Production Cycle Research Articles

In vivo therapeutic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. et Perr. in Salmonellosis induced in broiler chicks

Salmonella are bacteria that cause numerous illnesses in humans and animals. In poultry farming, they cause major economic losses for farmers. In fact, during the poultry production cycle, poultry are frequently infected by Salmonella and are exposed to oxidative stress. To deal with these problems, farmers use antibiotics. Unfortunately, overuse of these molecules has led to resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of the leaves from Anogeissus leiocarpus in Salmonellosis induced in broiler chicks. For the experimental study, 4 batches of 25 broiler chicks each were produced, including : - Batch 1 : uncontaminated chicks not treated with plant extract (NC-NT). - Batch 2 : chicks contaminated and not treated with plant extract (C-NT). - Batch 3 : chicks contaminated and treated with plant extract (C-T. extr). -Batch 4 : chicks contaminated and treated only with a standard antibiotic, oxytetracycline (C-T.OTC). The aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus gave the best results compared with oxytetracycline. These include the significant improvement in average weight gain and biomarkers of oxidative stress. The results obtained from this study show that the aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. Keywords : Anogeissus leiocarpus, Extracts, Salmonella typhimurium, therapeutic activity.

Approach to the circular economy through agro-livestock waste composting with heat recovery and agricultural use of the resulting compost

In this work, plant waste and cow manure were co-composted to recover the heat generated during the thermophilic stage of composting by heating water through conducting heat exchangers buried in the pile. The parameters associated with the degradation and humification of organic matter during composting and the agronomic and economic value of the final compost were also determined. Furthermore, the effects of adding the obtained compost on soil agronomic characteristics and alfalfa yield and production profitability were compared with those of mineral fertilisation, cow manure and a control without amendment. The total energy recovered from composting was 14,528W or 0.105 MJ kg−1 dry matter of the initial waste mixture. Extracting heat from composting did not negatively affect the quality of the compost since this material had an adequate level of organic matter stability and maturity, notable nutrient content, low concentrations of potentially toxic elements and an absence of phytotoxicity. Moreover, applying compost to the soil increased its organic matter and nutrient content, contributing to greater alfalfa production. Increased alfalfa production led to a higher net income from using compost as an organic fertiliser (16,488 USD ha−1). Therefore, composting agricultural and livestock wastes is a viable method for managing these wastes, obtaining sustainable thermal energy and producing compost with adequate agricultural quality. This contributes to closing agricultural and livestock production cycles with notable economic benefits within a circular economy framework.

Digitally enhanced lubricant evaluation and improvement framework through developing digital characteristics (DC) for hot forging of aluminium alloys

The manufacturing sector is experiencing a never-before-seen surge in data generation, acquisition, and analytics. The promising potential of fundamental research following a data-driven approach may enable a more comprehensive understanding of forming operations and efficient optimisation of component quality. However, as a crucial component of metal forming operations, the investigation and insights from a data-centric perspective of hot forging processes is still absent. In the present study, the digital characteristics (DC) of the hot forging process was generated based on voluminous metadata extracted from experimentally verified FE simulations and localised sensors. Inherent and distinctive manufacturing nature throughout the life cycle of a hot-forged product have been revealed, spanning over the design, manufacturing, and application stages. The tribological DC was then extracted and analysed, and the data-guided interactive friction modelling was established to enable a digitally enhanced evaluation and improvement scheme of the lubricant product applied during the hot forging process. Significant potential has been demonstrated in implementing data-centric innovation techniques into traditional manufacturing paradigms to improve efficiency and process effectiveness.

