Cyclic Exercise Research Articles

The current landscape of exercise and female fertility research: a narrative review.

Females with obesity may experience infertility and can improve their fertility through exercise. This review found that most exercise interventions improve fertility outcomes regardless of technique, intensity, or duration. More detailed reporting through the lens of exercise prescription should be included in future studies. Female infertility disproportionately affects people with obesity. Exercise often improves fertility outcomes for this population, however, there is limited prescriptive evidence. Specifically, there is a lack of information on the ideal type, frequency, intensity, and setting of exercise to improve fertility outcomes. Using principles of exercise prescription, this review aimed to describe the scope of exercise interventions that have been explored and fertility outcomes measured for people with female infertility and obesity. A search was completed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL, identifying 16 relevant published articles. Overall, exercise had a positive impact on female fertility outcomes in people with obesity, though there were large variations in the exercise interventions prescribed and outcomes measured. Cyclic exercise (i.e. walking and cycling) was the most common technique incorporated, though a combination of cyclic, acyclic (i.e. circuit training and boot camp), or individualization was often used. Several fertility outcomes were reported; however, the rate of conception, pregnancy, and live birth rates were the most common, which, we suggest, should always be reported in fertility intervention research. We stress that future studies provide more thorough descriptions of their implemented exercise interventions to facilitate reproducibility and comparisons between studies. Closer attention to the principles of exercise prescription when developing and reporting exercise interventions will help improve fertility outcomes, mainly live birth rates, for those with female infertility and obesity.

Higher artistic education in ballroom choreography: Forecast of educational trends

The objective of this article is to analyze higher art education in ballroom choreography through an examination of current educational trends and a forecast of their utilization. The work employs methods such as comparative analysis, generalization, corporate-pedagogical analysis, analytical-interpretative method, and forecasting modeling. The results assess the specificities of the American experience in teaching ballroom dancing within higher education, European experiences in ballroom dancing instruction, and the primary trends in the development of this choreographic field. Using the gathered information, a theoretical model for teaching ballroom choreography in higher education institutions is formulated, aiming for demonstrably high training outcomes. Innovative stimulation technologies have proven effective, suggesting that their ongoing evolution will significantly impact the advancement of higher choreographic education overall. These cutting-edge sports fitness technologies are poised to play a pivotal role in the training of ballroom dancers, serving as a potent resource to enhance the physical fitness levels of choreographers. The effectiveness of fitness techniques is demonstrated through various aerobic methods, including cardio training and cyclic exercises, as well as distinct dance techniques like Latina, Zumba, oriental dance, among others. Additionally, neurohumoral methods contribute to their effectiveness. In conclusion, it is emphasized that further somatic training, currently utilized in leading European countries, will play an important role.

Cardiovascular handgrip responses during cyclic exercise - a pilot study

Cardiovascular handgrip responses during cyclic exercise - a pilot study

Theoretical aspects of the development of special endurance in ski racers of secondary school age

Relevance. The structure of the activity consisted in the theoretical justification of the shown methods, their use in practice and the rationality of performing these exercises. As a result of the key problem, solving the problem of endurance education in school years, it is necessary to take into account in detail the large age differences in the adaptive reactions of the body to high physical exertion.The purpose of the study is to study and demonstrate various methods and means of developing special endurance in ski racers of secondary school age.Organization and methods of research. In the early stages of the development of special endurance in children, it is necessary. have a level of general endurance. Hence, it is customary to use a number of such methods and means that make it possible to exert precisely dosed effects (running over various distances, skiing and other cyclic exercises, as well as regularly performed gymnastic and other general preparatory exercises organized in the form of "circular training".The results of the study and their discussion. The results obtained during the research make it possible to conclude that endurance and all its varieties are considered the most significant quality for ski racing. And for the development of special endurance in skiing, all training methods should be used, regardless of the age and level of training of the athlete, the main thing is to follow the sequence of these methods so that the skier gradually improves his own performance.Conclusions. Thus, we can say that endurance and all its types are the most important quality for ski racing. And for the development of special endurance in ski racing, it is necessary to apply all training methods, regardless of the age and level of training of the athlete, types.

