Cyber Warfare Research Articles

True Research on Super Artificial Intelligence Computer Based Satellite Deep Tech Artificial Telepathic, Neurotechnology or Mind Controller and Wireless Direct Energy Weapon, Psychotronic Cyber Crime Technologies

Wireless Remote Neural Monitoring: Bridging the Gap between Brain and Technology In the field of Neuroscience and technological advancements, the concept of Deep Tech Satellite Wireless Neural Monitoring technology has emerged as a ground breaking innovation. Which has been developed to read and understand the human brain and interact with it, which is also a wireless Direct Energy weapon. These Satellite Surveillance Criminal Operators are using this Wireless Psychotronic Neuro technology on a large scale against citizens.. Cyber criminals have started taking the help of technologies like Deep tech, satellite wireless Artificial Telepathy technology and wireless Neuro technology Bio Electro Magnetic Weapon. This is illegal deep tech satellite Neuro technology Or Mind controller technology and synthetic telepathic technology which is a psychotronic weapon and Hypnotic technology. These are deep tech satellite technologies that are used to harm and control citizens from a distance. Microwave hearing, also known as Voice to Skull [V2K]. This is Brain manipulation and Silent weapon satellite technology. This Satellite Super Artificial Intelligence [AI] Computer Or Super Computer is a Big Engineering. It is also a satellite surveillance Direct Energy weapon [Non-Contact Weapon]and Radiation weapon with which these Satellite Surveillance criminal operators carry out Physical and Cyber-attacks on citizens. Satellite Surveillance criminal operators and Cyber criminals do business worth several trillion dollars through this illegal satellite deep tech technology. This true research has been done to protect citizens from illegal deep tech satellite surveillance technology and Cyber terrorism.

Иран на пути к региональной интеграции: политические и экономические аспекты взаимоотношений с государствами-членами ШОС

The article examines Iran’s relationship with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), analyses the process of establishing cooperation with the member states of this organization, primarily Russia and China, in the field of regional security, as well as the political and economic spheres. The history of Iran’s inclusion in the SCO, the dynamics of cooperation, as well as the impact of this interaction on regional and world politics are explored. The focus is on joint projects, diplomatic, trade and economic relations, as well as potential challenges and prospects for cooperation between Iran and the SCO. The work notes that Iran’s desire for full membership in this organization was reinforced by the confrontation with the leading Western powers led by the United States and fit into the framework of Eastern policy with the prospect of an alliance with Russia and China. It is emphasized that due to opposition to Iran’s desire to strengthen its independence and sovereignty, Western powers prevented its inclusion in the regional or international security architecture. Under these conditions, Iran has intensified its efforts in search of its place in the international security system, relying on the idea of national identity and drawing closer to Russia and China. It is noted that the negative consequences of sanctions, threats of military intervention, cyber warfare and attempts to destabilize the Islamic regime were the main methods of Western policy towards Iran. Based on this, accession to the SCO was considered by the Iranian leadership as the most important task to neutralize Western sanctions and become one of the leaders in the regional security system.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Cybersecurity

The increasing complexity of cyber attacks necessitates defenses that are as sophisticated. The field ofcyber security is changing dramatically thanks to artificial intelligence (AI), which carries both unanticipated hazardsand enormous possibilities. Cybersecurity has become a major concern in the digital age. It's typical to hear about databreaches, captcha cracking, and other occurrences of a similar nature that affect millions of people and organizations.As digital transformation continues, organizations are becoming more aware of the benefits that modern technologyoffers. However, there is a higher possibility of cyber security threats and attacks with increased technology use.Consequently, increasingly complex defenses are needed to counter ever-evolving threats. One potential solution is theuse of artificial intelligence (AI). The findings showed that artificial intelligence (AI) can improve cyber security atevery level of the procedure, leading to improved automation, threat intelligence, and cyber protection. These findingsdemonstrate how AI improves cyber security by increasing efficacy and resilience.

