cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Research Articles

Nitric oxide releasing nanofiber stimulates revascularization in response to ischemia via cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

Nitric oxide (NO) promotes angiogenesis via various mechanisms; however, the effective transmission of NO in ischemic diseases is unclear. Herein, we tested whether NO-releasing nanofibers modulate therapeutic angiogenesis in an animal hindlimb ischemia model. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice with surgically-induced hindlimb ischemia were treated with NO-releasing 3-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (MAP3)-derived or control (i.e., non-NO-releasing) nanofibers, by applying them to the wound for 20 min, three times every two days. The amount of NO from the nanofiber into tissues was assessed by NO fluorometric assay. The activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) was determined by western blot analysis. Perfusion ratios were measured 2, 4, and 14 days after inducing ischemia using laser doppler imaging. On day 4, Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with F4/80 and gelatin zymography were performed. IHC with CD31 was performed on day 14. To determine the angiogenic potential of NO-releasing nanofibers, aorta-ring explants were treated with MAP3 or control fiber for 20 min, and the sprout lengths were examined after 6 days. As per either LDPI (Laser doppler perfusion image) ratio or CD31 capillary density measurement, angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was improved in the MAP3 nanofiber group; further, the total nitrate/nitrite concentration in the adduct muscle increased. The number of macrophage infiltrations and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity decreased. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), one of the major substrates for PKG, increased phosphorylation in the MAP3 group. MAP3 nanofiber or NO donor SNAP (s-nitroso-n-acetyl penicillamine)-treated aortic explants showed enhanced sprouting in an ex vivo aortic ring assay, which was partially abrogated by KT5823, a potent inhibitor of PKG. These findings suggest that the novel NO-releasing nanofiber, MAP3 activates PKG and promotes therapeutic angiogenesis in response to hindlimb ischemia.

Cardiomyocyte Specific MLK3 Deletion Opposes LV Dysfunction and Cardiac Fetal Gene Re-Expression

