intermittency and randomness of photovoltaic (PV) power, the PV power prediction accuracy of the traditional data-driven prediction models is difficult to improve. A prediction model based on the localized emotion reconstruction emotional neural network (LERENN) is proposed, which is motivated by chaos theory and the neuropsychological theory of emotion. Firstly, the chaotic nonlinear dynamics approach is used to draw the hidden characteristics of PV power time series, and the single-step cyclic rolling localized prediction mechanism is derived. Secondly, in order to establish the correlation between the prediction model and the specific characteristics of PV power time series, the extended signal and emotional parameters are reconstructed with a relatively certain local basis. Finally, the proposed prediction model is trained and tested for single-step and three-step prediction using the actual measured data. Compared with the prediction model based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, limbic-based artificial emotional neural network (LiAENN), the back propagation neural network (BPNN), and the persistence model (PM), numerical results show that the proposed prediction model achieves better accuracy and better detection of ramp events for different weather conditions when only using PV power data.

Synthesis of a PEDOT-TiO2 heterostructure as a dual biosensing platform operating via photoelectrochemical and electrochemical transduction mode

A new organic-inorganic heterostructure was prepared by the hydrothermal deposition of poly (3,4-dioxoethylthiophene) (PEDOT) on TiO2 nanowire arrays (TiONWs) to construct a biosensor that can simultaneously function as photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemical (EC) sensor to detect lactate. In both cases, the PEDOT-TiONWs heterostructure not only acted as an immobilization platform for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and coenzyme NAD+, but also generated current signals, which were further amplified by the cyclic catalytic mechanism. Specifically, LDH catalytically converted lactate to pyruvate, meanwhile NAD+ was transformed to NADH. For PEC sensing, the photo-generated holes from PEDOT-TiONWs could oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fulfilling a catalytic cycle. Herein, PEDOT significantly promoted the separation of electron-hole pairs and enhanced PEC signals due to its well-matched energy levels with TiONWs, high conductivity and strong visible light absorption. A dynamic range of 0.5–300 μM was observed between the PEC signals and lactate concentration, based on which a sensitivity of 0.1386 ± 0.0053 μA μM−1 and a detection limit of 0.08 ± 0.0032 μM were estimated. For EC sensing, PEDOT-TiONWs could directly oxidize NADH to NAD+ at ~0.54 V to realize the cyclic amplification due to the high conductivity and strong electrocatalytic capability of the heterostructure. The EC biosensor displayed a similar performance upon PEC mode of operation, except the relatively poor selectivity due to the possible oxidation of the interferences at the potentials > 0.54 V.

Interfacial modification and cyclic ablation behaviors of a SiC/ZrB2-SiC/SiC triple-layer coating for C/SiC composites at above 2000 °C

A SiC/ZrB2-SiC/SiC triple-layer coating was fabricated successively by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), slurry brushing-sintering and CVD for C/SiC composites. To enhance the cyclic ablation resistance, a pre-oxidation treatment on the inner SiC layer was performed. The bonding strength of the coating with pre-oxidation at 1600 °C is significantly improved to 32 MPa, 77.8 % greater than that of the untreated specimen. The coating can endure 5 ablation cycles from 2050 °C to room temperature without peeling off and displays a small spalling area of 18 mm2 after 6 cycles. The cyclic ablation mechanisms are discussed in detail.

An AI‐based model for describing cyclic characteristics of granular materials

SummaryModelling cyclic behaviour of granular soils under both drained and undrained conditions with a good performance is still a challenge. This study presents a new way of modelling the cyclic behaviour of granular materials using deep learning. To capture the continuous cyclic behaviour in time dimension, the long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network is adopted, which is characterised by the prediction of sequential data, meaning that it provides a novel means of predicting the continuous behaviour of soils under various loading paths. Synthetic datasets of cyclic loading under drained and undrained conditions generated by an advanced soil constitutive model are first employed to explore an appropriate framework for the LSTM‐based model. Then the LSTM‐based model is used to estimate the cyclic behaviour of real sands, ie, the Toyoura sand under the undrained condition and the Fontainebleau sand under both undrained and drained conditions. The estimates are compared with actual experimental results, which indicates that the LSTM‐based model can simultaneously simulate the cyclic behaviour of sand under both drained and undrained conditions, ie, (a) the cyclic mobility mechanism, the degradation of effective stress and large deformation under the undrained condition, and (b) shear strain accumulation and densification under the drained condition.

