Cycle In Europe Research Articles

Monetary Union and the Outsiders : A Cointegration – Codependence Analysis of Business Cycles in Europe

On propose dans cet article une analyse en termes de coïntégration-codépendance des indices de prix et des niveaux de production parmi les pays membres de l'Union européenne au cours de la période 1983-1994. Il apparaît que les réponses aux innovations cycliques deviennent coordonnées après trois mois, et que chaque pays étudié enregistre un cycle des affaires correspondant à l'une ou l’autre des trois phases possibles du cycle. Cela suggère que neuf pays étudiés présentent un degré suffisant de convergence des principaux indicateurs macroéconomiques, rendant possible leur participation à l'Union monétaire. Ce résultat a des implications quant à la faisabilité d'un scénario dans lequel un «noyau dur» de pays respectent les critères du traité de Maastricht tandis que d'autres n’y satisfont pas. Notre analyse suggère qu’il existe peu de différences parmi les «insiders» présumés et trois pays, considérés comme des «outsiders», du point de vue de la coordination de leur cycle des affaires.

Identification of a natural cycle involving Rickettsia typhi infection of Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas from the nests of the fat dormouse (Glis glis).

In a mountainous area in the Dinaric Beech-Fir Forest of southern Slovenia, summer nests of the European fat dormouse (Glis glis) were collected. From these dormouse nests, 180 Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas were examined by polymerase chain reaction with primers for the Rickettsia citrate synthase gene. Samples from one nest yielded the expected 381 base pair DNA product. The origin of the DNA product was identified as Rickettsia typhi by AluI restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Inoculation of the triturated positive fleas into Vero cell culture resulted in the cultivation of a rickettsia which reacted with polyclonal and species-specific monoclonal antibodies for R. typhi. The widespread distribution of this sylvatic flea species in nearly all of Europe as well as in the Middle East and its presence on other mammalian and avian hosts suggests that R. typhi might exist in unrecognised enzootic cycles. Further investigations are needed to determine the extent of these cycles in Europe and the potential occurrence of human infections.

Sources of business cycles in Europe: 1960–1988. Evidence from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom

This paper investigates the sources of macroeconomic fluctuations in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, since 1960. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks are identified by assuming that in the long-run output and employment are only affected by aggregate supply innovations. The empirical results show that aggregate demand shocks bear significant responsibility for business cycles, providing evidence against strong versions of equilibrium business cycle models. However, aggregate supply shocks are also found to be important for short-run fluctuations.