Study Objective: To determine the cardiac myocyte (CM) and blood pressure-independent effects of Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) in the regulation of left ventricular (LV) function at baseline and in response to pathological stress. Background: MLK3 functions as a direct substrate effector of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1α (PKG1α). Whole-body MLK3 deletion in mice increases cardiac dysfunction and remodeling after pressure overload and prevents the therapeutic effect of cGMP augmentation on LV function. However, MLK3 deletion also causes hypertension, which may confound these findings. Hypothesis: MLK3 opposes LV dysfunction through a blood pressure-independent function in the cardiac myocyte (CM). Methods: We generated mice harboring LoxP sites flanking the MAP3K11 gene encoding MLK3 (MLK3fl/fl) and crossed them with αMHC-Cre transgenic mice, enabling constitutive postnatal cardiac myocyte-specific MLK3 deletion (CMKO). Male and female 3- and 6-month-old MLK3 CMKO and control MLK3 intact (MLK3fl/fl Cre-) littermates were studied in the basal state. We also performed transaortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery for 4 weeks on 3-month-old male mice. We assessed LV structure and function by organ mass, echocardiography, pressure volume loop analysis, qPCR, and immunoblot. In basal and TAC studies, we used age-matched αMHC-Cre x MLK3+/+ (non-floxed) mice as additional controls. Results: MLK3 gene excision in CMs was confirmed by PCR. By 6 months of age, MLK3 CMKO mice displayed: progressive reduction in LV ejection fraction; increase in LV internal diameter; and LV hypertrophy, indicating LV dysfunction and pathological remodeling, compared with littermate controls or with αMHC-Cre x MLK3+/+ non-floxed mice. This effect was more prominent in females than in males. LV fetal gene expression did not differ between genotypes at 3 months. At 6 months of age, however, the fetal genes nppa, RCAN, and CTGF were significantly upregulated in both male and female MLK3 CMKO mice, compared with MLK3 intact, indicating pathological remodeling. After 4-week TAC, MLK3 CMKO LVs developed more severe reduction in LV systolic function compared with MLK3 intact littermates as assayed by echocardiographic measures of LV ejection fraction; and invasive hemodynamic indices of preload recruitable stroke work, maximum LV pressure and LV developed pressure. The MLK3 CMKO LVs also demonstrated a more eccentric remodeling phenotype in which LV mass/tibia length, LV end diastolic and end systolic diameters increased more severely in CMKO mice, with corresponding reduced LV wall thicknesses. Finally, lung mass/tibia length was elevated in the MLK3 CMKO TAC mice compared to MLK3 intact TAC littermates, indicating overt heart failure. Conclusion: (1) MLK3 functions as a tonic inhibitor of LV dysfunction and pathological remodeling through a role in the CM, possibly through sex-specific mechanisms. (2) Intact MLK3 is required for normal LV compensation and concentric remodeling in response to pressure overload. These findings have important clinical implications, as drugs which activate PKG1 in heart failure improve outcomes but are limited by excess hypotension. As a myocardial PKG1 substrate which opposes pathological LV remodeling through blood pressure-independent mechanisms, MLK3 may represent a candidate therapeutic target for heart failure. NIH 1R01HL162919. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Inhibits the Expression and Function of SERCA2a in Heart Failure.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) possesses protective cardiovascular properties; however, there has not been sufficient serious consideration of the side effects of BNP. As for sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), it was once considered a new target for the treatment of heart failure (HF). Nevertheless, clinical trials of SERCA2a gene therapy in HF have finally become unsuccessful. Research has found that elevated BNP levels and decreased SERCA2a expression are two important HF characteristics, which are always negatively correlated. We hypothesize that BNP inhibits SERCA2a expression and, therefore, exerts negative effects on SERCA2a expression and function.The effects of BNP on endogenous SERCA2a expression and function were tested in mice with HF induced by transverse aortic constriction and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM). Furthermore, to verify the effects of BNP on exogenous SERCA2a gene transduction efficacy, BNP was added to the myocardium and cardiomyocytes infected with an adenovirus overexpressing SERCA2a.In vivo, BNP levels were increased, SERCA2a expression was reduced in both the BNP intervention and HF groups, and BNP reduced the overexpressed exogenous SERCA2a protein in the myocardium. Our in vitro data showed that BNP dose-dependently inhibited the total and exogenous SERCA2a expression in NRCM by activating the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G. BNP also inhibited the effects of SERCA2a overexpression on Ca2+ transience in NRCM.The expression and function of endogenous and exogenous SERCA2a are inhibited by BNP. The opposite relationship between BNP and SERCA2a should be given serious attention in the treatment of HF via BNP or SERCA2a gene therapy.

The Xanthine Derivative KMUP-1 Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced TRPC1 Expression and Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells.

Exposure to hypoxia results in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). An increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction and proliferation. This study investigated the mechanism by which KMUP-1, a xanthine derivative with phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, inhibits hypoxia-induced canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) protein overexpression and regulates [Ca2+]i through store-operated calcium channels (SOCs). Ex vivo PASMCs were cultured from Sprague-Dawley rats in a modular incubator chamber under 1% O2/5% CO2 for 24 h to elucidate TRPC1 overexpression and observe the Ca2+ release and entry. KMUP-1 (1 μM) inhibited hypoxia-induced TRPC family protein encoded for SOC overexpression, particularly TRPC1. KMUP-1 inhibition of TRPC1 protein was restored by the protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT5823 (1 μM) and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720 (1 μM). KMUP-1 attenuated protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 1 μM)-upregulated TRPC1. We suggest that the effects of KMUP-1 on TRPC1 might involve activating the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/PKG and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA pathways and inhibiting the PKC pathway. We also used Fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura 2-AM, 5 μM) to measure the stored calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and calcium entry through SOCs in hypoxic PASMCs under treatment with thapsigargin (1 μM) and nifedipine (5 μM). In hypoxic conditions, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) activity was enhanced in PASMCs, and KMUP-1 diminished this activity. In conclusion, KMUP-1 inhibited the expression of TRPC1 protein and the activity of SOC-mediated Ca2+ entry upon SR Ca2+ depletion in hypoxic PASMCs.

