Cycle Of Deprivation Research Articles

The Cycle of Deprivation: Myths and Misconceptions

The year 2006 marked the 30th anniversary of the publication of Michael Rutter and Nicola Madge's Cycles of Disadvantage (1976). As such, it provides an opportunity to take stock of debates over an alleged cycle of deprivation, both in the 1970s, and more recently. This article seeks to use historical methods in order to outline some areas in which a historical perspective can add significantly to existing knowledge on this topic of enduring interest. In particular, it explores five myths or misconceptions: firstly, that we know the origins of the cycle of deprivation hypothesis, secondly, that we know what happened in the course of the Research Programme, thirdly, that the Department of Health and Social Security supported the research; fourthly, that social scientists were interested in the cycle hypothesis and lastly, that there has been significant progress since 1976.

Underclass: a history of the excluded, 1880-2000

Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Regulating the Residuum 2 A Trojan Horse 3 In Search of the Social Problem Group 4 The Invention of the Problem Family 5 Chasing the Culture of Poverty 6 Sir Keith Joseph and the Cycle of Deprivation 7 Uncovering the Underclass - America 8 Uncovering the Underclass - Britain 9 Social Exclusion and Cycles of Disadvantage 10 Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.

From Transmitted Deprivation to Social Exclusion: Policy, Poverty, and Parenting. By John Welshman.

John Welshman's book is a thorough and fascinating study of the history of poverty and policy from the mid-twentieth century to the early twenty-first tracing the links between Keith Joseph's 1972 ‘cycle of deprivation’ speech and his use of the concept of ‘transmitted deprivation’ and Tony Blair's 2006 speech on tackling ‘a hard core underclass’ and New Labour's use of the concept of ‘social exclusion’. The book explores the remarkable similarities in the content of the two speeches despite their contrasting contexts and the differences between the individuals who delivered them. The book is divided into three parts. The first describes the background to Keith Joseph's speech and his hypothesis of the ‘cycle of deprivation’. The details of Joseph's enduring interest in ‘problem families’ are explored within the policy context of the 1970s. The second part analyses the establishment and content of the joint Department of Health and Social Security/Social Science Research Council Working Party and Research Programme on Transmitted Deprivation between 1974 and 1982, the relationship between researchers on poverty, the different approaches of civil servants and the response of social scientists more widely to the research outputs of the SSRC. The third section analyses the explicit links between the Research Programme and New Labour policy initiatives around child poverty, anti-social behaviour and social exclusion. Welshman's focus is on Britain but he discusses the influence of American research on poverty. Previous accounts of research into poverty in the 1970s, especially by Alan Deacon, have focussed on published sources. Welshman utilises the techniques of a social historian to use archival sources, including the files on the Research Programme at the National Archives, together with Keith Joseph's papers and contemporary newspapers, particularly The Times, and 16 oral interviews with former civil servants and social scientists including Tessa Blackstone, Adrian Sinfield, Harriet Wilson, Peter Townsend and Robin Wendt. Welshman uses these sources to write an intellectual history of the cycle speech and the Research Programme and describes how the cycle of deprivation has made an impact on New Labour theories. In doing so he fills an important gap in social policy.

From the Cycle of Deprivation to Social Exclusion: Five Continues

One important aspect of Tony Blair's speech on social exclusion, given to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in York on 5 September 2006, has been ignored‐that its content was prefigured by Sir Keith Joseph, in his famous ‘cycle of deprivation’ speech, on 29 June 1972. This article seeks to explore these continuities over the past thirty‐four years, tracing similarities and differences between the two speeches. Moreover, it also reflects on the earlier Joseph speech and subsequent Research Programme, to see where government policies on social exclusion might lead. The article argues that while earlier writers have acknowledged the intellectual debt that New Labour owes to Joseph, and noted similarities between current policy approaches to child poverty and earlier debates about transmitted deprivation, recent moves on social exclusion mean that these continuities are now more striking than ever before.

Endophyte infection accelerates morpho‐physiological responses to water deficit in tall fescue

Endophyte‐infected (E+) tall fescue plants are usually more persistent under water deficit than endophyte‐free plants (E‐). The reason for this is still unclear because of conflicting reports about growth and water status variables. A glasshouse experiment was carried out to compare morpho‐physiological responses of E+ and E‐ tall fescue plants to water deficit during a cycle of water deprivation and recovery. Under non‐limiting conditions total dry mass per container was higher in E+ plants than in E‐ plants. However, no differences were found between endophyte treatments in root:shoot ratio, water status or in reducing sugar content of leaf blades or tiller bases. Under water limiting conditions an accelerated response to water deficit was observed in E+ plants. The relatively steeper growth cessation as well as higher leaf and root senescence in E+ than in E‐ were linked with a higher accumulation of sugars within the stem base of E+ plants which also tended to show a more pronounced decrease in water potential. Under water limiting conditions relative root: shoot ratio tended to decrease in E+ while remaining unchanged in E—. Following re‐irrigation, a general recovery in growth and water status variables was observed. A simple explanation is proposed to reconcile our results with previous reports, although further research is needed.