Law in orbit: International legal perspectives on cyberattacks targeting space systems

Space sector systems enable numerous critical functions and are often integrated into existing telecommunications infrastructure to enhance network connectivity coverage and capacity. Amid escalating cyber threats, this paper examines the application of international law to cyber operations targeting space infrastructure, addressing a critical gap in discourse. While declarations by global entities affirm the applicability of international law to cyberattacks, the complexities of cyberspace, compounded by the unique aspects of space infrastructure, pose challenges in implementation. Recognizing the absence of global cyber law and a lack of customary international law regarding cyber operations on space infrastructure, this study provides one of the first legal examinations via case analysis of cyberattacks on space infrastructures, both terrestrial and orbital, through the lens of international humanitarian law, the law of armed conflict, and outer space law. This paper adopts a comprehensive approach, considering perspectives from differing national stances as we review three main principles of international law: the general principle of sovereignty, the prohibition of intervention, and the prohibition of the use of force. Based on our analysis of three hypothetical but realistic cyber operation scenarios, international law can apply to cyberattacks on space infrastructure, and violations can occur if all conditions of a given law are met and attribution can be made to a state actor. Yet, applying these laws in a cyber context has proven to cause some complexities and disagreements, and it would be a mistake to ignore the reality that there is still significant ambiguity and varying interpretations, which could impede the unequivocal enforcement and application of these laws in such scenarios.

Exploring South Africa’s Cybersecurity Legal Framework regulating Information Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability

The discussion critically evaluates the effectiveness of laws dealing with cyber threats within the context of the South African cybersecurity landscape. It deals with the legal response to non-state cyber operations to national security and law enforcement by means of the domestic law and not with state or state-sponsored cyber operations which falls within the remit of the international law. Globally the digital ecosystems of all countries face a common denominator, namely the threat of cyber operations and how to deal with it effectively. There are various cyber operations, but the discussion mainly deals with cyber operations that target the confidentiality, availability and integrity of information and the effectiveness of the South African cybersecurity legislation in protecting information. The effectiveness of the following legislation will be deliberated: • The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) 4 of 2013. POPIA does not define a data breach, nor does it indicate the time in which the breach must be reported to the Information Regulator (IR). In 2021 the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (Department) suffered a ransomware attack. The breach was reported to the IR. In July 2023 the Department became the first institution to be fined for failure to comply with an enforcement notice. • The Cybercrimes Act 119 of 2021. The ransomware attack suffered by the Department in 2021 constitutes a cybercrime, but how effective is the Cybercrimes Act to facilitate the investigation and prosecution of the threat actor(s) who orchestrated the attack? Should there not be guidelines in respect of a ransomware attack prescribing a compulsory reporting obligation or discouraging payment of ransom. The first line of defense to offensive non-state cyber operations is a robust and resilient cybersecurity legal framework. Although a government cannot eliminate all possible threats, it can mitigate the risks, and this can be achieved by means of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy. A country should have a cybersecurity strategy and it will be determined if for example the 2023 United States of America cybersecurity strategy could serve as guidance to South Africa. Why is your paper of interest to the conference participants? Use this space to persuade the reviewers why they should select this abstract for the conference : In today’s digital world, one cannot ignore the importance of cybersecurity. One single security breach may result in the exposure of the personal information of millions of people. Cybersecurity legislation is therefore essential to ensure the protection of government departments, institutions, businesses and individuals against malicious cyber operations.