Feedforward and feedback mechanisms cooperatively regulate rapid experience-dependent response adaptation in a single thermosensory neuron type

Sensory adaptation allows neurons to adjust their sensitivity and responses based on recent experience. The mechanisms that mediate continuous adaptation to stimulus history over seconds- to hours-long timescales, and whether these mechanisms can operate within a single sensory neuron type, are unclear. The single pair of AFD thermosensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits experience-dependent plasticity in their temperature response thresholds on both minutes- and hours-long timescales upon a temperature upshift. While long-term response adaptation requires changes in gene expression in AFD, the mechanisms driving rapid response plasticity are unknown. Here, we show that rapid thermosensory response adaptation in AFD is mediated via cGMP and calcium-dependent feedforward and feedback mechanisms operating at the level of primary thermotransduction. We find that either of two thermosensor receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) alone is sufficient to drive rapid adaptation, but that each rGC drives adaptation at different rates. rGC-driven adaptation is mediated in part via phosphorylation of their intracellular domains, and calcium-dependent feedback regulation of basal cGMP levels via a neuronal calcium sensor protein. In turn, cGMP levels feedforward via cGMP-dependent protein kinases to phosphorylate a specific subunit of the cGMP-gated thermotransduction channel to further regulate rapid adaptation. Our results identify multiple molecular pathways that act in AFD to ensure rapid adaptation to a temperature change and indicate that the deployment of both transcriptional and nontranscriptional mechanisms within a single sensory neuron type can contribute to continuous sensory adaptation.

Abstract 2459: ADT-030 is a novel dual-acting RAS/β-catenin inhibitor that potentiates antitumor immunity

Abstract ADT-030 is a novel indene identified from a screening campaign and chemically optimized for drug-like properties that acts as a dual inhibitor of RAS and β-catenin signaling. Here we demonstrate that ADT-030 binds RAS with high affinity and inhibits MAPK/AKT signaling with high potency and selectivity in KRAS mutant cells to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. ADT-030 also inhibits phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10) that is overexpressed in cancer cells to selectively activate cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling, which induces phosphorylation and degradation of the oncogenic pool of β-catenin. ADT-030 exhibited cytotoxicity to a variety of murine cancer cell lines in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in syngeneic immunocompetent mice when orally administered. The antitumor activity of ADT-030 was diminished in mice that were immunodeficient or depleted of CD8+ T cells, indicating a critical role of the host immune system. In a metastatic breast tumor mouse model (4T1), ADT-030 not only delayed the growth of the primary tumor but also reduced tumor colonization in the lungs, leading to increased survival. CyTOF and scRNAseq analyses provided a plethora of information revealing the impact of ADT-030 on the immune milieu in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, ADT-030 selectively induced apoptosis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) while CD8+ T cells were not affected. Consequently, ADT-030 treatment resulted in a marked reduction of MDSCs, which was accompanied by increased tumor infiltration of effector CD8+ T cells. ADT-030 treatment of cancer cells led to immunogenic cell death and enhanced dendritic cell activation. Furthermore, the ability of ADT-030 to augment the antitumor activity of immune checkpoint blockade therapy underlines its potential as a desirable immune-potentiating agent to improve the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. ADT-030 represents a development candidate ready for IND-enabling safety assessment. Citation Format: Md Yeashin Gazi, Ogacheko Okoko, Xin Wang, Caitlin Brandle, Xi Chen, Khalda Fadlalla, Adam Keeton, Yulia Maxuitenko, Catherine Hedrick, Huidong Shi, Gary Piazza, Gang Zhou. ADT-030 is a novel dual-acting RAS/β-catenin inhibitor that potentiates antitumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2459.

Integrative Kinase Activity Profiling and Phosphoproteomics of rd10 Mouse Retina during cGMP-Dependent Retinal Degeneration.