Vibrations of cable-suspended rehabilitation robots

AbstractRehabilitation robots help the treatment of diseases by performing cyclic exercises for a long period of time. These exercises must perform movements of the patient’s limbs; thus, the robots are required to be flexible and safe. Among rehabilitation robots, cable robots are widely used due to their unique properties, such as being lightweight and the possibility of being equipped with magnetic hooks to improve both safety and ease of use. However, the elasticity and flexibility of cables result in vibrations of the payload and hooks. In this paper, the forced vibrations due to rehabilitation exercises are studied. Since the previous studies of the authors showed a weak coupling between longitudinal and transverse vibrations, a two-cable planar model for the study of transverse vibrations is developed. The model makes it possible to study the forced transverse vibrations due to both cable motion and robot motion. Stiffness and damping of the patient’s arm are considered. Results show that the cable system exhibits a simple linear behavior when excited by robot motion and a non-linear behavior when excited by cable motion.

Vegetative regulation of vascular tone and features of the nervous system of pedagogical universities students. Is there a relationship with professional specialization?

Purpose. To select recommendations on the use of physical culture means for students of future teachers, it is necessary to identify their functional features and genetically determined properties of the nervous system. Purpose: to reveal the relationship between the performance of the nervous system, orthostatic test and professional specialization of students of pedagogical universities.
 Material and methods. Students from 9 different faculties of Ukraine's leading pedagogical institute took part in the study. The total number of subjects was 841 people. Soon the reactions were determined by the program "Psychodiagnostics". Orthostatic reactions were determined by the results of heart rate in the supine position and in the standing position. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Duncan's method to determine the influence of teaching faculty on test performance. A correlation analysis of testing indicators and ranks of faculties was carried out using the Tau-b Kendall method.
 Results. Students of all experimental faculties were divided into 4 groups according to the number of errors in the choice reaction test based on the results of variance analysis (Duncan method). Faculties were divided into ranks from the first to the fourth. A significant negative correlation of the rank of the faculty according to the indicator of the strength and speed of nervous processes with the heart rate in the standing position (p<0.05) and the difference between the heart rate in the standing and lying positions (p<0.01) was revealed.
 Conclusions. Physical exercises should be applied according to the professional characteristics and personal inclinations of the students, who were divided into 4 groups according to the indicators of reaction speed and orthostatic test. For students of the faculties of primary education and preschool education (1st group), we recommend using mobile and sports games. For students of humanities and natural sciences faculties (2nd group), any physical exercises that require an average manifestation of all physical qualities are suitable: dances, gymnastics, sports games, martial arts. Students of the Faculty of Arts (3rd group) are suitable for physical exercises that require high concentration of attention for a long time, for example, cyclical exercises. We recommend that students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports (4th group) continue to improve in their chosen sport, while also studying other sports.

Correlation between the intensity of pulse longevity accumulation and the rate of oxygen demand formation and blood lactate accumulation in performing limiting cyclic exercises of different duration

The purpose of the study was to search for the relationship of Pulse Debt Accumulation Intensity (PDАI) with the rate of formation of oxygen demand and the accumulation of lactate in the blood during the performance of limiting cyclic exercises of various durations.Methods: 14 athletes‑cyclists (1st category, 20 ± 3 years, MОC — 52.9 ± 5.10 ml / min / kg), performed a series of bicycle ergometric exercises of maximum power on different days at a fixed duration of 10, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 1800 s. Based on the pulse sums of the five‑minute recovery (minus the pre‑start HR level) and the exercise time, the intensity of accumulation of pulse debt was calculated for all exercises in each subject. The rate of accumulation of lactate concentration in the blood (SNCL) and the rate of formation of oxygen demand (OCR) were also calculated.Results: SOCS, SNCL and PDАI have a close non‑linear relationship with exercise time (respectively: r2 = 0.84, r2 = 0.91, r2 = 0.96, at p < 0.05), as well as with relative exercise power (respectively: r2 = 0.80, r2 = 0.86, r2 = 0.90, at p < 0.05). INPD has a close relationship with SRCS and SNCL (respectively: r2 = 0.80, r2 = 0.94, p < 0.05).Conclusions: The results of the study make it possible to use the INPD heart rate indicator for a fairly reliable determination of exercise intensity and for predicting the level of lactate accumulation, and on this basis, determining the direction of the exercise and normalizing the training load.

