Flow Cycle Research Articles

Circularly Polarized Inertial Wave Vectors in Rotating Fluids

The Navier-Stokes equations for a rotating fluid are harmonically analyzed for planar motion in an infinite half-space. All solutions are shown to be a sum of two inertial wave vectors, one circularly polarized to the left (CPL) and the other circularly polarized to the right (CPR). These basic solutions are therefore presented in the same nomenclature and form as that found useful by experimentalists in analyzing flow data (called 'rotary spectra'). The CPL wave acts counter to the Coriolis force and consequently has a slower phase speed and larger damping than the CPR wave. At resonance (forcing frequency = Coriolis frequency) the CPR wave has an infinite phase speed and no damping and is the important component leading to the singular nature of the solutions for certain boundary conditions. All possible resonant singularities are explicitly shown. The unsteady development of these unbounded (limited space structure), cyclic (no time origin or structure) flows is presented to show that with time structure the resonant singularities evolve in a self-similar manner.

Origin of the ATP formed during the light-dependent oxygen uptake catalyzed by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.

The oxygen uptake which is observed when Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores are illuminated under air and in the presence of reduced 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), 2, 3, 5, 6-tetra-methyl-P-phenylenediamine (diaminodurene, DAD) or N, N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMDP) depends on the electron-donor concentration according to the equation of Michaelis-Menten. The apparent Km for the donor is lowered by the electron-transfer inhibitor 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) which causes therefore a stimulation of the rate of the reaction at non-saturating concentrations of the donors. In contrast, the ATP formation which takes place simultaneously to oxygen uptake does not show an enzyme-like dependence on donor concentration. Moreover it is inhibited by HQNO to a variable extent, depending on the particular donor present and on its concentration. Therefore it appears that the HQNO-sensitive phosphorylation is coupled to a cyclic flow which coexists and competes with the non-cyclic flow from donor to oxygen. In the presence of HQNO, substrates and uncouplers of ATP formation accelerate somewhat the rate of the oxygen uptake supported by reduced DCIP and DAD. Thus part of the HQNO-resistant phosphorylation seems to be associated with the non-cyclic flow from those tow donors to oxygen. The lack of stimulation by phosphorylation or by uncoupling of the TMPD-supported oxygen uptake does not permit a conclusion as to whether this reaction is coupled to ATP formation or not. Another part of the HQNO-resistant ATP formation is independent of the presence of oxygen and appears to be associated to cyclic flows which bypass the HQNO site. This type of phosphorylation is most important in the presence of TMPD.