Increasing drought sensitivity of plant photosynthetic phenology and physiology

Understanding the impacts of drought on plant photosynthetic phenology and physiology is essential for accurately predicting annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and global carbon cycles. While droughts in different seasons can have different effects on plant growth and photosynthesis, a comprehensive understanding of how plant photosynthetic phenology and physiology respond to different seasons’ droughts and their temporal changes is lacking. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the drought sensitivities of plant photosynthetic phenology and physiology and their temporal trends in the past two decades, using the start/end of the photosynthetic seasons (SOS/EOS) and peak GPP (GPPmax) derived from FLUXNET ground observations since the 1990s and remote-sensing data (2001–2020) over the globe. Our results show that spring droughts leads to delayed SOS in arid ecosystems and advanced SOS in humid ecosystems. In contrast, droughts in summer and autumn generally advance EOS. In addition, spring droughts decrease GPPmax in arid regions but increase it in humid regions, whereas summer droughts lead to significant GPPmax reductions. More importantly, we observed significant increases in the drought sensitivity of SOS, EOS, and GPPmax over the last two decades, which is driven by long-term decreases in background soil moisture and increases in atmospheric water deficit under climate change. Furthermore, these increasing trends were projected to persist in the 21st century under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 8.5 and 4.0. Overall, our findings underscore the critical role of drought timing in shaping ecosystem responses and highlight the growing vulnerability of ecosystem phenology and physiology to drought, which may restrict the increases in terrestrial carbon uptake under warming.

Ultrathin Small Outline Package Key Techniques for High-Speed Chips with Multi-Leads.

The key technologies for the ultrathin small outline package (TSOP) of large-sized high-speed chips have been designed and developed in this paper. The designing techniques, such as a 25 µm precise positioning dice attaching technique, a lead frame unit structure without a base island, and a lead co-plane layout inside the frame, were developed. The TSO package outline with a large number of leads, a frame unit arrangement, and a frame distribution with a base island and without one were improved. The technological problems, including the reduction in thickness, wafer cutting, chip sticking bonding, and plastic sealing, were successfully solved. The designed large-sized package products have many advantages, such as high availability, low cost, high reliability, and a short production cycle. This package technique can be widely used in various intellectual application regions.

Classification and analysis of the types of interaction of regional innovation systems

This article is devoted to a detailed study of the interaction between innovation systems and innovation processes. The application of the regional-national innovation system (RIS) model has been studied, and it has been revealed that it is a targeted strategy aimed at accelerating economic growth through the introduction of scientific developments into the production cycle. The importance of including distinctive regional characteristics in analytical models for a more adequate representation of the real innovative and competitive capabilities of the regions under consideration is substantiated. The need for modification of methodologies for the analysis of regional innovation systems (RIS), adapted to the specifics of local development and external integration, is emphasized. It has been established that an adequate assessment of the innovative capacities and positions of regions in the global economic space is hampered by the presence of divergence in classification standards. The need to include a new type of RIS in the classification is shown, which adequately reflects the initial stages of systems development in the context of unique Russian regional features. An analysis of the dynamics of interaction between key actors within these systems has been obtained, contributing to a deep understanding of the mechanisms of transfer of innovative knowledge among actors, providing tools for managing the development of regions, identifying the drivers of their competitive advantages and focusing on market participants.

Sustainable polymer reclamation: recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG) for 3D printing applications

Due to their versatile properties and wide-ranging applications across various industries, including manufacturing, polymers are indispensable for today’s society. However, polymer-based products significantly impact the environment since many are single-used plastics and require a long time to degrade naturally. A method to attenuate end-of-life polymers’ ill effects is recycling them to bring them again into the production cycle, from grave to cradle. This investigation involves recycling PETG sheets used in face shield production during the COVID-19 outbreak to fabricate 3D printing filaments for FFF. We assessed poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG) processability to up to five recycling cycles and obtained filaments with properties adequate for 3D printing. Rheological, thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization were analyzed to verify the effect of the number of processing cycles on the properties of the polymer. The recycling cycles originated a decrease in viscosity and elasticity, and the gain in molecular mobility resulted, relatively, in solids with a higher degree of crystallinity and prints with more elliptical depositions. The mechanical properties of printed parts fabricated of recycled material were comparable to those from commercial filament, especially after three extrusion cycles. Both extrusion and additive manufacturing processes successfully recycle material into filaments and printed parts, indicating that the proposed methodology is a promising alternative to bring value back to polymers from solid waste.