The phases and cycles of the orogenic movements

STILLE'S conception of phases seems to be widely accepted in Japan as well as in Europe. There are, however, many different opinions about the intensities and durations of the bretonic, sudetic and asturic phases, the main phases of the Variscan (Hercynian) orogeny, which have been proposed by STILLE in 1920. These phases in Germany do not always mean very short and intense earth-movements as analyzed by BUBNOFF (1931). Many phases have been reported in Japan; for example, more than ten phases in the Cretaceous period (MATSUMOTO, 1967). That means that the rate of the occurrence of the phases is one per 5 million years on the average. We need precise age determination to correlate the phases among different continents.The cycles of the events in the orogenic zones are good means to correlate the orogenies among different continents. There are, however, some confusions about the conceptions of the orogenic cycles in Japan. The conceptions of the KRAUS's cycle (1927), KOBAYASHI's cycle (or series) (1941), STILLE'S geotectonic cycle (1924) and BUBNOFF'S great cycle (1959) must be distinguished with each other. In Europe we can easily recognize the Paleo-, Meso-and Neo-europe. Therefore the Caledonian, Variscan and Alpine Ara (STILLE, 1928) can be easily distinguished. However, we cannot separate the strata of the Variscan geosyncline into two similar cyclic series of sedimentation to each other; the Caledonian and Variscan cyclic series of sedimentation. The cycles of the events, for example the cycles of the sedimentary facies, must be studied to correlate a orogenic cycle in a continent to another cycle in another continent. There are too many phases in the world. We cannot correlate the cycles only by the phases. Moreover, the end of an orogenic cycle in an orogenic zone is not usually contemporaneous with the beginning of the “next” cycle in the adjacent orogenic zone. Cycles are usually overlapped in age.Angular unconformities are generally thought to show short and intense earthmovements. Some angular unconformities in Japan, however, do not mean the short and intense earth-movements. They have been probably formed by local, but secular earthmovements with the coordination of the regression and transgression which covered the wide area of East Asia. Besides the angular unconformities, the sedimentary facies-change, deformation of strata, and metamorphism and granite-intrusion are used for the recognition of the phases. However, we need precise and comprehensive study to determine the age and intensities of the phases.According to such data for the sedimentary facies-change, the deformation of strata and the age and the metamorphism and others, KOBAYASHI'S (1941) Akiyoshi and Sakawa series of oronization can be recognized in Japan, although there are some opponets. The oldest strata in the Chichibu geosyncline is those of the Silurian. Submarine volcanism was intense during the Devonian and early Carboniferous period. The Akiyoshi series of earth-movements occurred principally in the northern part of the geosyncline during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time, and the Sakawa series principally in the southern part during the late Mesozoic time. The Akiyoshi series of earth-movements began at least in the Permian, was intense in the Triassic and continued to the Jurassic period. The duration of the orogenic cycle from the Silurian to the Jurassic (from the beginning of the geosyncline to the end of the series of the earth-movements) is clearly different from that of the Variscan cycle in Europe. Therefore, we cannot correlate two cyles in view of the duration. Were orogenic cycles produced by the particular agencies for the continents, or produced by one agency which formed an orogenic cycle in one continent earlier and migrated to another continent forming another cycle later ? Such questions, however, remain unsolved.

What’s Left of the Business Cycle in Europe?

What’s Left of the Business Cycle in Europe?

Eocene and Oligocene Sedimentary Cycles in New Zealand

Abstract Neritic deposits of Eocene and Oligocene age, partly underlain by coal measures, occur over large areas of south-west Auckland, west Nelson and north Westland, and north-east Otago (Waitaki). The well described deposits of south-west Auckland and Waitaki consist of sedimentary units bounded by unconformities and each containing distinctive fossils. Each sedimentary unit reflects an increase, each unconformity a decrease, in depth of sea, and the successions represent cycles of deposition and non-deposition or erosion. The succession of cycles in Waitaki matches that in south-west Auckland. The early Tertiary of Nelson and Westland has not been fully described but seems to contain comparable sedimentary cycles. The changes in sea depth could have been caused either by essentially uniform vertical tectonic oscillations of virtually the whole of New Zealand, or by eustatic sea-level fluctuations. If eustatic sea-level fluctuations occurred they should have affected strata of the same age and facies throughout the world. Eocene and Oligocene cycles have been described in Western Europe and in the Gulf Coast area of North America, and formations of the same age described in Victoria, Australia, can be interpreted as sedimentary cycles. Correlations by planktonic Foraminifera, as yet imperfect, suggest that the sequences of cycles in Europe, North America, and Australia can be matched with the sequence in New Zealand.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) VI. Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

Aphidecta obliterata (L.) is a common predator on conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids in Western Europe, including Scandinavia and the British Isles (Wylie, 1958b). The life cycle in Europe and descriptions of the various stages have been published (Weise, 1892; Portevin, 1931; Van Emden, 1949; Van Dinther, 1951; Wylie, 1958a). Beginning in 1941 several attempts have been made to introduce this species into Eastern Canada against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). The initial liberations from England and Germany were apparently unsuccessful due to the inability of the insect to survive the Canadian winter conditions. Later collections were made in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland (Table I) from areas where the winter conditions more closely resemble those in Canada. These liberations also proved unsuccessful. The present paper brings together all available information on the liberations and related experiments olbtained during the liberation years.