Rehabilitation of patients after acute coronary syndrome at the sanatory stage

The article compares the most effective from the point of view of modern scientific views, improved programs of cardio-rehabilitation of patients with acute coronary syndrome after acute myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery at the sanatory stage. The aim of the research: scientific development of improved modern rehabilitation programs for patients with ACS after acute myocardial infarction and/or cardiac surgery (CABG, MAB, coronary artery stenting) at the sanatory stage using a set of non-drug methods that simultaneously restore the metabolism of ischemic myocardium (enhanced external counterpulsation, dry carbon dioxide baths, laser therapy) and the most effective interval training on cyclic simulators and physiotherapy exercises. Material and methods: 100 patients with coronary artery disease after acute coronary syndrome. We compare 3 groups of patients receiving improved interval cyclic exercises on the treadmill and sensory track and therapeutic gymnastics in the gym, or procedures that improve metabolic processes in the myocardium (enhanced external counterpulsation, dry carbon dioxide baths, infrared matrix laser therapy) with a complex of the abovesaid cardio workouts and methods that restore metabolism in ischemic cardiomyocytes and improve adaptation to myocardial ischemia with the development of preconditioning effect, 5 times a week, daily, 8–10 procedures per course. The results of complex rehabilitation in patients of the main group compared with the 2 control groups showed maximum anti-ischemic, antianginal, antiarrhythmic, and antihypoxic effects, due to the simultaneous elimination of metabolic disorders in the ischemic myocardium and the development of cardioprotection, preconditioning. Due to this, the rehabilitation effect of the training itself is significantly increased.

Cyclic Anaerobic Exercise Performance and Neuromuscular Activity Based on Artificial Intelligence Genetic Algorithm

Anaerobic exercise capacity and neuromuscular activity research is an important content and an emerging research field in sports training research. At present, the understanding of anaerobic exercise ability in academia is still at the general and overall cognitive level, and the understanding and application of anaerobic exercise ability cannot fully meet the needs of competitive sports practice. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a cyclic anaerobic exercise performance and neuromuscular activity based on artificial intelligence genetic algorithm, aimed at studying the theory and application mechanism of anaerobic exercise capacity and neuromuscular activity and its application characteristics in competitive sports practice. The approach in this paper is to design genetic operators, compare artificial intelligence genetic algorithms, and test neuromuscular movements. The purpose of these methods is to provide exercisers with a feasible and more effective new method of daily training and to investigate whether this new training method can optimize anaerobic exercise in humans. In this paper, by studying the kinematic basis of anaerobic exercise capacity and the mechanism of neuromuscular regulation, a model of muscle neuron population in anaerobic exercise is established. The results showed that the CMC of the beta band was significantly higher than that of the alpha band at the same strength level, with a difference of 0.03.

A Study on the Effects of Chinese Massage on Physical and Mental Health in Participants Based Smart Healthcare.