Influence of biosecurity on the occurrence of various enteric viruses in broiler flocks

ABSTRACT Common enteric viruses affecting commercial broiler flocks include fowl adenovirus (FAdV), chicken parvovirus (ChPV), chicken astrovirus (CAstV), avian reovirus (ARV) and avian rotavirus (AvRV). To investigate their prevalence and to identify single and multiple infections we collected intestinal samples from 49 Austrian broiler flocks during necropsy of dead-on-farm birds twice during a production cycle (7–14 days and 28–35 days). Altogether, up to three consecutive clinically healthy flocks without signs of gastrointestinal disease were sampled from 17 different farms. Samples were analysed using virus isolation and PCR/RT–PCR methods. Virus prevalence was correlated with production data and on-farm biosecurity and management practices. Overall, ARV (75%) was most commonly detected in the flocks, followed by CAstV (61%), ChPV (61%), FAdV (57%) and AvRV (8%). Only in three (6%) flocks were none of the investigated enteric viruses detected. Flock infection profiles were very heterogeneous and included individual detection of the investigated viruses as well as different combinations thereof (up to all five investigated viruses). Even in the absence of clinical diarrhoea and/or macroscopic intestinal lesions, statistical analysis confirmed that the number of viruses detected had a significant economic impact characterised by poor weight gain and increased mortality, particularly due to the presence of FAdV, CAstV and/or ARV. Furthermore, the use of barn-specific clothing and/or footbaths as well as regular vermin control, resulted in lower prevalence of enteric viruses in the flocks studied. This highlights the importance of common biosecurity measures in poultry production to prevent economic losses. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Detection timepoints and patterns indicate horizontal introduction of various enteric viruses. Flock infection profiles were very heterogeneous; no dominating virus profile. Broiler production was negatively affected by the number of enteric viruses detected. Common biosecurity measures had a significant negative effect on virus prevalence.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PETERNAKAN BURUNG PUYUH PEDAGING (Coturnix coturnix japonica) DI KECAMATAN KERUMUTAN

Quail farming business is one of the potential businesses as the population increases and public awareness of the need for daily animal protein sources that are easy to get at affordable prices compared to other poultry meat. The objectives of this study are to find out the feasibility of Mr. Agung Wibowo's quail farming business in Kerumutan District based on market and marketing aspects, technical aspects, environmental aspects and financial aspects. Data collection is carried out by means of field surveys, interviews, literature studies and documentation. The result of this research is that the quail farming business owned by Mr. Agung Wibowo in Kerumutan District is worthy of continuing. Based on market and marketing aspects, it is feasible because it has segmentation, clear targeting and market position, and a selling price that is quite competitive compared to other poultry meat prices and has a marketing strategy with a marketing mix. From the technical aspect, it is feasible because it has all the necessary facilities and equipment and have a clear production cycle and business location. From the environmental aspect, it is feasible because of the environmental impact management. Based on the results of the calculation, the financial aspect is declared feasible. Where the R/C Ratio value > out of 1, which is 1.5. The value of the π/C Ratio is 0.57% higher than the value of the BRI Simpedes savings interest rate of 0.25%. Production BEP Value < Production Amount and BEP Value Price < Selling Price per Head. From the results of the calculation of the Production BEP Value is 3,312 heads. So 3,312 Heads < 5,162 Heads and the result of calculating the BEP Price Value is Rp. 3,011. Then Rp. 3,011 < Rp. 5,500.

Morphogenesis, Structure, and Tillering Dynamics of Tanzania Grass under Nitrogen Fertilization in the Amazon Region

Nitrogen fertilization is one of the main management strategies for continuous pasture management with high productivity. We examined the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the morphogenic, structural, and tillering dynamic characteristics of Tanzania grass in the Amazon region in the state of Pará, Brazil. The study was conducted using a randomized block design with six treatments (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg N ha−1 year−1) and five replicates. The treatments were performed during the rainy season in 2016 and 2017 using urea as the nitrogen source. The leaf elongation rate was increased by 68.5% compared with that of the control treatment (p < 0.01). The leaf appearance rate and number of alive leaves increased with higher doses of nitrogen (p < 0.01, each). The regrowth period was reduced by approximately 13 days under 500 kg N ha−1 (p < 0.01), thus providing more production cycles. Nitrogen fertilization was also associated with a higher tillering rate (p < 0.01); however, the rate of this increase decreased with increasing nitrogen dose. Higher nitrogen doses thus improved the development of Tanzania grass; however, this became less pronounced at doses < 300 kg N ha−1.