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking in Neurodegeneration

The widespread nature of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking defects and protein accumulation suggests distinct yet overlapping mechanisms in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Detailed understanding of the cellular pathways involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport and its dysregulation are essential for elucidating neurodegenerative pathogenesis and pinpointing potential areas for therapeutic intervention. The transport of cargos from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is generally regulated by the structure and function of the nuclear pore as well as the karyopherin α/β, importin, exportin, and mRNA export mechanisms. The disruption of these crucial transport mechanisms has been extensively described in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. One common theme in neurodegeneration is the cytoplasmic aggregation of proteins, including nuclear RNA binding proteins, repeat expansion associated gene products, and tau. These cytoplasmic aggregations are partly a consequence of failed nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery, but can also further disrupt transport, creating cyclical feed-forward mechanisms that exacerbate neurodegeneration. Here we describe the canonical mechanisms that regulate nucleocytoplasmic trafficking as well as how these mechanisms falter in neurodegenerative diseases.

Electrochemical behavior and structure evolution of polyaniline/carbon composites in ionic liquid electrolyte

Polyaniline/carbon (Pani/C) composites were synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of carbon material at different pH values. Composites obtained possess identical composition (56 wt% of polymer as determined by CHNS elemental analysis) but differ in morphology and porous structure. Biomass-derived activated carbon having specific surface area of 1740 m2 g−1 was used as carbon component. Porous structure was characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The electrochemical behavior of the samples was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in a three-electrode cell in different electrolytes: aqueous 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) in acetonitrile (ILE). Based on cyclic voltammetry data mechanism of polyaniline transformations in ILE involving BMIM+ as a proton source was proposed. Symmetric supercapacitors (SC) were assembled with Pani/C electrodes and ILE. Study of SC by the set of electrochemical techniques and investigation of the electrode structure prior and after stability tests performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy allowed to reveal the main regularities of SC performance and evolution of material properties.

Microstructure and Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc Alloy with Different Casting States.

The low-cycle fatigue behavior of Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloy with different casting states was investigated by performing low-cycle fatigue tests and by means of observations and analysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that the metal-mold cast and die-cast Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloys exhibited the cyclic stress response of strain hardening under all imposed total strain amplitudes. The cyclic deformation resistance and fatigue life of the metal-mold cast Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloy were lower than those of the die-cast Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloy. The plastic strain and elastic strain amplitudes of the metal-mold cast and die-cast Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloys were linearly related to the number of reversals to failure, which obeyed the Coffin-Manson and Basquin formulas, respectively. The results of TEM observation revealed that at all imposed total strain amplitudes, the cyclic deformation mechanisms of the metal-mold cast and die-cast Al-9Si-4Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Sc alloys were planar slip and wavy slip at the lower and higher strain amplitudes, respectively.

Cyclical patterns and (im)mobilization mechanisms of phosphorus in sediments from a small creek estuary: Evidence from in situ monthly sampling and indoor experiments

Internal phosphorus (P) mobility is crucially important to overlying water ecosystems, while its spatiotemporal variations and mechanisms remain to be studied, especially in dynamic estuarine sediments. In this study, in situ monthly field sampling and indoor experiments were combined to measure the soluble reactive P (SRP), soluble Fe and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)-labile P/S in the overlying water, sediment and porewater in the Jiuxi River Estuary by employing high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper), the DGT technique and a MicroRhizon sampler. The consistent tendency between DGT-labile S and P in most seasons indicates that P mobilization was dominated by intense dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR), causing high SRP concentrations and active exchange with the overlying water. The circannual cyclical pattern of P is summarized, where in addition to temperature, monthly changes in runoff and tidal range are crucial external factors to control long-term P cycling via changed redox environments and terrigenous materials inputs. The mobile P, Fe and S present higher values during flood tides and lower values during ebb tides in tidal simulation experiments, demonstrating that the short-term cycling of P, Fe and S in intertidal surface sediments is highly redox-sensitive and controlled by tidal processes. The results also reveal that DSR greatly facilitates P mobility and release, while sediment oxidation and the induced enhancement in DIR and Fe cycling can effectively control P immobilization.