Cyber Operations in Peace and War: A Framework for Persistent Engagement

During 1990s, the concept of information warfare (IW) and information operations (including cyber operations, psychological operations, and electronic warfare) could be conducted with varying intensity across all stages of peace and conflict. At that time, many of the concepts related to cyber operations were still hypothetical. Subsequently, conflicts and competition between states have demonstrated the capabilities and limitations of cyber operations. Research emerging in 2022 by multiple authors demonstrate the limitations and usage of offensive cyber operations and maintaining a sustainable military cyber capability, as well as proposing alternative models for conflict in cyberspace. Alongside this, there has been increased attention on the impact of ICTs on international security and the responsible behaviour of nation-states in cyberspace. There is still ambiguity and different perspectives on the application of international law in cyberspace. This uncertainty disrupts the original models of IW and warfare, which assumed clear distinctions amongst the conflict stages. Both the discourse of ICTs in international security and recent conflict necessitate a reconsideration of the decades-old view of IW in times of peace, war and the grey zone in between. This paper proposes a framework for the roles of cyber operations across the stages of conflict based on contemporary perspectives on the utility of cyber operations as well as practical examples. In rethinking the IW model, a multidisciplinary view is required, considering the technical, legal, social and international security perspectives.

Bibliometric Analysis of Cyber Warfare Research in Africa: Landscape and Trends

As the digital landscape continues to evolve, cyber warfare has emerged as a prominent domain of warfare, with superpower nations actively demonstrating their capabilities in the cyberspace. This study posits that African countries exhibit a relative lag in research and development of cyber warfare capabilities, as evidenced by the absence of African nations in the National Cyber Power Index released by the Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs in 2022. To address this knowledge gap, this paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of cyber warfare research and development within the African continent. The analysis aims to illuminate research productivity, performance, science mapping, and key contributors at both national and institutional levels. It seeks to uncover thematic trends, pinpoint key research areas, and identify research connections within the African context. This research evaluates the African continent's research participation and development in the cyber and/or information warfare domain over the past 23 years. The analysis encompasses scholarly articles and conference proceedings published between 2000 and 2023, utilizing Scopus as the primary data source. Preliminary findings suggest that cyber warfare research in Africa is concentrated in a limited number of countries, with South Africa emerging as the leading contributor. A comparative analysis further reveals that developed countries generally outpace African nations in cyber warfare research and development, corroborating the rankings presented in the National Cyber Power Index (NCPI) and Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI).

Recognising Cyber Blockades as Crimes Against Humanity: Can International Criminal Law Keep Up?

As a result of the heavily digitalised world on top of our increasing online presence and interconnectedness, states and civilian populations are becoming more and more vulnerable to cyber attacks. It is thus imperative to examine the dangers large scale cyber attacks pose with respect to their contribution to potential human suffering. As such, these large scale cyber attacks, especially a cyber blockade, may be able to constitute an international crime. The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court announced at the Digital Front Lines conference that his office is willing to investigate cyber operations as potential war crimes given that they are capable of causing severe consequences akin to kinetic warfare. (Yoon Onn, 2023) This is the first significant step towards recognising the harmful effects of malicious cyber operations as international crimes. However, not only is the Rome Statute itself silent on cyber operations as potential international crimes, the ICC has not yet seen a case concerning malicious cyber activities as either a war crime or as a crime against humanity. As such, the central question the paper seeks to answer is whether the Rome Statute could potentially encompass cyber blockades as the crime against humanity of “other inhumane acts” under Article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute. The paper looks at crimes against humanity for three reasons: firstly, Karim Khan KC has already touched on cyber attacks potentially prosecuted as war crimes, as mentioned above, thus the knowledge gap is gradually being bridged with respect to war crimes. Secondly, there is an absence of any regulatory framework should a cyber blockade be unleashed in peacetime, where international humanitarian principles do not apply. Thirdly, establishing a cyber blockade as a crime against humanity would lead to greater individual criminal responsibility as opposed to a war crimes conviction. This, in turn, would send a strong deterrent message in both war and peace.

Can You Give Me a Lift?