Inherited retinal degenerative diseases (IRDs) are a group of rare diseases that lead to a progressive loss of photoreceptor cells and, ultimately, blindness. The overactivation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG), one of the key effectors of cGMP-signaling, was previously found to be involved in photoreceptor cell death and was studied in murine IRD models to elucidate the pathophysiology of retinal degeneration. However, PKG is a serine/threonine kinase (STK) with several hundred potential phosphorylation targets and, so far, little is known about the specificity of the target interaction and downstream effects of PKG activation. Here, we carried out both the kinome activity and phosphoproteomic profiling of organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from the rd10 mouse model for IRD. After treating the explants with the PKG inhibitor CN03, an overall decrease in peptide phosphorylation was observed, with the most significant decrease occurring in seven peptides, including those from the known PKG substrate cyclic-AMP-response-element-binding CREB, but also Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) peptides and TOP2A. The phosphoproteomic data, in turn, revealed proteins with decreased phosphorylation, as well as proteins with increased phosphorylation. The integration of both datasets identified common biological networks altered by PKG inhibition, which included kinases predominantly from the so-called AGC and CaMK families of kinases (e.g., PKG1, PKG2, PKA, CaMKs, RSKs, and AKTs). A pathway analysis confirmed the role of CREB, Calmodulin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and CREB modulation. Among the peptides and pathways that showed reduced phosphorylation activity, the substrates CREB, CaMK2, and CaMK4 were validated for their retinal localization and activity, using immunostaining and immunoblotting in the rd10 retina. In summary, the integrative analysis of the kinome activity and phosphoproteomic data revealed both known and novel PKG substrates in a murine IRD model. This data establishes a basis for an improved understanding of the biological pathways involved in cGMP-mediated photoreceptor degeneration. Moreover, validated PKG targets like CREB and CaMKs merit exploration as novel (surrogate) biomarkers to determine the effects of a clinical PKG-targeted treatment for IRDs.

Role and targeting of the AGC kinase family in pulmonary fibrosis (Review).

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and irreversible pulmonary disease with a high mortality rate and limited treatment options. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, cGMP-dependent protein kinase G and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C, collectively known as AGC kinases, are evolutionarily conserved protein kinases that are widely distributed among eukaryotes. AGC kinases serve a crucial role in a variety of cellular functions and pathological processes, including cancer, diabetes, inflammation and viral infections, where they have been implicated the pathogenesis of PF. The present review summarizes the evidence for the involvement of specific AGC kinases in the pathogenesis of PF, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of targeted AGC kinase small molecule inhibitors or targeted drugs, offering more effective treatment options and strategies for patients with PF.

Heme oxygenase-1 is an equid alphaherpesvirus 8 replication restriction host protein and suppresses viral replication via the PKCβ/ERK1/ERK2 and NO/cGMP/PKG pathway.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 8 (EqHV-8) is one of the most economically important viruses that is known to cause severe respiratory disease, abortion, and neurological syndromes in equines. However, no effective vaccines or therapeutic agents are available to control EqHV-8 infection. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant defense enzyme that displays significant cytoprotective effects against different viral infections. However, the literature on the function of HO-1 during EqHV-8 infection is little. We explored the effects of HO-1 on EqHV-8 infection and revealed its potential mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that HO-1 induced by cobalt-protoporphyrin (CoPP) or HO-1 overexpression inhibited EqHV-8 replication in susceptible cells. In contrast, HO-1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyria) or siRNA targeting HO-1 reversed the anti-EqHV-8 activity. Furthermore, biliverdin, a metabolic product of HO-1, mediated the anti-EqHV-8 effect of HO-1 via both the protein kinase C (PKC)β/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/ERK2 and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathways. In addition, CoPP protected the mice by reducing the EqHV-8 infection in the lungs. Altogether, these results indicated that HO-1 can be developed as a promising therapeutic strategy to control EqHV-8 infection.IMPORTANCEEqHV-8 infections have threatened continuously donkey and horse industry worldwide, which induces huge economic losses every year. However, no effective vaccination strategies or drug against EqHV-8 infection until now. Our present study found that one host protien HO-1 restrict EqHV-8 replication in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HO-1 and its metabolite biliverdin suppress EqHV-8 relication via the PKCβ/ERK1/ERK2 and NO/cGMP/PKG pathways. Hence, we believe that HO-1 can be developed as a promising therapeutic strategy to control EqHV-8 infection.

Structure-Activity Relationship of a Pyrrole Based Series of PfPKG Inhibitors as Anti-Malarials.

