Cyber-physical System Architecture Research Articles

RFID Application in a Multi-Agent Cyber Physical Manufacturing System

In manufacturing supply chains with labour-intensive operations and processes, individuals perform various types of manual tasks and quality checks. These operations and processes embrace engagement with various forms of paperwork, regulation obligations and external agreements between multiple stakeholders. Such manual activities can increase human error and near misses, which may ultimately lead to a lack of productivity and performance. In this paper, a multi-agent cyber-physical system (CPS) architecture with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is presented to assist inter-layer interactions between different manufacturing phases on the shop floor and external interactions with other stakeholders within a supply chain. A dynamic simulation model in the AnyLogic software is developed to implement the CPS-RFID solution by using the agent-based technique. A case study from cryogenic warehousing in cell and gene therapy has been chosen to test the validity of the presented CPS-RFID architecture. The analyses of the simulation results show improvement in efficiency and productivity, in terms of resource time-in-system.

Multilevel Simulation Methodology for FMECA Study Applied to a Complex Cyber-Physical System

Complex systems are composed of numerous interconnected subsystems, each designed to perform specific functions. The different subsystems use many technological items that work together, as for the case of cyber-physical systems. Typically, a cyber-physical system is composed of different mechanical actuators driven by electrical power devices and monitored by sensors. Several approaches are available for designing and validating complex systems, and among them, behavioral-level modeling is becoming one of the most popular. When such cyber-physical systems are employed in mission- or safety-critical applications, it is mandatory to understand the impacts of faults on them and how failures in subsystems can propagate through the overall system. In this paper, we propose a methodology for supporting the failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) aimed at identifying the critical faults and assessing their effects on the overall system. The end goal is to analyze how a fault affecting a single subsystem possibly propagates through the whole cyber-physical system, considering also the embedded software and the mechanical elements. In particular, our approach allows the analysis of the propagation through the whole system (working at high level) of a fault injected at low level. This paper provides a solution to automate the FMECA process (until now mainly performed manually) for complex cyber-physical systems. It improves the failure classification effectiveness: considering our test case, it reduced the number of critical faults from 10 to 6. The remaining four faults are mitigated by the cyber-physical system architecture. The proposed approach has been tested on a real cyber-physical system in charge of driving a three-phase motor for industrial compressors, showing its feasibility and effectiveness.

BIM based cyber-physical systems for intelligent disaster prevention

The cyber-physical systems (CPS) has emerged in the last decade and become one of the most cutting-edge research fields. CPS is a highly integrated system of communication, computing, and control strategies. Although CPS has been studied and applied in some fields such as intelligent transportation, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent buildings, and smart cities, there is a lack of research on CPS based intelligent disaster prevention and mitigation structural system. Because structural disaster prevention and reduction have their own characteristics, it is necessary to investigate CPS based technology and system for intelligent structural disaster prevention and reduction. In this paper, a preliminary study is conducted on cyber-physical based intelligent structural disaster prevention technologies and structural systems using the Building Information Model (BIM) platform. The proposed CPS consists of the multi-source data precision sensing and intelligent control technology in the physical subsystem/layer, reliable data transmission network in the communication subsystem/layer, and real-time identification algorithm of structural state and adaptive control strategy in the information subsystem/layer. Moreover, BIM platform and Internet of things (IoT) technology are adopted for constructing the cloud architecture of CPS to achieve a high degree of integration of monitoring, identification and control, and to improve the real-time and accurate intelligent monitoring of structural disaster prevention and mitigation.