Static Analysis (SA) is the practice of examining computer program source code for errors or vulnerabilities outside the compiler’s capabilities. To carry out Static Analysis on computer programs, various tools exist that parse and examine each line for known issues. These tools do not compile the program, nor do they run the program. Instead, they analyse the source code directly and infer properties about the program without executing it - thus “static” analysis. Static analysis is not new. Early UNIX contained a program called “lint” for static analysis; a tool that has now existed since the late 1970s (Johnson 1978). Increasingly, however, modern static analysis practices indicate a more focused intent; find cybersecurity weaknesses. At the 22nd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, the authors presented the background of Intermediate Representations (IRs) and described how this “middleware” representation can be utilized for static analysis of source code for cybersecurity weaknesses. By examining an IR, potential flaws in the source code can be located. When utilizing the IR as opposed to the original high-level language, the static analysis process becomes independent of the original source language; if several languages such as C, Rust, and others all compile into the same IR, static analysis of the IR allows the analysis process to no longer be tied to the high-level language grammar or syntax. The previous paper implemented a literature survey of available IR analysis tools to discover prior work; the authors have subsequently advanced the research and are actively using an IR framework, LLVM, for vulnerability analysis. In this research, source code in a high-level language is first compiled to LLVM and the resulting IR is used for analysis. This approach uses a “code-to-IR” SA analysis preparation paradigm. At the same time, there is the potential for binary “lifters” to be used. These tools “lift” an executable program – binary machine instructions – back to LLVM. In this way, the paradigm can also be reversed such that static analysis of LLVM can be performed on source code compiled into LLVM, or on executable programs in the field that are “lifted”. This begs: how effective are these “lifters”? In this work, the authors present experiences in installation and operation of several binary “lifters” available as open-source projects. Some are supported better than others, some operate better than others, and some don’t operate at all. Those that do lead to the follow-up: Is the “lifted” code suitable for static analysis, or is it too obfuscated relative to the original program? This paper describes just that – our efforts and results in locating a binary “lifter” suitable for bringing executable program test cases back to LLVM for analysis by the cybersecurity vulnerability tool concurrently under development.

Bahrun Naim’s Hacking Manifesto: How A Historical Model of Cyber Threat Mischaracterization Helps Us Diffuse a Dead Cyberterrorist Influencer

The late Bahrun Naim is generally considered one of the most recognizable names of historical Indonesian cyber terrorist actors, where he continues to be characterized as a “computer guru” and hacker who supported Indonesian extremist and Islamic State hacking. This paper is the first reexamination of Naim’s lengthy e-book manifesto chapters on hacking, finding that most of the tutorial demonstrations on hacking tools readers might believe Naim performed were screen shots of other online content that Naim appeared to have plagiarized. This practitioner’s paper suggests that Naim is a historical model of cyber threat mischaracterization, questioning who Naim was signaling with his hacking manifesto and why so many audiences including cyber threat analysts may have been influenced by reports on him. This paper evaluates Naim’s native and researched technical knowledge based on his manifesto, suggesting the perception of Naim’s native technical knowledge may have been embellished. This paper offers a conceptual interdisciplinary model for practitioners and researchers evaluating cyberterrorists’ technical pedigrees and social environments. This model can also be applied to countering the range of cyber warfare including narrative warfare conducted by cyberterrorists, often revealing shortcomings in the mythos of cyberterrorists’ influence and technical skills.

The Legal Status and Targeting of Hacker Groups in the Russia-Ukraine Cyber Conflict

Abstract The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been characterized by a considerable number of cyber operations by States and non-State actors in support to either party to the conflict. One year since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the ‘Russia-Ukraine cyber conflict’ offers valuable insights for estimating the effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law in regulating the status and the conduct of individuals engaging in cyberspace operations during wartime. By discussing the status of hackers groups and individuals who have conducted cyber operations in support of Ukraine, this Article claims that the relevance of the concept of combatancy is diminished in the cyber domain, and that the notion of direct participation in hostilities must be adapted to the specific features of cyberspace. Furthermore, the article focuses on the issues relating to the targeting of individual who directly participate in hostilities by conducting cyber operations in support of Ukraine. By doing so, the Article argues that cyber direct participants place themselves at an increased risk of being attacked, even though the Russian armed forces are limited in their targeting decisions by the principles of proportionality and precaution.