The use of automatic belt feeders in a Penaeus vannamei pilot scale super-intensive nursery and grow-out with biofloc system

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using automatic belt feeders (BF) on water quality, growth of Penaeus vannamei, and partial budget in super-intensive pilot scale systems with biofloc technology. A nursery phase (2300 shrimp m−2) and a grow-out phase (400 shrimp m−2) were carried out with the following feeding management strategies, all with three repetitions: T1: by hand, T2: by hand + BF12h; T3: BF24h. In the nursery, a spike in total ammonia concentration was observed in the first weeks of the trial in treatment T1, possibly due to nutrients from uneaten feed. Nitrite was higher in T1 treatment than in T2 and T3. Nitrate was lower in the treatment T1 than in T2 and T3. At the grow-out trial, nitrite was higher in treatment T1 than in T2 and T3. These results indicated a slower nitrification process in T1 and more efficient in treatments where automatic feeders were used since an accumulation of nitrate was observed throughout the trials and low concentrations of nitrite were observed both in the nursery and the grow-out. In the nursery and the grow-out, the T3 treatment had a higher final weight and a lower feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the T3 treatment had a higher yield than the T1 treatment. Treatment T3 had the highest net benefit/cost, considering the entire production cycle (nursery and grow-out). Our results strongly indicate that using automatic belt feeders allows an improvement in water quality, promotes shrimp growth, improves yield, reduces feed use, and improves the net benefits in P. vannamei super-intensive nursery and grow-out with biofloc systems.

Conversion of Aluminum to Hydrogen: A Metallurgical Point of View

Transition to the Net‐Zero economy requires new sources of energy. Hydrogen is one of the promising candidates to replace carbohydrates. Emission‐free technologies for hydrogen production are pivotal for this transition. However, the existing technologies to produce hydrogen are either polluting or energy‐intensive. In recent years, a reaction of aluminum with water generating hydrogen has attracted a lot of attention. Most of the research is done with solid aluminum and analyzed mostly from the chemical and energy points of view. In this overview paper, rarely mentioned metallurgical aspects of this reaction are considered, as well as potential integration of the related technology into a green aluminum production cycle. The advantages of using liquid aluminum as well as related safety aspects are highlighted.

Economic/sustainability optimization/analysis of an environmentally friendly trigeneration biomass gasification system using advanced machine learning

The present research presents an innovative thermal integration model for a biomass-based power plant to generate power, coolant, and liquefied hydrogen. This integrated arrangement comprises biomass gasification, gas turbine cycle, organic flash-bi-evaporator refrigeration cycle, multi-effect desalination, solid oxide electrolyzer, and Claude cycle. The selection of an eco-friendly fluid for the electricity-cooling production cycle is conduced relying on a comparative analysis. The subsequent examination evaluates the economic-sustainability performance criteria through sensitivity and contour analyses. The comparative assessment identifies R1234ze(Z) as the most suitable working fluid. Four objective functions are scrutinized, and two optimization scenarios are devised based on a machine learning approach using artificial neural networks and a multi-objective gray wolf optimization technique. In Scenario A, the focused objectives are the total destructed exergy and the cost of producing liquefied hydrogen. Meanwhile, Scenario B integrates the sustainability index and the overall system cost rate as primary criteria. Scenario A exhibits more favorable operational conditions and outcomes than scenario B, showing the objectives mentioned as 9955 kW and 3.25 $/kg, respectively. In this scenario, the sustainability index, the overall investment cost rate, and the net present value are obtained to be 1.74, 236 $/h, and 205 M$, correspondingly.

Comprehensive compositional analysis of liquid organic product prepared by industrialized hydrothermal cracking of biomass waste and its potential application as fertilizer