Controlling malaria requires new drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. The P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is a validated target whose inhibitors could block multiple steps of the parasite's life cycle. We defined the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a pyrrole series for PfPKG inhibition. Key pharmacophores were modified to enable full exploration of chemical diversity and to gain knowledge about an ideal core scaffold. In vitro potency against recombinant PfPKG and human PKG were used to determine compound selectivity for the parasite enzyme. P. berghei sporozoites and P. falciparum asexual blood stages were used to assay multistage antiparasitic activity. Cellular specificity of compounds was evaluated using transgenic parasites expressing PfPKG carrying a substituted "gatekeeper" residue. The structure of PfPKG bound to an inhibitor was solved, and modeling using this structure together with computational tools was utilized to understand SAR and establish a rational strategy for subsequent lead optimization.

Abstract 29: Neuroprotective Potential of Nitroglycerin (GTN) in Ischemic Stroke: Insights Into Glucose Metabolism and ER Stress Inhibition Through NO-CGMP-PKG Signaling

Background: While Nitroglycerin (GTN) is predominantly recognized as a vasodilator for ischemic heart disease, its potential neuroprotective properties in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remain under exploration. This investigation sought to discover the therapeutic advantages of GTN post-recanalization in AIS and underlying mechanisms. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into sham, MCAO with or without GTN treatment, and MCAO treated with both GTN and KT5823, an inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG). AIS was induced by MCAO for 2 hours followed by 6 or 24 hours of reperfusion (tMCAO). A 28-hour MCAO without reperfusion was defined as the permanent MCAO group (pMCAO). The study assessed infarct volumes, neurological impairments, glucose metabolism metrics (lactate and ROS levels), nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP levels (via ELISA). mRNA and protein expressions of hyperglycolysis (GLUT1, GLUT3, PFK, LDH), gluconeogenesis (PCK1, PCK2), ER stress (BIP, PERK, EIF2α, ATF4, CHOP) as well as signaling molecules (PKG, AMPK), were measured with RT-PCR and Western blotting. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated using TUNEL. Results: GTN significantly reduced cerebral infarct volumes, neurological deficits, apoptotic cell death, lactate and ROS levels and decreased the expression of NO and cGMP levels and key glucose metabolism and ER stress-related genes and proteins, including GLUT1, GLUT3, PFK1, LDH, PCK1, PCK2, BIP, PERK, EIF2α, ATF4, CHOP and phosphorylated AMPK, while boosting PKG expression only in tMCAO. The coadministration of GTN and KT5823 reversed the observed GTN benefits. Conclusion: Our findings illuminate that GTN showcases neuroprotective properties in tMCAO (but not pMCAO) by enhancing glucose metabolism (hyperglycolysis and gluconeogenesis), controlling ER stress, and working through the NO-CGMP-PKG signaling cascade to inhibit AMPK phosphorylation.

Abstract B033: Targeting CaMKK2 inhibits actin cytoskeletal assembly to suppress cancer metastasis

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) tend to become invasive and metastatic at early stages in their development. Despite some treatment successes in early stage localized TNBC, the rate of distant recurrence remains high, and long-term survival outcomes remain poor. In a search for new therapeutic targets for this disease, we observed that elevated expression of the serine/threonine kinase calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is highly correlated with tumor invasiveness. In validation studies, genetic disruption of CaMKK2 expression or inhibition of its activity with small molecule inhibitors disrupted spontaneous metastatic outgrowth from primary tumors in murine xenograft models of TNBC. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), a high-risk, poor prognosis ovarian cancer subtype, shares many features with TNBC, and CaMKK2 inhibition effectively blocked metastatic progression in a validated xenograft model of this disease. Mechanistically, CaMKK2 increased the expression of the phosphodiesterase PDE1A which hydrolyzed cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to decrease the cGMP-dependent activity of protein kinase G1 (PKG1). Inhibition of PKG1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which in its hypophosphorylated state binds to and regulates F-actin assembly to facilitate cell movement. Together, these findings establish a targetable CaMKK2-PDE1A-PKG1-VASP signaling pathway that controls cancer cell motility and metastasis by impacting the actin cytoskeleton. Further, it identifies CaMKK2 as a potential therapeutic target that can be exploited to restrict tumor invasiveness in patients diagnosed with early-stage TNBC or localized HGSOC. Citation Format: Debarati Mukherjee, Rebecca A Previs, Corinne N Haines, Muthana Al Abo, Patrick K Juras, Kyle C Strickland, Binita Chakraborty, Regina Whitaker, Steven R Patierno, Jennifer A Freedman, Ching-Yi Chang, Donald P McDonnell. Targeting CaMKK2 inhibits actin cytoskeletal assembly to suppress cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2023 Oct 19-22; San Diego, California. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_1):Abstract nr B033.