Psychiatric morbidity among women prisoners newly committed and amongst remanded and sentenced women in the Irish prison system.

To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, substance misuse problems and related health and social problems among women prisoners newly committed and a cross-section remanded and sentenced in the Irish prison population. In 2002 women represented 10.7% (1043) of all persons committed to the Irish Prison system, and 3.3% (104) of the daily average number of persons in custody. We surveyed psychiatric morbidity in these two groups to assess the need for psychiatric services for women prisoners, and to compare Irish morbidity with an international average. We interviewed 94 newly committed women prisoners within 72 hours of committal, representing approximately 9% of female committals per year. We also interviewed a cross sectional sample of 92 women, representing approximately 90% of all women in custody. Mental illness and substance misuse was measured using the SADS-L, SODQ and a structured interview. Five (5.4%) of the committal and 5 (5.4%) of the cross-sectional sample had a psychotic illness within the previous six months. 8 (8.5%) of the committals and 15 (16.3%) of the women in the cross-sectional sample had a major depressive disorder in the last six months. 8 (8.6%) committals and 14 (15.2%) in the cross-sectional sample had an anxiety disorder within the last six months. 61 (65.6%) of the women interviewed at committal and 61 (65.2%) of the cross-sectional sample had a substance misuse problem in the last six months. There is a high prevalence of mental illness and substance misuse problems amongst women newly committed to prison and in a cross section of those remanded or sentenced in prison in Ireland. We found evidence of a cycle of deprivation and institutionalisation. These findings highlight the need for the integration of community and forensic psychiatric services, and for ongoing collaboration with drug services.

Out‐of‐home day care for families living in a disadvantaged area of London: economic evaluation alongside a RCT

Children born into poverty have lifelong disadvantages compared with those more fortunate; social interventions seek to break this cycle of poverty and deprivation. Early Years Centres are one such intervention. These were established in deprived areas in the UK to provide high quality out-of-home day care. This paper reports the results of an economic evaluation conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial of one of these centres in the Borough of Hackney, London. Participants were randomized to receive either high quality day care as provided by the centre or to other child care that they secured for themselves where they chose to do so. Information on resource use (early years education and care, as well as health and social care) was collected over an 18-month period; this was valued using appropriate unit costs. The cost of education, social and health care together with the value of productivity gains and out-of-pocket costs were then compared with the effectiveness of the intervention, increased labour force participant in mothers. From the societal perspective, the value of employment outweighs the costs of health and social services used, and in both groups there are cost savings. These are greater in the intervention group, therefore Early Years day care is an efficient use of resources. However, there is a net cost to the public sector of providing the intervention. The cost of achieving an additional mother in the labour force at 18 months is pound38 550 (85% CI of -pound1273, pound416 172). From the societal perspective, over an 18-month period, all child care is cost saving, but high quality day care provided by the Early Years Centre is a cost-effective alternative to day care provided by other local services in Hackney. The public sector, however, incurs added expense from this intervention.

Raising the ‘Meritocracy’

Theories of ‘individualization’ and ‘risk’ have shifted attention away from the material and structural roots of inequality and sanctioned a psychologized view of class distinctions in terms of personal qualities. This article will demonstrate how the association of disadvantage with a particular form of subjectivity is operationalized and institutionalized through a contemporary focus on childrearing practices. Discourses of ‘social exclusion’ construct working-class families as lacking in personal skills and moral responsibility, destined to transfer disadvantage to their children in a ‘cycle of deprivation’.This view underpins the current UK policy focus on parenting, characterized by state efforts to regulate and control the way children are brought up. Drawing on qualitative research with parents across a wide range of social backgrounds, this article will show how such an approach fails to recognize the socially and materially grounded nature of childrearing.

Financial Services: Financial Nous and the Cycle of Deprivation: What Role Can Credit Unions Play?

Financial Services: Financial Nous and the Cycle of Deprivation: What Role Can Credit Unions Play?