A Strategic Path for Digital Transformation in Cyber Warfare for African Militaries

Digital disruption has changed the battlefield and increased its complexity for the war fighter. The modern battlefield continues to increase this complexity, due to the evolution of components that constitute military capability. The technologies, processes and the users are such components. The modern battlefield relies on advanced technologies tapping on high connectivity, are more lethal, precise, and autonomous. Due to this evolution, areas once thought to be safe from conventional attacks are increasingly becoming vulnerable. This evolution of technology and shorter development curves have also increased the prominence of the cyberspace, as a domain of war. However, many militaries, especially in Africa are still operating legacy systems and struggling with modernizing their systems to take advantage of the digital evolution. This paper, therefore, uses a systematic literature review and benchmarking focusing on selected super cyber power nations’ indices to propose a strategic path for African militaries to drive digital transformation in their operational environments. The roadmap is proposed to stimulate the establishment and enhancement of African militaries’ cyber warfighting capabilities in the digital age. The objectives of this digital transformation path include establishing a digital backbone, where all the sensors, effectors and the deciders are plugged to share information and intelligence.

Human-Centered AI in Military Cyber Operations

Military Cyber Operations are an integral part of modern warfare and national security strategies as they crossed the science fiction realm, represent a real operational battlefield, and developed into an option in military toolboxes. Seeing ongoing technological advancements that allow the creation and use of complex mechanisms and technologies, the increasing digitalization of critical infrastructure, the growing abundance of data collected, generated, and exchanged between multiple parties, and the rise of stakeholders engaging in building and/or executing military Cyber Operations together with the increased number of such operations being conducted all over the globe reflects important lessons that need to be learned: the core element of such operations are humans: they build, acquire, execute, and assess them while also being impacted entities by them, e.g., through (psychological or physical) injury or death, or damage or destructions of human infrastructure. Moreover, the key process governing all the life cycle phases of military Cyber Operations is human decision-making or humanly assisted/augmented decision-making relying on advanced intelligent methods built with AI. Nevertheless, building and conducting military Cyber Operations should be done in a legal, responsible, and effective way implying a deep understanding of the context and adversary, proper target and cyber weapon selection, development, and use, and a clear overview of potential effects produced. These represent important aspects that should be properly defined and tackled in this domain. Hence, this research aims to introduce the Human-Centred AI concept and approach in the military cyber domain to illustrate ways to prioritize human involvement and interaction, human understanding, effective decision-making, and ethical considerations when building and conducting military Cyber Operations. To this end, an extensive literature review is conducted in the military, cyber, and AI domains together with instantiation on military Cyber Operations.

Towards Trustworthy AI-based Military Cyber Operations

Within the dynamic realm of contemporary warfare, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a transformative force that reshapes the ways and means used to strategize, execute, and assess military operations. In this journey, the use of AI spans functions and capabilities like intelligence analysis, target engagement decision-making support, weapon autonomy, and effects analytics. Concurrently, AI enhances, e.g., the effectiveness of military plans and capabilities having the potential to reducing risks to civilians, civilian objects, and military personnel. In this rapidly evolving arena, military Cyber Operations gained unprecedented prominence due to their intrinsic digital and cross-domain nature, speed, and became a clear option to achieving military goals, and a mature set of alternatives to conventional ones. Nonetheless, they need continuous assessment, deal with different uncertainty types produced by characteristics like anonymity and can imply psychological impact. Hence, such military operations demand meticulous planning, sophisticated execution, and a deep understanding of technical, military-legal, ethical, and strategic implications and consequences. This represents a direct call for building solutions that align the potential of AI with the responsible and safe conduct of military operations in the military cyber domain: building trustworthy AI-based military Cyber Operations. While incipient efforts to tackle important dimensions of such an approach exist in this domain, a direct and unified approach that unifies them as a commitment and artefact lacks. To tackle this knowledge gap, this research aims to build a bridge between the above-mentioned dimensions by proposing a working definition and framework for building trustworthy AI-based military Cyber Operations using the Design Science Research methodology.