Ginsenoside Rf in wild ginseng adventitious roots extract inhibits melanogenesis via cAMP/PKA and NO/cGMP signalling pathways in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish

The scarcity of more effective wild ginseng has severely limited its use, culturing of adventitious roots from wild ginseng were its good substitute. In this study, we found ginsenoside Rf as the special component in adventitious roots extract significantly decreased melanin levels and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish, and suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and melanogenic enzymes in B16F10 cells. Notably, Rf treatment of B16F10 cells led to reduced cell levels of adenosine cyclic 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP), nitric oxide (NO), and guanoside cyclic 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP), and reduced activities of adenylate cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA), guanylate cyclase (GC), and protein kinase G (PKG), which suggest Rf anti-melanogenic activity potentially involved inhibition of AC/cAMP/PKA and NO/GC/cGMP/PKG signalling pathway. This work provides experimental basis for skin-lightening effect of wild ginseng adventitious roots and their functional part.

The Cell Permeant Phosphopetpidemimetic of VASP Alleviates Motor Function Deficits After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm leads to delayed vasospasm and neuroischemia, which can result in profound neurologic deficit and death. Therapeutic options after SAH are currently limited to hemodynamic optimization and nimodipine, which have limited clinical efficacy. Experimental SAH results in cerebral vasospasm have demonstrated the downregulation of nitric oxide (NO)-protein kinase G (PKG) signaling elements. VP3 is a novel cell permeant phosphopeptide mimetic of VASP, a substrate of PKG and an actin-associated protein that modulates vasorelaxation in vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we determined that intravenous administration of high doses of VP3 did not induce systemic hypotension in rats except at the maximal soluble dose, implying that VP3 is well-tolerated and has a wide therapeutic window. Using a single cisterna magna injection rat model of SAH, we demonstrated that intravenous administration of low-dose VP3 after SAH improved neurologic deficits for up to 14days as determined by the rotarod test. These findings suggest that strategies aimed at targeting the cerebral vasculature with VP3 may improve neurologic deficits associated with SAH.

Association between PRKG1 gene and gene-environment interactions with pediatric asthma

Objective To investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PRKG1) gene and gene-environment interactions with bronchial asthma in children. Methods 109 asthma patients and 158 healthy controls from the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command were enrolled, based case–control study. The iMLDR® multiple SNP typing technique was applied to detect the genotypes of rs7903366, rs7081864, rs7070958 and rs7897633 in PRKG1 gene. The percentage of eosinophils (EOS%) in peripheral blood and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the case group were also measured. Gene-environment interactions were examined using the generalized multi-factor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. Results There were polymorphisms in four SNPs of PRKG1 gene in the case and control groups. The genotype and allele frequencies distribution of rs7897633 demonstrated statistical significance (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in EOS% and IgE among genotypes at the four SNPs of PRKG1 gene (p > 0.05). The haplotypes CAGA and TGAC presented significant association with asthma risk (p < 0.05). The four-factor model indicated a potential gene-environment interaction in rs7897633, allergen exposure, residence, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (p < 0.05). Conclusions The rs7897633 in PRKG1 gene was associated with susceptibility to childhood asthma, and C allele is a protective factor. The haplotype CAGA had a protective effect against asthma risk and TGAC was linked to the high risk of developing asthma. Moreover, the interaction of rs7897633, allergen exposure, residence, and ETS exposure conferred susceptibility to childhood asthma.

Differential Expression of microRNAs and Target Genes Analysis in Olfactory Ensheathing Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles Versus Olfactory Ensheathing Cells.