Hydrothermal cracking involves the conversion of organic waste into efficient fertilizer through hydrolysis at temperatures ranging from 180 to 220 °C and pressures of 1.5 to 2.45 MPa, which offers significant advantages in shortening the production cycle, enhancing efficiency, and decomposing antibiotics. As a result, it holds immense practical value for promoting organic fertilizer manufacturing processes globally. The products derived from hydrothermal cracking can be categorized into solid and liquid components. Extensive research has focused on the composition and use of solids, while studies on liquids have mainly examined basic characteristics. The study aimed to comprehensively analyze the components in liquid products prepared through hydrothermal cracking and evaluate their suitability as liquid fertilizers. Specifically, we employed rigorous analytical techniques to accurately identify and quantify medium and trace elements, organic acids, amino acids, and plant growth regulators. Furthermore, we carried out a planting experiment to assess the yield and soil changes following the application of liquid products in maize cultivation. The experimental data revealed that the liquid product contained abundant medium and trace elements, along with 6.22 g/L free amino acids and 9.22 g/L organic acids. It is noteworthy that this liquid product contained 1.22 × 105 pg/mL ABA, 6.26 × 103 pg/mL IAA, 1.07 × 102 pg/mL IBA, and 3.60 × 10−2 pg/mL GA3. The utilization of this liquid product has the potential to enhance the disease resistance of maize crops and promote the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the soil. By understanding the composition of liquid products via hydrothermal cracking, valuable insights can be gained into their potential benefits for agricultural and ecological applications.

Feasibility of using ground Al-Al2O3 composite powders in laser powder bed fusion

The reincorporation of residues in the productive cycle helps reduce CO2 emissions and non-renewable resources extraction. Therefore, the present work studies the feasibility of reincorporating an aluminum residue in the productive cycle by means of an additive manufacturing technique. In this context, other issues considered are the importance of aluminum alloys, the improvement of their properties by adding alumina making composites materials, and issues that must be overcome when printing parts by laser powder bed fusion using a mix of Al and alumina powders. This work evaluates the suitability of Al alloy - alumina composite powders obtained by grinding Al alloy chips from sawing. Laser power and scanning speed were varied until the designed samples were obtained. The findings show that is possible to use powder obtained by grinding Al chips in the laser powder bed fusion technique to obtain Al-Al2O3 composites which exhibits hardness of 226 HV ± 34.3.

Increasing fish production in recirculating aquaculture system by integrating a biofloc-worm reactor for protein recovery

Aquaculture, producing half of global fish production, offers a high-quality protein source for humans. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through microbial protein recovery is crucial for increasing fish production and reducing environmental footprint. However, the poor palatability and high moisture content of microbial protein make its utilization challenging. Here, a biofloc-worm reactor was integrated into a recirculating aquaculture system (BW_RAS) for the first time to convert microbial protein into Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) biomass, which was used as direct feed for culturing fish. Batch experiments indicated that an aeration rate of 0.132 m3L−1h−1 and a worm density of 0.3 g cm−2 on the carrier were optimal for microbial biomass growth and worm predation, respectively. Compared to the biofloc reactor-based recirculating aquaculture system (B_RAS), the BW_RAS improved water quality, NUE, and fish production by 17.1 % during a 120-day aquaculture period. The abundance of heterotrophic aerobic denitrifier Deinococcus in BW_RAS was one order of magnitude higher than in B_RAS, while heterotrophic bacteria Mycobacterium was more abundant in B_RAS. Denitrifiers cooperated with organic matter degraders and nitrogen assimilation bacteria for protein recovery and gaseous nitrogen loss while competing with predatory bacteria. Function prediction and qPCR indicated greater aerobic respiration, nitrate assimilation, nitrification (AOB-amoA), and denitrification (napA, nirK, nirS, nosZI), but lower fermentation in BWR compared to BR. This study demonstrated that BW_RAS increased microbial protein production and aerobic nitrogen cycling through ongoing worm predation, further enhancing fish production to a commercially viable level.

Scale-up of the film coating process using the example of vitamin and mineral complexes: from idea to process validation