Dislocation nucleation and evolution at the ferrite-cementite interface under cyclic loadings

Fatigue is of significant importance to the engineering applications of the structural materials. High-strength pearlite steel consisting of a ductile ferrite phase and a brittle cementite phase is a widely used structural metal for extreme load-bearing applications. However, the fatigue mechanisms of such important materials remain elusive, in particular, the atomic-scale dislocation behaviors at interface are poorly understood. We used molecular dynamics simulations to probe the mechanical response and deformation mechanism of the Bagaryatskii-oriented ferrite-cementite interface in pearlite. The interface was subjected to a hundred symmetric tension-compression deformation cycles. Three different loading schemes with strain magnitudes of 4.0%, 6.0%, and 9.0% are sophisticatedly designed to explore the cyclic plastic mechanisms under different conditions corresponding to pure elasticity, elasticity in tension but plasticity in compression, and plasticity in both tension and compression, respectively. During cyclic deformation, rapid dislocation accumulation occurs in the first 30 cycles, after which dislocation density decreases to a stable value in ferrite. It is found that the onset of plasticity is governed by dislocation nucleation from the ferrite-cementite interface. After slip into the ferrite phase, some dislocations annihilate at the interface. After a few tens of cycles, the dislocation nucleation and annihilation rates become equal, leading to a steady-state flow in cyclic deformation. Up to high cycles with large strain magnitude, the magnitude of plastic strain in pearlite is higher than critical values and slip crosses the interface from the ferrite phase to the brittle cementite phase. Dislocation slip in cementite will destroy the interface structure, which may be the plastic mechanism of final fatigue failure. Our simulations agree with experimental observations of dislocation evolution in the ratchetting of pearlitic steels and provide further atomic-scale mechanisms to explain the fatigue failure of these materials.

Cyclic Mechanics: the Principle of Cyclicity

Cyclic mechanic is intended as a suitable generalization both of quantum mechanics and general relativity apt to unify them. It is founded on a few principles, which can be enumerated approximately as follows: 1. Actual infinity or the universe can be considered as a physical and experimentally verifiable entity. It allows of mechanical motion to exist. 2. A new law of conservation has to be involved to generalize and comprise the separate laws of conservation of classical and relativistic mechanics, and especially that of conservation of energy: This is the conservation of action or information. 3. Time is not a uniformly flowing time in general. It can have some speed, acceleration, more than one dimension, to be discrete. 4. The following principle of cyclicity: The universe returns in any point of it. The return can be only kinematic, i.e. per a unit of energy (or mass), and thermodynamic, i.e. considering the universe as a thermodynamic whole. 5. The kinematic return, which is per a unit of energy (or mass), is the counterpart of conservation of energy, which can be interpreted as the particular case of conservation of action “per a unit of time”. The kinematic return per a unit of energy (or mass) can be interpreted in turn as another particular law of conservation in the framework of conservation of action (or information), namely conservation of wave period (or time). These two counterpart laws of conservation correspond exactly to the particle “half” and to the wave “half” of wave-particle duality. 6. The principle of quantum invariance is introduced. It means that all physical laws have to be invariant to discrete and continuous (smooth) morphisms (motions) or mathematically, to the axiom of choice. The list is not intended to be exhausted or disjunctive, but only to give an introductory idea.

Экспертная система диагностики причин образования опасных микродефектов в кабельной изоляции

Introduction. In the article the diagnostics problem of the reasons for dangerous microdefects in cable insulation is considered. This issue is very actual, since the quality of electrical insulation had a direct effect on reliability and safety of the whole product. To identify and address the causes of dangerous microdefects companies have installed a quality management system, whose work based on cyclic mechanisms and linked to economic costs caused by technological experiments. In this the experience and qualifications of personnel, analyzing incoming information, are very important. The complexity of the analysis is to lack of unequivocal correlation between values of quality indicators and causes of microdefects, resulting in regulatory mistakes of technological process are formed. Aim. The development of the expert system for decision support in diagnosis of cause for dangerous microdefects in cable insulation. Materials and methods. The task of diagnosis can be represented as a fuzzy classification task or pattern recognition. To solve it we developed the expert system, accumulating an experience of high-level specialists from leading industry enterprises. Main components of this system are fuzzy inference machine and knowledge base. Inference technique is based on Mamdani algorithm with additional elements for the task. The knowledge base and membership functions are developed only for power cross-linked polyethylene cables for rated voltages from 6 up to and including 35 kV. Output of expert system is a fuzzy pattern of possible causes for dangerous microdefects. Results. According to the results of testing by using our developed system experimentation costs were reduced by 24 %. Conclusion. Thus, our system has enabled to reduce number of errors in diagnosis of cause for dangerous microdefects in cable insulation, increase the level of technological process automation and enhance the effectiveness of the quality management system.