The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of the effect of the smart Chinese massage appliance on the participants' sports performance and physical and mental health after intermittent exercises. The study was performed by a mixed-study method. First, the experimental research method was used to design an experimental procedure and specifications such as data collection scope. Next, the quantitative research was carried out, using SPSS 26.0 statistical software to analyze data from the questionnaire. Then, the qualitative research was carried out by interviewing experts and respondents and obtaining their opinions. Finally, all the data were collated and analyzed using the multidimensional review method. Findings. Chinese massage significantly improved the physical fitness, exercise performance, body composition, and physical and mental health status of high-strength cyclic exercise participants. High-strength exercises can improve the physical and mental health of men. Medium-strength exercises could improve current conditions for women. Oxygen intake remained peaked for 8 sessions for men and increased after 30 sessions for women. Both groups required a 1-2-week adaptation period but had different exercise performance periods. After the experiment, head and back pain, as well as stress and negative emotions, was improved. The high intensity of the exercises relieved fear, headache or head stress, overeating, and other problems.

순환성 단시간 운동이 대사증후군 지표 및 행동체력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cyclical short-time exercise on metabolic syndrome indicators and behavioral fitness. To this end, a cyclical short-time exercise program was constructed and the study subjects were selected as 10 exercise groups who could participate in this program and 10 subjects from the comparison group who could compare the effects of cyclical short-time exercise. Changes in metabolic syndrome index and behavioral fitness were compared by participating in 30 minutes of exercise 3 times a week for 8 weeks.<BR> Through these goals and procedures, the results of the 8 weeks before and after are as follows.<BR> First, in the metabolic syndrome index of the exercise group and the control group subjected to the short-term cyclical exercise program, there were significant interaction effects in LDL and TG, but no significant interaction effects in TC and HDL.<BR> Second, in the change in behavioral physical strength of the exercise group and the control group subjected to the cyclical short-time exercise program, there were statistically significant interaction effects in muscular endurance, flexibility, agility, and agility except for muscle strength.

METHOD OF CORRECTION OF THE PSYCHOPHYSICAL CONDITION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH FREQUENT RESPIRATORY DISEASES BY ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL TRAINING

The article considers the possibilities of using the method of adaptive physical training in preschool education to correct the psychophysical condition of children with frequent respiratory diseases. The main directions of implementation of the method psychophysical condition correction for preschool children with frequent respiratory diseases by means of adaptive physical education were identified. The health improvement direction has the purpose to increase the optimization of all body systems. The forming direction aims to form such social qualities as perseverance, patience, courage, determination and strong-willed qualities. Educational direction provides the acquisition of systematic knowledge about the methods and techniques of strengthening the body, the timely development of motor skills and abilities, the rules of a healthy lifestyle. The main means of implementing this technique were identified among the following means of adaptive physical education: hyperventilation training, exercises on breathing simulators, exercises with a moderate load on the upper extremities, educational games-exercises, games-travel, dosed walking. Appropriate methods of work with preschool children who often suffer from respiratory diseases, such as doing of cyclic exercises; performing short-term dynamic loads at short intervals; filling in intervals with relaxation exercises or breathing exercises; use of dynamic and static breathing exercises of moderate intensity; application of speed and strength exercises are presented in the article. The effectiveness of the proposed method of correction of psychophysical condition for preschool children was determined by noticing of physical indicators during the performance of various tasks and psychological test methods.

Comparative analysis of adherence to aerobic physical rehabilitation protocols among strength athletes

High-intensity interval and medium-intensity cyclic exercises have proved themselves as non-pharmacological agents for the treatment and prevention of hypertension.Aim. To compare adherence to aerobic physical rehabilitation methods among hypertensive heavyweight-class strength athletes.Material and methods. We surveyed 83 heavyweight-class bodybuilders (candidates for master of sports and master of sports). The mean age of participants was 31 years. Athletes were randomized into two main rehabilitation groups: the HIIT group (n=33), the MICE group (n=30), and the RT control group (n=20). A modified questionnaire on adherence to physical activity was used for hypertensive strength athletes. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0/W RUS software package.Results. At the beginning, adherence of control group participants was “moderate” and amounted to 7,8±0,8 points, while after 30 days it increased insignificantly to 8,2±0,5 points, after another 60 days decreased by 0,3 points and the next 4 month did not change. After 30 days, there was an increase in adherence to aerobic exercise in other rehabilitation groups: 8,4±0,5 and 8,2±0,6 points in the HIIT and MICE groups, respectively. After 60 days, the changes were not statistically significant. After 90 days, adherence in the HIIT group was 8,5±0,5 points, while in the MICE group it significantly decreased to 7,5±0,6 points. After 120 days, there was no change in the HIIT group, while in the MICE group, adherence continued to decrease to 7,1±0,6 points. After 150 days, there was a 0,5 point decrease in the HIIT group and 6,7±0,5 points in the MICE group. After 180 days, there was an insignificant decrease in the HIIT group by 0,2 points, while in the MICE group, adherence became “low” and amounted to 6,2±0,4 points.Conclusion. Exercise programs based on HIIT protocols allow hypertensive strength athletes to maintain greater adherence to nonspecific aerobic exercise over 180 days compared to MICE protocols, which may provide additional benefits in lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease.