SMRD: A Novel Cyber Warfare Modeling Framework for Social Engineering, Malware, Ransomware, and Distributed Denial-of-Service Based on a System of Nonlinear Differential Equations

Cyber warfare has emerged as a critical aspect of modern conflict, as state and non-state actors increasingly leverage cyber capabilities to achieve strategic objectives. The rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape demands robust and adaptive approaches to protect against advanced cyberattacks and mitigate their impact on national security. Traditional cyber defense strategies often struggle to keep pace with the rapidly changing threat landscape, resulting in the need for more robust and adaptive approaches to protect against advanced cyberattacks. This paper presents a novel cyber warfare modeling framework, Social Engineering, Malware, Ransomware, and Distributed Denial-of-Service (SMRD), capturing the interactions and interdependencies between these core components. The SMRD framework offers insights for enhancing cyber defense, threat prediction, and proactive measures. A mathematical model consisting of a system of nonlinear differential equations is proposed to quantify the relationships and dynamics between the components.

Evaluating the Impact of Different Feature as a Counter Data Aggregation approaches on the Performance of NIDSs and Their Selected Features

Abstract There is much effort nowadays to protect communication networks against different cybersecurity attacks (which are more and more sophisticated) that look for systems’ vulnerabilities they could exploit for malicious purposes. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) are popular tools to detect and classify such attacks, most of them based on ML models. However, ML-based NIDSs cannot be trained by feeding them with network traffic data as it is. Thus, a Feature Engineering (FE) process plays a crucial role transforming network traffic raw data onto derived one suitable for ML models. In this work, we study the effects of applying one such FE technique in different ways on the performance of two ML models (linear and non-linear) and their selected features. This the Feature as a Counter approach. The derived observations are computed from either with the same number of raw samples, (batch-based approaches) or by aggregating them by time intervals (timestamp-based approach). Results show that there is no significant differences between the proposed approaches neither in the performance of the models nor in the selected features that validate our proposal making it feasible to be widely used as a standard FE method.

New and actualised words with the <i>war</i> component in modern media discourse

Since the late 1990s, a number of new and actualised words and set expressions with the component war in their structure have appeared in the Russian-language mass media. For instance, we can give such linguistic units as examples: proksi-voyna/proksivoyna/proxy-voyna / English proxy war; kvazivoyna / English quasi war; kibervoyna / English cyber war; myatezhevoyna/myatezh-voyna / English insurgency; nedovoyna / English sub-war; para-war/para-voyna; poluvoyna / English semi-war; postvoyna / English post-war; gibridnaya v. / English hybrid war; setevaya v. / English network war; mentalnaya v. / English mental war; oposredovannaya v. / English proxy war; v. po dogovorennosti / English war by arrangement/proxy war; v. chuzhimi rukami / English proxy war, and others. The process is due to significant changes in the theory and practice of modern warfare and is primarily influenced by the English language. As a result, the basic meaning of war, i. e. ‘an armed struggle between states, nations, or social classes; military action’, has undergone some semantic widening. The article describes in detail the new English borrowing proxy war, as well as a few other new loanwords and derivatives formed from the word war and actualised lexemes with this component. The novelty of the study consists in the presentation of lexemes relevant in media discourse. They contain the word war in their composition, are related to the topic of modern interstate conflicts, and are not codified in dictionaries. The relevance is determined, on the one hand, by the high demand for these naming units in Russian-language mass media, and on the other hand, by the lack of their systematic linguistic description. The article aims to identify the range of words (containing the component war in their structure) significant for the Russian-language military and political discourse of the first twenty years of the 21st century. The other goals are to determine the mechanism of their appearance in the Russian language and characterise the semantic and stylistic features of these units. The paper draws conclusions about the role of English borrowing and actualisation in this process. Lexemes with the evaluative prefixes nedo-/sub-, polu-/ semi- and the initial components kvazi/quasi..., polu/half...) actualised in the modern extra-linguistic and linguistic context are members of the relevant word-formation patterns. The new anglicism proksi-voyna/proxy war is the semantic centre of this group. It indirectly, through the initial component proksi-/proxy-... in the meaning ‘relating to a proxy war, participating in its conduct’, influences the expansion of the vocabulary group associated with the new modern stage of interstate conflicts. Individual naming units have semantic doublets in the form of compound names. They also semantically converge with vocabulary outside this group. Changes in the semantics of the word war occur due to the loss of some features (an obligatory armed conflict, the absence of the conflict initiator on the enemy’s territory since the goal is to bring the enemy under control rather than to eliminate them, and so on) and the emergence of new ones (the use of new technical means, techniques, etc. of putting pressure on the enemy). The research material was obtained from the Integrum database, Google and Yandex resources. The study used classification in conjunction with descriptive, comparative, and componential analysis.