Stem and leaf water potentials, gas exchange, sap flow, and trunk diameter fluctuations for detecting water stress in lemon trees

The sensitivity of continuous (on a whole-day basis) and discretely (at midday) measured indicators of the plant water status in adult lemon trees in response to a cycle of water deprivation and recovery, and the feasibility of obtaining baselines for tree water status indicators was investigated in 30-year-old Fino lemon trees (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil.) grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstocks. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements in order to obtain non-limiting soil water conditions, while T1 plants were subjected to water stress by withholding irrigation for 50 days, after which time irrigation was restored and plant recovery was studied for 16 days. In T0 plants the water relations and the plant symptoms confirmed that they had not suffered waterlogging. In contrast, T1 plants showed a substantial degree of water stress, which developed very slowly. Maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) increased in response to water stress during the first 15 days of the experiment, but when the stem water potential (Ψstem) fell below −1.8 MPa, the MDS signal intensity decreased. However, Ψstem and sap flow (SF) signal intensities progressively increased during the water stress period. The results showed that MDS is a very suitable plant-based indicator for precise irrigation scheduling in adult lemon trees. Reference or baseline relationships for MDS, Ψstem, and SF measurements as a function of several parameters related to the evaporative demand of the atmosphere were obtained. This fact open up the possibility of considering a plant-based indicator measurement at a given time relative to the expected value under non-limiting water conditions, which can be calculated from the reference relationships.

KONSUMSI DAN EFISIENSI PAKAN PADA IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis) YANG DIPUASAKAN SECARA PERIODIK

The objective of the research was to find out the effect of repeating cycle of feed deprivation followed by fixed refeeding on the food consumption and feed efficiency of grouper Cromileptes altivelis. The experimental fish weight was 10.86 1.42 gram. The treatments included: (P1) group received repeating cycles of 1 day food deprivation followed by 2 days refeeding in 14 cycles, (P2) group received repeating cycle of 1 day food deprivation followed by 3 days refeeding in 10 cycles, (P3) group received repeating cycle of 1 day food deprivation followed by alternating 2 and 3 days refeeding in 12 cycles and, (K) group fed daily as control. Each treatment was assigned to 3 aquaria containing 150 l recirculated sea water according to completely randomized design. Twenty individuals were stocked in each aquaria. The fishes were fed with floating pellet twice a day at 09.00 and 15.00 to satiation for four weeks. Water quality was monitored. The results showed that repeating cycle of food deprivation followed by fixed refeeding affected food consumption and feed efficiency in grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Food consumption of fishes from treatment groups showed lower food consumption than control, but they showed higher daily food consumption and feed efficiency. This phenomenon could be applied in practical feeding management for application to mariculture.

KONSUMSI DAN EFISIENSI PAKAN PADA IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis) YANG DIPUASAKAN SECARA PERIODIK

The objective of the research was to find out the effect of repeating cycle of feed deprivation followed by fixed refeeding on the food consumption and feed efficiency of grouper Cromileptes altivelis. The experimental fish weight was 10.86 ± 1.42 gram. The treatments included: (P1) group received repeating cycles of 1 day food deprivation followed by 2 days refeeding in 14 cycles; (P2) group received repeating cycle of 1 day food deprivation followed by 3 days refeeding in 10 cycles; (P3) group received repeating cycle of 1 day food deprivation followed by alternating 2 and 3 days refeeding in 12 cycles and; (K) group fed daily as control. Each treatment was assigned to 3 aquaria containing 150 l recirculated sea water according to completely randomized design. Twenty individuals were stocked in each aquaria. The fishes were fed with floating pellet twice a day at 09.00 and 15.00 to satiation for four weeks. Water quality was monitored. The results showed that repeating cycle of food deprivation followed by fixed refeeding affected food consumption and feed efficiency in grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Food consumption of fishes from treatment groups showed lower food consumption than control, but they showed higher daily food consumption and feed efficiency. This phenomenon could be applied in practical feeding management for application to mariculture.

Ideology, Social Science, and Public Policy: The Debate over Transmitted Deprivation

In June 1972, Sir Keith Joseph, then Secretary of State for Social Services, referred in a speech to a ‘cycle of deprivation’, and a large-scale Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS)–Social Science Research Council (SSRC) Research Programme on Transmitted Deprivation was established. Earlier work has explored the cycle speech and Research Programme with regard to the history of the concept of the ‘underclass’, the career of Keith Joseph himself and his subsequent attitude to the SSRC, and in terms of the links with New Labour's focus on ‘cycles of disadvantage’. Nevertheless, in general, both have been neglected by historians. This article explores the origins of the 1972 speech, noting continuities between the cycle and Sir Keith's earlier concern with ‘problem families’, and placing it in the context of wider thinking on family planning and poverty. It traces the establishment of the DHSS–SSRC Research Programme, and examines tensions between civil servants and social science researchers, and within the SSRC itself. The article argues that the cycle speech and Research Programme are important and neglected aspects of contemporary history, illustrating significant continuities in late nineteenth and twentieth-century thought on poverty, and offering intriguing insights into the outlook of a generation of social scientists.