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are important transplantable cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury. However, information on the mechanism of OEC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in nerve repair is scarce. We cultured OECs and extracted the OEC-derived EVs, which were identified using a transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle flow cytometry, and western blotting. High throughput RNA sequencing of OECs and OEC-EVs was performed, and the differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) (DERs) were analyzed by bioinformatics. The target genes of DERs were identified using miRWalk, miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan databases. Gene ontology and KEGG mapper tools were used to analyze the predicted target genes. Subsequently, the STRING database and Cytoscape software platform were used to analyze and construct miRNA target genes' protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Overall, 206 miRNAs (105 upregulated and 101 downregulated) were differentially expressed in OEC-EVs (p < 0.05;|log2 (fold change)|>2). Six DERs (rno-miR-7a-5p, rno-miR-143-3p, rno-miR-182, rno-miR-214-3p, rno-miR-434-5p, rno-miR-543-3p) were significantly up-regulated , and a total of 974 miRNAs target genes were obtained. The target genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as regulation of cell size, positive regulation of cellular catabolic process and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction; positive regulation of genes involved in cellular components such as growth cone, site of polarized growth, and distal axon; and molecular functions such as small GTPase binding and Ras GTPase binding. In pathway analysis, target genes regulated by six DERs were mainly enriched in axon guidance, endocytosis, and Ras and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G signaling pathways. Finally, 19 hub genes were identified via the PPI network. Our study provides a theoretical basis for treating nerve repair by OEC-derived EVs.

THE INTERTISSUE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE IN MAMMALIAN AGING AND LONGEVITY CONTROL

Abstract Recent studies in model organisms have demonstrated that the intertissue communications play a critical role in the regulation of aging and longevity. Our major goal is to understand the systemic regulation of aging and longevity in mammals and translate that knowledge into an effective anti-aging intervention that could make our later lives as healthy and productive as possible (“productive aging”). In mammals, we have previously demonstrated that the intertissue communication between the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, particularly mediated by extracellular vesicles-contained extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltrasferase (eNAMPT), the rate-limiting NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme in mammals, functions to counteract age-associated physiological decline and promote longevity in mice. We have recently found that Ppp1r17-positive neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHPpp1r17 neurons) regulate white adipose tissue (WAT) function, including lipolysis and eNAMPT secretion, through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the feedback loop between DMHPpp1r17 neurons and WAT plays a critical role in the regulation of aging and longevity in mice. Within DMHPpp1r17 neurons, the phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of Ppp1r17, regulated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG; Prkg1), affect gene expression regulating synaptic function, causing synaptic transmission dysfunction and impaired WAT function. Both DMH-specific Prkg1-knockdown, which suppresses age-associated Ppp1r17 translocation, and the chemogenetic activation of DMHPpp1r17 neurons significantly ameliorate age-associated WAT dysfunction, increase physical activity, decrease age-associated mortality rate, and extend lifespan. Thus, these findings clearly demonstrate the importance of the intertissue communication between the hypothalamus and WAT in mammalian aging and longevity control and provide critical insights into the development of effective anti-aging interventions.

Paracrine cardioprotective signaling by red blood cells through hypoxia-mediated activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and release of cyclic guanosine monophosphate