Highly secured authentication and fast handover scheme for mobility management in 5G vehicular networks

The Fifth Generation (5 G) networks exhibit high flexibility and diversity in their design and deployment strategies. Transitions between base stations (BSs), heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and other cellular networks provide significant vulnerabilities and expose users to substantial risks associated with cybersecurity attacks. This article evaluates current handover authentication methods in the context of 5 G networks while proposing a set of security criteria for handover authentication. This study presents a novel authentication technique called SHK (Secure Handover Key) that utilizes SDNs (Software Defined networks). The proposed scheme integrates recycled lightweight dynamic key cryptography and combines security features such as perfect forward secrecy and robustness to leakages. The significance of the proposed approach is assessed in terms of computations, communications, signals, and energy costs on 5 G mobility applications and Vehicular Communication Networks (VCNs). The scheme employed in this study demonstrates enhanced security measures and improved changeover performance compared to conventional schemes.

Adaptive activation Functions with Deep Kronecker Neural Network optimized with Bear Smell Search Algorithm for preventing MANET Cyber security attacks

ABSTRACT An Adaptive activation Functions with Deep Kronecker Neural Network optimized with Bear Smell Search Algorithm (BSSA) (ADKNN-BSSA-CSMANET) is proposed for preventing MANET Cyber security attacks. The mobile users are enrolled with Trusted Authority Using a Crypto Hash Signature (SHA-256). Every mobile user uploads their finger vein biometric, user ID, latitude and longitude for confirmation. The packet analyser checks if any attack patterns are identified. It is implemented using adaptive density-based spatial clustering (ADSC) that deems information from packet header. Geodesic filtering (GF) is used as a pre-processing method for eradicating the unsolicited content and filtering pertinent data. Group Teaching Algorithm (GTA)-based feature selection is utilized for ideal collection of features and Adaptive Activation Functions along Deep Kronecker Neural Network (ADKNN) is used to categorizing normal and attack packets (DoS, Probe, U2R, and R2L). Then BSSA is utilized for optimizing the weight parameters of ADKNN classifier for optimal classification. The proposed technique is executed in python and its efficiency is evaluated by several performances metrics, such as Accuracy, Attack Detection Rate, Detection Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. The proposed technique provides 36.64%, 33.06%, and 33.98% lower Detection Delay on NSL-KDD dataset compared with the existing methods.

Graphical Representation of UWF-ZeekData22 Using Memgraph

This work uses Memgraph, an open-source graph data platform, to analyze, visualize, and apply graph machine learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attack tactics in a newly created Zeek Conn log dataset, UWF-ZeekData22, generated in The University of West Florida’s cyber simulation environment. The dataset is transformed to a representative graph, and the graph’s properties studied in this paper are PageRank, degree, bridge, weakly connected components, node and edge cardinality, and path length. Node classification is used to predict the connection between IP addresses and ports as a form of attack tactic or non-attack tactic in the MITRE framework, implemented using Memgraph’s graph neural networks. Multi-classification is performed using the attack tactics, and three different graph neural network models are compared. Using only three graph features, in-degree, out-degree, and PageRank, Memgraph’s GATJK model performs the best, with source node classification accuracy of 98.51% and destination node classification accuracy of 97.85%.