Relationship of the Pro12Ala Polymorphism on the PPARy2 Gene With the Body Composition of Practitioners of Cyclic Exercises

This study aimed to verify the association between the genotypic of the receptor gene activated by peroxisome proliferators gamma 2 (PPARy2) and the body composition and the specific indicators of adiposity in practitioners physical exercises, considering nutritional intake, age, and training load as influencing factors. It was conducted a cross-sectional study with 335 adults (47.9 ± 12.7 years, 138 men, body mass index/BMI = 27.0 ± 4.9 kg/m2), practitioners of aerobic exercises in cyclical modalities (running, walking and/or cycling, who spent 328.3 ± 193.6 kcal/day on physical training). The genotyping of the Pro12Ala polymorphism was performed using the PCR-RFLP technique and the body composition measured by bioimpedance (InBody 720). Energy expenditure was based on the compendium of physical activities and caloric intake was measured by 24 h recall questionnaire. The higher prevalence was for the Pro/Pro genotype (76.1% vs. 23.9% of Pro/Ala). Pro/Pro genotypic group showed significant higher mean values for body mass (BM) (p < 0.03 for men and p < 0.02 for women) and BMI (p < 0.00 for men and p < 0.02 for women) and %FAT (p < 0.00), waist-hip ratio (WHR) (p < 0.04), and visceral fat (VF) (p < 0.00) only in men compared to Pro/Ala. Higher frequency of Pro/Pro was observed in the category indicating BMI (p < 0.00 for men and p < 0.03 for women), WRH (p < 0.03 for men and p < 0.00 for women), and %FAT (p < 0.03) (in the latter case, only among men. It was also observed that the frequency of distribution of Pro/Ala in the eutrophic category of the BMI remained independent of all influencers, while WHR and %FAT were independent of the training load, but influenced by nutritional intake and age. In women, the frequency of Pro/Ala distribution at the lowest BMI and WHR values remained independent of all confounding variables. It is concluded that the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARy2 gene consistently influences indicators of body composition and adiposity, regardless of the practitioners of physical training, but the relationship needs to be considered according to age and nutritional intake.

Application of specialized exercises for the development of strength qualities of future air transport safety specialists

The article deals with the problems of finding the most rational method of developing the strength qualities of students of civil aviation universities, and in particular the direction of training “Air Navigation” (ATC), by optimal distribution of the time of power loads for the formation of professional training of future specialists of airfield services. In the structure of such training, a special place is occupied by power qualities, which are most important for specialists of airfield services, who ensure the safety of air transport. Strength training not only increases the body’s resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors and strengthens the immune system, but also optimizes the functional state of the body. However, the issues of the development of strength abilities with the use of time indicators in the distribution of specialized loads are currently insufficiently studied and do not have a scientific basis in the general system of physical training of students of educational institutions of civil aviation. In the study performed on students, the search for optimal methods for the development of strength qualities was conducted by changing the time indicators in the distribution of specialized loads. Students performed strength and speed-strength exercises with high intensity and subjective power of effort, as well as cyclic exercises that require endurance when they are performed repeatedly. These exercises were considered by us as complex means of forming motor qualities. The studied main indicators of strength qualities allowed us to determine the main vector of building classes for future specialists in the field of training “Air Navigation” (ATC) and the means of controlling the functional activity of those involved. The experimentally based methodology for the development of power qualities is recommended for use in the educational process of educational institutions of civil aviation.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЗАНЯТИЙ ОЗДОРОВИТЕЛЬНЫМ УШУ НА УРОВЕНЬ АГРЕССИВНОСТИ ПОДРОСТКОВ