Abstract Background Red blood cells (RBCs) are known to regulate cardiovascular function under hypoxic conditions and to mediate cardioprotection via nitric oxide (NO)-like bioactivity. However, the molecular signalling behind this effect and the identity of any mediator released by the RBCs remain unknown. Previous studies revealed that NO activates soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and increases formation of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in RBCs. The functional role of this signalling in RBCs during hypoxia/ischemia is still unclear. Aim To determine the functional role of the NO-sGC-cGMP signalling pathway in RBCs during hypoxia and myocardial ischemia. Method RBCs collected from wild-type and sGC knockout mice were exposed to 1% hypoxia or normoxia for 1 h. The RBCs or the extracellular supernatant were then administered to isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts subjected to 40 min global ischemia and 60 min reperfusion. Afterwards, left ventricular developed pressure and infarct size were determined. Additional groups of mice and patients with mild hypertension were given oral nitrate (10mM in their drinking water) before the collection of RBCs to further increase NO signalling. Result Administration of RBCs or the extracellular supernatant collected from wild-type mouse RBCs exposed to hypoxia to isolated hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion improved post-ischemic cardiac function and reduced infarct size (Fig. 1A and B). By contrast, supernatant collected from hypoxic RBCs of sGC knockout mice failed to induce cardioprotection (Fig. 1C). The cardioprotection induced by hypoxic RBCs of wild-type mice was blocked by MK571, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide transport (Fig. 1D). Hypoxia increased extracellular export of hate cGMP from mouse RBCs (Fig. 1E), and exogenous cGMP resulted in similar cardioprotection induced by the supernatant. The cardioprotective effect of RBCs was blocked by an inhibitor of cardiac cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) (Fig. 1F) and was associated with increased cardiac PKG-dependent phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Oral administration of nitrate to mice for 4 weeks to increase NO bioactivity further enhanced the cardioprotective effect of hypoxic RBCs. RBCs collected from patients randomized to a 5-week nitrate-rich diet induced cardioprotection in the isolated rat heart via an effect dependent on sGC activation in the RBCs (Fig 2). Conclusion RBCs generate and export cGMP as a physiological response to hypoxia mediating cardioprotection via a paracrine effect. This effect can be further augmented by a simple dietary intervention with nitrate suggesting preventive and therapeutic opportunities in ischemic heart disease.Figure 1Figure 2

Continuous short-term acclimation to moderate cold elicits cardioprotection in rats, and alters β-adrenergic signaling and immune status

Moderate cold acclimation (MCA) is a non-invasive intervention mitigating effects of various pathological conditions including myocardial infarction. We aim to determine the shortest cardioprotective regimen of MCA and the response of β1/2/3-adrenoceptors (β-AR), its downstream signaling, and inflammatory status, which play a role in cell-survival during myocardial infarction. Adult male Wistar rats were acclimated (9 °C, 1–3-10 days). Infarct size, echocardiography, western blotting, ELISA, mitochondrial respirometry, receptor binding assay, and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy were carried out on left ventricular myocardium and brown adipose tissue (BAT). MultiPlex analysis of cytokines and chemokines in serum was accomplished. We found that short-term MCA reduced myocardial infarction, improved resistance of mitochondria to Ca2+-overload, and downregulated β1-ARs. The β2-ARs/protein kinase B/Akt were attenuated while β3-ARs translocated on the T-tubular system suggesting its activation. Protein kinase G (PKG) translocated to sarcoplasmic reticulum and phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 increased after 10 days. Principal component analysis revealed a significant shift in cytokine/chemokine serum levels on day 10 of acclimation, which corresponds to maturation of BAT. In conclusion, short-term MCA increases heart resilience to ischemia without any negative side effects such as hypertension or hypertrophy. Cold-elicited cardioprotection is accompanied by β1/2-AR desensitization, activation of the β3-AR/PKG/AMPK pathways, and an immunomodulatory effect.

The PKG Inhibitor CN238 Affords Functional Protection of Photoreceptors and Ganglion Cells against Retinal Degeneration.

Hereditary retinal degeneration (RD) is often associated with excessive cGMP signalling in photoreceptors. Previous research has shown that inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) can reduce photoreceptor loss in two different RD animal models. In this study, we identified a PKG inhibitor, the cGMP analogue CN238, which preserved photoreceptor viability and functionality in rd1 and rd10 mutant mice. Surprisingly, in explanted retinae, CN238 also protected retinal ganglion cells from axotomy-induced retrograde degeneration and preserved their functionality. Furthermore, kinase activity-dependent protein phosphorylation of the PKG target Kv1.6 was reduced in CN238-treated rd10 retinal explants. Ca2+-imaging on rd10 acute retinal explants revealed delayed retinal ganglion cell repolarization with CN238 treatment, suggesting a PKG-dependent modulation of Kv1-channels. Together, these results highlight the strong neuroprotective capacity of PKG inhibitors for both photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, illustrating their broad potential for the treatment of retinal diseases and possibly neurodegenerative diseases in general.