Towards the Integration of Modern Power Systems into a Cyber–Physical Framework

The cyber–physical system (CPS) architecture provides a novel framework for analyzing and expanding research and innovation results that are essential in managing, controlling and operating complex, large scale, industrial systems under a holistic insight. Power systems constitute such characteristically large industrial structures. The main challenge in deploying a power system as a CPS lies on how to combine and incorporate multi-disciplinary, core, and advanced technologies into the specific for this case, social, environmental, economic and engineering aspects. In order to substantially contribute towards this target, in this paper, a specific CPS scheme that clearly describes how a dedicated cyber layer is deployed to manage and interact with comprehensive multiple physical layers, like those found in a large-scale modern power system architecture, is proposed. In particular, the measurement, communication, computation, control mechanisms, and tools installed at different hierarchical frames that are required to consider and modulate the social/environmental necessities, as well as the electricity market management, the regulation of the electric grid, and the power injection/absorption of the controlled main devices and distributed energy resources, are all incorporated in a common CPS framework. Furthermore, a methodology for investigating and analyzing the dynamics of different levels of the CPS architecture (including physical devices, electricity and communication networks to market, and environmental and social mechanisms) is provided together with the necessary modelling tools and assumptions made in order to close the loop between the physical and the cyber layers. An example of a real-world industrial micro-grid that describes the main aspects of the proposed CPS-based design for modern electricity grids is also presented at the end of the paper to further explain and visualize the proposed framework.

A Partition-Driven Integrated Security Architecture for Cyberphysical Systems

Emerging cyberphysical systems incorporate systems of systems that have functional interdependencies. With the increase in complexity of cyberphysical systems, the attack surface also expands, making cyberphysical systems more vulnerable to cyberattacks. We present a novel security architecture that localizes the cyberattack in a timely manner and simultaneously recovers the affected cyberphysical system functionality.

Construction of approximate reasoning model for dynamic CPS network and system parameter identification

CPS (Cyber Physical System) is a large and complex real-time feedback system that integrates computing processes, physical processes, communication networks, sensor networks, and control systems. It has the powerful function of sensing and controlling the physical environment, which is a big wave following the Internet technology. Because the forms of communication, interaction, and collaboration between heterogeneous units within the CPS are intricate and complex, a comprehensive model needs to be established to describe and analyze the CPS. This paper analyzes the CPS architecture and proposes a new and more complete CPS architecture, decomposes according to this architecture, and classifies the physical entities in the CPS. At the same time, event-based modeling thinking is used to define, classify and formalize event messages. Considering the higher real-time requirements of CPS, an event weighting algorithm was designed according to the different priorities of real-time events. In order to reduce the congestion caused by the limited network bandwidth in the CPS system, improve the ability to identify abnormal data with great uncertainty, and fully guarantee the response rate of the CPS system to emergencies, this paper analyzes the complexity of the CPS system from the perspective of information theory. The average dynamic complexity of the CPS system is set as a threshold to determine the level of information entropy of the sensor data in a certain period of time. The CPS system selects high information entropy data to send first. The effectiveness is analyzed through experiments.

Cyber-physical system architecture for automating the mapping of truck loads to bridge behavior using computer vision in connected highway corridors

Bridges are critical components of highways ensuring traffic can efficiently travel over obstructions such as bodies of water, valleys, and other roads. Ensuring bridges are in sound structural condition is essential for safe and efficient highway operations. Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems designed to measure bridge responses have been developed to quantitatively track the health of bridges. More recently, SHM systems have also begun to integrate measurement of vehicular loads that create the responses measured. However, precise correlation of traffic loads to bridge responses remains a costly and technically difficult strategy. To address existing technical limitations, a cyber-physical system (CPS) framework is proposed to track truck loads in a highway corridor, to trigger SHM systems to record bridge responses, and to automate the linking of bridge response data with truck weights collected by weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations installed along the corridor but not collocated with the bridges. To link truck weights to bridge responses, computer vision methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) are used to automate the detection and reidentification of trucks using traffic cameras. The single-stage CNN object detector YOLO is trained using a customized dataset to identify trucks from camera images at each instrumentation site; high precision is obtained with the YOLO detector exceeding 95% average precision (AP) for an intersection over union (IOU) threshold of 0.75. To reidentify the same truck at different locations in the corridor, this study adopts a CNN-based encoder trained via a triplet network and a mutual nearest neighbor strategy using feature vectors extracted from images at each measurement location. The proposed reidentification method is implemented in the CPS cloud environment and obtains a F1-score of 0.97. The study also explores the triggering of bridge monitoring systems based on visual detection of trucks by a traffic camera installed upstream to the bridges. The triggering strategy proves to be highly efficient with 99% of the triggered data collection cycles capturing truck events at each bridge. To validate, the CPS architecture is implemented on a 20-mile highway corridor that has a WIM station already installed; four traffic cameras and two bridge SHM systems are installed along the corridor and integrated with a CPS architecture hosted on the cloud. In total, over 10,000 trucks are observed at all measurement locations over one year allowing peak bridge responses to be correlated to both measured truck weights and to one another.