Psychological and pedagogical practice increasingly frequently deals with the problem of educating aggressive adolescents. A teenager experiences many stresses and, as a result of changes in the central nervous system, changes occur in mental processes, which, in combination with factors affecting the social environment, contributes to the emergence of aggressive behavior. Teenagers who play sports are more restrained and disciplined. The survey sample involved young men aged 13 to 15 years who had not previously engaged in wushu. To measure the average aggression indicators of survivors, the authors carried out tests using the questionnaire of L.G. Pochebut and the Bas-Perry aggressiveness questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The selected adolescents practiced wushu three times a week for one hour a day for eight months. Within the experimental wushu complex, the instructors used cyclic exercises, basic stream energetic exercises, jumps, sparring, breathing, and recreational Chinese gymnastics affecting the harmonization of psycho-emotional processes. Exercises helped to relieve muscle tonus and develop self-control skills. The authors used both contact combat techniques and non-contact techniques – individual and recovery. The study showed that regular classes in recreational wushu had a positive effect on the survivors and their average levels of aggression decreased. Exercising recreational wushu in a group of tested adolescents generally contributed to psycho-emotional tension removal through an energy splash with the help of physical activity and other meditative techniques.

The possibility of using integral indicators of thrombodynamics for the safety of rehabilitation treatment after a stroke

To assess the possibility of using the integral indicators of thrombodynamics to improve the safety of rehabilitation measures in patients in the recovery period of stroke. A prospective study included 52 patients in the recovery period of stroke. To compare the effect of the intensity of physical activity on the change in the integral indicators of thrombodynamics in accordance with the objectives of the study, the patients were randomized into two groups. In the first group, patients received treatment, including physiotherapy, stabilometric trainings, neuropsychological tasks. Patients of the second group received complex treatment, including more intense physical activity with the use of cyclic exercises, biomechanotherapy. To assess the state of hemostasis, an integral thrombodynamics test was used, and the numerical parameters of the spatial dynamics of the growth of a fibrin clot were calculated. The state of compensated hypercoagulability was revealed in the majority of patients before the start of medical rehabilitation, despite taking antithrombotic therapy, which was evidence of the ineffectiveness of the therapy. At the same time, it was noted that it was its action, probably during the ongoing program of physical rehabilitation, that ensured the stability of the integral indicators of thrombodynamics and the absence of clinically significant unwanted thromboembolic complications. As a result of the analysis of the data in dynamics before and after treatment, a direct relationship was traced between the intensity of physical activity and the tendency to disturb the hemostatic balance. The intensity of physical activity during treatment undoubtedly influenced the state of hemostasis. The expediency of monitoring the dynamics of coagulation activity in patients in the recovery period of stroke has been demonstrated.

O exercício da escrita e da escuta como instrumentos de aprimoramento da prática clínica