Introduction. The development of defect-free film coating modes is an urgent task when transferring film-coated tablets technology. Technology transfer is an integral stage of the life cycle of any drug approved for industrial production. During the development of the technological process, deviations may occur, to eliminate which it is necessary to introduce auxiliary operations or change the chain of technological equipment.Aim. Optimize the process of applying a film coating to tablets of the core of the vitamin and mineral complex.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were biconvex core tablets in the form of a boat of a vitamin and mineral complex consisting of vitamins C + E + B1 and minerals. To ensure the required technological properties, auxiliary substances were used: microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose, potato starch, calcium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide. Ready-made film-forming mixtures (Colorcon®) in beige Opadry® II 85F 270000 were used as film-forming compositions. The film coating was applied in the craters with a perforated drum BG-80 (Pro-face, China) and BGK-150 (Zhejiang Canaan Technology Limited, China).Results and discussion. The process of applying a film coating to the core tablets of a vitamin and mineral complex has been studied. The analysis of the current technological chain showed a number of disadvantages – a large amount of manual labor, the need for matting the drum, the duration of the process, low loading, braking of the production cycle due to lagging at the stage of applying the film shell. To solve the discovered problems, a project was developed to scale the technology at the stage of applying a film shell to tablets-the cores of a vitamin and mineral complex. During the implementation of the process, new equipment was purchased and installed for production. The development of the technological process made it possible to multiply the one-time loading into the boiler (by 2–3 times), automate the process due to the automatic operation function according to the parameters set before the start of the technological process, and exclude the matting of the drum from preparatory work. The quality of film-coated tablets has improved, and the risk of defects has significantly decreased.Conclusion. During the study, it was proved that transferring the film coating process to another piece of equipment can improve the quality of the resulting film-coated tablets and optimize the technological process. A multiple increase in the loading size is not carried out at the same time by changing the number of nozzles and the inner section of the hose for applying the film coating material.

Mechanical simulation analysis of an electric scroll compressor

Abstract As a precision automotive component, electric scroll compressors have high requirements for reliability. In order to save the cost of environmental testing and shorten the market cycle of new products, the modal parameters of a compressor are measured, and the first six modal parameters are obtained. Secondly, the simplified finite element model of the compressor is established, modal analysis is carried out, and the modal frequency error obtained by the two methods is controlled within a reasonable range to ensure the accuracy of the modeling. Finally, based on the established simulation model, the structural response and stress of the compressor under various working conditions, such as sinusoidal vibration and random vibration, are analyzed, and the extreme values of displacement and stress are obtained. The results show that the structural design of the compressor meets the requirements of the environmental test of on-board equipment. The test and simulation methods used in this paper also have certain reference significance for other mechanical equipment.

Towards Sustainable Consumption: Quantitative Insights into Consumer Behaviour on Circular Food Products

Abstract The concept of Circular Food Products, focusing on sustainability and waste minimization throughout the production and consumption cycle, has garnered significant attention recently. This research aims to provide empirical insights into factors influencing consumer behaviour regarding sustainability in the food industry. Using quantitative analysis techniques such as the questionnaire to measure attitudes, preferences and behaviours among consumers, and employing structural modeling for the collected data, the study yields important findings that advance knowledge in sustainable food consumption. These findings promote environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices within the food industry and among consumers. One key finding is the low level of consumer awareness about circular food products and their benefits. Perceptions varied, with some viewing these products as innovative and eco-friendly, while others considered them inferior to conventional products. This suggests the need for effective marketing campaigns to shape consumer awareness and perception of circular food products. Additionally, the research highlighted varying levels of awareness regarding the environmental impact of food production and consumption, with some consumers demonstrating strong concern for sustainability.These insights underscore the importance of targeted marketing and education to enhance consumer understanding and acceptance of circular food products, ultimately supporting the shift towards more sustainable consumption patterns.

Design considerations of a new freezer construction in the tubular ice machine by experimental study

The need to improve the structure of components to create a new system compacter and cheaper, but still ensuring the system's consistent operation is always necessary and urgent. This study found the consistent of a new integrated freezer construction in the tubular ice machine by experimental study. The measuring instruments were been set for this air-cooled experimental model to validate the system stability when integrating the freezer, accumulator and heat exchanger into an integrated freezer. At a typical experiment 50 Hz inverter control, the R404a refrigerant used to evaporate at −15 °C, achieved the duration of total ice production cycle is around 29.5 min whereas the duration of ice production process takes around 24.5 min (rated 2.88 min/°C) and the defrost takes 5 min. The experimental coefficient of performance decreases from 1.77 to 1.51 and gets averagely 1.55 in the ice production process. From three others experimental results, coefficient of performance, the duration of ice production process, and saturation temperature of refrigerant in freezer change corresponding to the supplied power by inverter control for compressor.