Environmental-Perception Modeling and Reference Architecture for Cyber Physical Systems

In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, blurring the boundaries between the cyber and physical worlds. Perceiving environmental information is a prerequisite for a cyber-physical system to be reliable and adaptive to the environment. However, the intrinsically open and dynamic nature of the environment brings challenges to the systematic realization of environmental-perception. This article regards environmental-perception as a first-class entity with self-maintenance and abstracts it into three levels: data capture, context awareness, and situation identification. Then, a five-tier reference architecture is proposed, which not only explicitly defines the perception ability at different abstraction levels, but also provides for the storage and management of environmental information, thus facilitating information reuse and the adaptation ability of cyber-physical systems. We evaluate the reference architecture with a case study on a widely used smart room environment, demonstrating its broad applicability and the ability to reuse environmental information. We also performed a survey on the proposed reference architecture to reveal its industrial motivations and benefits.

Design of cyber physical system architecture for industry 4.0 through lean six sigma: conceptual foundations and research issues

ABSTRACT The successful implementation of Industry 4.0 warrants a design of CPS architecture which considers the customer needs. The purpose of this paper is to develop the design of cyber- physical system (CPS) using 8 C architecture using the principles of LSS for a successful business system. Through an integrative literature review, this study analysis in depth the 8 C architecture and its possible integration with LSS methodology. The connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, configuration, coalition, customer, and content levels are examined in detail to include the LSS methodology in each phase of design. The future research directions are identified and the implications for practice are further expounded. This is the first paper which incorporates the principles of LSS to design a CPS architecture.

Differential Privacy Techniques for Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey

Modern cyber physical systems (CPSs) has widely being used in our daily lives because of development of information and communication technologies (ICT).With the provision of CPSs, the security and privacy threats associated to these systems are also increasing. Passive attacks are being used by intruders to get access to private information of CPSs. In order to make CPSs data more secure, certain privacy preservation strategies such as encryption, and k-anonymity have been presented in the past. However, with the advances in CPSs architecture, these techniques also needs certain modifications. Meanwhile, differential privacy emerged as an efficient technique to protect CPSs data privacy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of differential privacy techniques for CPSs. In particular, we survey the application and implementation of differential privacy in four major applications of CPSs named as energy systems, transportation systems, healthcare and medical systems, and industrial Internet of things (IIoT). Furthermore, we present open issues, challenges, and future research direction for differential privacy techniques for CPSs. This survey can serve as basis for the development of modern differential privacy techniques to address various problems and data privacy scenarios of CPSs.

Performance Evaluation of Sybil Attack in Cyber Physical System

Cyber Physical System (CPS) links physical world with virtual world of information processing through sensors and actuators. CPS is advanced smart and intelligent embedded system to construct it a combination of different engineering competencies is required, spanning the technical domain as well as corresponding application sectors.CPS and Internet of Things (IoT) have significant overlaps. CPSs have strong emphasis on the integration of computation, communication and the physical world. These systems entrust our significant infrastructure and have the ability to impact our life as these are emerging with smart services. Besides, elevated use of CPS comes up with more threats outcome of which could major consequences for users. Huge research is going in this area including vulnerabilities, reliability, communication model, control system model, threats and security. One of the crucial facets of these issues is privacy and security. Different modules of CPS architecture are vulnerable to different threats that can be used by attackers to exploit the CPS. One of them is Sybil Attack which is used at the communication module of CPS. In this paper we propose a detection scheme against the Sybil Attack unlike the other scheme this scheme works in least time and for each situation.