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício da escrita e da escuta contribuem para a prática médica de forma ímpar. O recebimento da história do paciente se dá por uma escuta atenta que, para isso, precisa ser treinada. Assim, a escrita é a ferramenta primordial nesse processo. A medicina hoje assume um carácter cada vez mais tecnicista. DISCUSSÃO: A aproximação da Medicina e das ciências humanas, que para alguns, parece ser inconciliável, ganha espaço na Medicina Narrativa de Rita Charon, através deste exercício cíclico e inesgotável de escrever e escutar. Os livros são capazes de nos fornecer recursos interpretativos e proporcionar um posicionamento mais atento e perspicaz aos comportamentos do paciente de falar ou até mesmo ao se manter em silêncio. Assim que se apreende o que foi escutado, a escrita vem como diálogo consigo mesmo para entender com maior profundidade o que acabamos de experienciar. Entrando nesse complexo enredo do paciente, através da imaginação, abre-se o caminho para desenvolver empatia com o emissor e abre espaço para reflexão do médico em relação ao que ele vivencia. É essencial possuir um arsenal teórico e literário para se conectar com as vivências e o lugar social do paciente. CONCLUSÃO: A medicina não é em si ciência, por isso pressupõe a interpretação, a qual surge também da boa escuta e escrita. Desta forma, essas capacidades promovem uma relação médico(a)-paciente mais horizontal e menos paternalista dando o protagonismo ao paciente sobre si mesmo e sua dor.

Q QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF CALCULATING APPROACHES OF EXERCISES ON THE BASIS OF OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE NEURAL NETWORK

Today, artificial intelligence and computer vision systems are developing rapidly in the world; in particular, new architectures of neural networks that assess the three-dimensional human posture on video are produced. Such neural networks require analysis of their output signal in order to obtain useful data for the end user and their subsequent integration into user systems. The author proposes a new method of analysis of the output signal of the neural network, which estimates the position of a person in space that performs the calculation of repetitions of the exercise "squat". This method is based on the state machine, which adds one to the repetition counter at the end of the exercise cycle. The application of this method in the initial stages of the algorithm of exercise analysis will allow further development of systems that test squats and help athletes and coaches during training, as well as scientists in the field of biomechanics during their professional activities. A distinctive feature of this method is resistance to both input signal emissions, i.e. incorrect results of human posture recognition by the neural network, and to human movements that do not belong to the exercise directly. Also, the application of this method to the analysis of the neural network signal allows to combine the positive qualities inherent in neural networks used in computer vision (admissibility of high variability of clothing and background), and the positive qualities of analytical and algorithmic methods (easy interpretability of results, convenient adjustment, possibility to use the experts' subject experience for the selection of parameters). This method is not specific to any particular neural network and therefore can be used at the output of almost any system that determines the position of human joints in space. In addition to the description of the method, the article presents the results of its tests in different conditions. This test scheme can be used not only to apply this method to the exercise "squat", but to any other cyclic exercise.

Biophysical aspects of handcycling performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports; a narrative review

Aim In this narrative review the potential and importance of handcycling are evaluated. Four conceptual models form the framework for this review; (1) the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; (2) the Stress-Strain-Capacity model; (3) the Human-Activity-Assistive Technology model; and (4) the power balance model for cyclic exercise. Methods Based on international handcycle experience in (scientific) research and practice, evidence-based benefits of handcycling and optimization of handcycle settings are presented and discussed for rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports. Results As the load can be distributed over the full 360° cycle in handcycling, peak stresses in the shoulder joint and upper body muscles reduce. Moreover, by handcycling regularly, the physical capacity can be improved. The potential of handcycling as an exercise mode for a healthy lifestyle should be recognized and advocated much more widely in rehabilitation and adapted sports practice. The interface between handcycle and its user should be optimized by choosing a suitable person-specific handcycle, but mainly by optimizing the handcycle dimensions to one’s needs and desires. These dimensions can influence efficient handcycle use and potentially improve both endurance and speed of handcycling. Conclusion To optimize performance in rehabilitation, daily life and recreational sports, continued and more systematic research is required. Implications for rehabilitation Handcycling allows users to travel farther distances at higher speeds and to train outdoors. It should be recognized as an alternative exercise modality for daily outdoor use, also already in early rehabilitation, while it contributes to a healthy lifestyle. To individualize handcycle performance, the user-handcycle (assistive device) interface as well as the vehicle mechanics should be optimized to minimize external power and reduce friction, so that the upper body capacity can be efficiently used. To optimize handcycling individual performance, both the physiological and biomechanical aspects of handcycling should be considered when monitoring or testing handcycle exercise.