Measurement in vivo of the survival rate in autologous adipocyte transplantation.

Up until now, research on fat cells has been unable to prove their survival rate objectively in vivo. In this article, the first application of the cell surface marker PKH26 in the fat cells of rats is reported. In a study of 48 Lewis rats, this method enabled the objective stereometry of viable and necrotic grafts after variable follow-up times in groups of eight animals each. The best survival rate was 30.41 percent, and the best implantation site was the interscapular subcutis. During follow-up, a characteristic change in size of the viable fat cells matched the in vitro findings of various investigators. Because of the surface marking, it could be proved that the viable cells found after 6 months were transplanted cells that had undergone a cycle of fat deprivation and regaining. This is proof of the cell survival theory postulated by Peer in 1950.

The Center for Children and Families at Risk: A Facilitating Environment

The Centers for Children and Families at Risk are family treatment settings which were established by the Ministry of Welfare in Israel, in cooperation with the Ashalim Division of the Joint Distribution Committee in Jerusalem. Their purpose was to provide an alternative option to the removal of children from their homes and to create a “home away from home” experience. A multidisciplinary staff acts as an extended family who provides the “good-enough mothering” and “holding” that is the basis of D.W. Winnicott’s idea of the “facilitating environment.” In this article, the author discusses how a special model of therapy developed from an ongoing dialogue between the staff and families who were accepted into treatment. As a result, an attempt is made to transform an ongoing cycle of deprivation and violence into a sense of feeling “lovable” and then, hopefully, “love able.”

Social deprivation and educational underachievement: lessons from London

A study by the OECD in 2001 indicated that the UK had one of the strongest links between social deprivation and educational underachievement. This article uses original analysis to report a close correlation over the period 1997‐2001 between educational achievement in the London boroughs and various indicators of the extent of social deprivation in those boroughs. When the data are further disaggregated in terms of “inner” and “outer” London locations of those boroughs the so‐called “cycle of deprivation” hypothesis is supported still more strongly. The article goes on to discuss the implications of these results for broader policy issues such as central government use of the “standards fund” to target finance to the more deprived schools and the recently announced government decision to appoint a commissioner to improve standards in London schools.

Education: breaking the cycle of deprivation, DFES Research Conference, 12 November 2002

Education: breaking the cycle of deprivation, DFES Research Conference, 12 November 2002

The cycle of deprivation and the concept of the underclass

In drawing on the concept of social exclusion, New Labour has been keen to distance itself from the longer-term ‘underclass’ discourse. At the same time, phrases such as ‘cycle of deprivation’ and ‘problem families’ are used with little sense of their earlier history. This article examines Sir Keith Joseph’s theory of the ‘cycle of deprivation’ with regard to the longer-term history of the idea of an underclass. It argues that the cycle of deprivation can be seen as a chronological stepping-stone between related ideas. Nevertheless there are also important differences between the problem family, cycle of deprivation, and underclass formulations.

From the ‘cycle of enrichment’ to the ‘cycle of deprivation’: Sir Keith Joseph, ‘problem families’ and the transmission of disadvantage

By the time he became Secretary of State for Social Services in June 1970, Sir Keith Joseph had a long-standing interest in child poverty, ‘problem families’ and social deprivation. This article traces the origins of Sir Keith’s concern with the ‘cycle of deprivation’ and examines the development of his thinking on the subject before 1970. It then discusses the immediate background to his keynote speech to the Pre-School Playgroups Association in June 1972. The final section examines why Sir Keith chose (or was obliged) to return to the theme of a putative ‘cycle of deprivation’ on several occasions between the Conservative defeat of February 1974 and his death in December 1994.

Falling behind? Research on transmitted deprivation

The idea of a ‘cycle of deprivation’, posited by the late Sir Keith Joseph, is again shaping policy in Whitehall. The authors question the extent to which the reappearance of Joseph’s ideas of a transmission of disadvantage between generations is justified by research. Three bodies of evidence are reviewed: studies of mobility; life-course analysis; and research that unravels the possible processes that produce intergenerational transmission. They conclude that, while intergenerational continuities exist, their apparent scale is magnified by the dynamics of social mobility. Evidence as to the mechanisms involved is fragile but hints that family processes are only important in the context of low income, and that education both propels social advance and traps the disadvantaged.