A Study on Cyber-physical System Architecture to Predict Cutting Tool Condition in Machining

A Study on Cyber-physical System Architecture to Predict Cutting Tool Condition in Machining

Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Robotic Mobile Fulfillment Systems: A Case Study of Collision Avoidance

The rapid development and implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in the engineering and manufacturing field have embraced a virtual identity to ensure nearly real-time adjustment. Warehouses are challenged to reassess its order fulfillment operations while simultaneously being provided with the opportunity to develop its own cloud-based CPS with the aid of IoT devices. Robotic Mobile Fulfillment System (RMFS) is a system controlling mobile robots, mobile storage rack, putaway and picking workstations, charging stations, and wireless communication infrastructure in the context of robotic-assisted warehouse. This paper addresses the value creation utilizing cloud-based CPS in RMFS. By providing an analysis of cloud services and IoT enhancement, theoretical concepts from the literatures are consolidated to solve the research que-stions on how RMFS offering better order fulfillment can gain benefits in terms of operational efficiency and system reliability. The paper also proposes a cloud-based CPS architecture, providing a comprehensive understanding on conflict avoidance strategy in the multi-layers multi-deeps warehouse layout. This research presents six conflict classifications in RMFS and provides a case study in the real-life context. Dock grid conflict is a new type of conflict appearing in multi-deeps RMFS. A scenario analysis with real customer orders is applied to present the collision detection and solution.

공정설계와 생산운영을 위한 작업자 사이버물리시스템

Recently, many production lines are becoming more automated and smarter by Industry 4.0 by Germany. However, human workers still make up a large portion of production lines that do not have automated facilities and/or require high skills for complex assembly operations. To analyze workers’ jobs faster and more efficiently, the recent researches have been using a digital human model that digitized worker’s postures and movements using motion capture technology during productions. Digital twin models are constructed using various IoT technologies including motion capture are used for analysis of work. This data collected from digital twin models including worker can be an important measure of productivity evaluation. In this study, we designed architecture for cyber physical system of workers, developed software, and validated its usefulness by applying into assembly lines of electronic products.

Key Establishment Algorithm for Secure Cyber Physical System to Prevent Cyber Attacks

Extensive research effort is going on to contribute to the Cyber Physical system (CPS). It will create a physical system capable of computation, communication and sharing information between physical devices. Physical devices become smart devices because of CPS. CPS are engineered systems that are built with sensors, microcontrollers which performs computation, communication, control, process and analysis of physical objects. CPS playing important role in smart cities, home automations and other applications. Due to resource constraints like low processing power and low storage space there is a lack of standard security mechanism which can provide adequate security in CPS. In the research paper, we proposed Key establishment mechanism which prevents CPS from cyber-attacks. The goal of this research paper are six -folds: i) to give a detailed overview of cyber physical system. ii) To study architecture of CPS. iii) To study different attacks on CPS with attack points. iv)Application areas of CPS v) security threats in CPS vi) Key establishment algorithm to prevent cyber-attacks in CPS.

Integrating Interactive Clothing and Cyber-Physical Systems: A Humanistic Design Perspective.

This study is aimed at bridging the gap from a transdisciplinary perspective between cyber-physical systems (CPS) architecture in the field of information science and emotional design in the field of humanistic science for interactive fashion innovation. Information related to a familiar feeling in the process of interactive clothing design is used to explain how the transformation could be realized from data. By creating the cyber-physical-clothing systems (CPCS), the architecture model in the hyper world and takes the development process of an interactive parent-child clothing as a case study for analyzing the transformation from the physical signal input to the social symbol recognition output. The experimental results, which from the perspective of clothing art design rather than information discipline, show that interactive parent-child clothing is not only suitable for the rehabilitation of autistic children but also recognized by most parents. The reasonable embedding of sensing technology can greatly enhance the added value of clothing products. This study provides a fruitful practical application reference for designers who are engaged in the field of art and design but not familiar with the relevant information technology. Furthermore, the application principle and the technical process of CPCS for further interactive clothing design is explained.

Resource-Efficient Sensor Data Management for Autonomous Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Hyperconnectivity via modern Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has recently driven us to envision “digital twin”, in which physical attributes are all embedded, and their latest updates are synchronized on digital spaces in a timely fashion. From the point of view of cyberphysical system (CPS) architectures, the goals of digital twin include providing common programming abstraction on the same level of databases, thereby facilitating seamless integration of real-world physical objects and digital assets at several different system layers. However, the inherent limitations of sampling and observing physical attributes often pose issues related to data uncertainty in practice. In this paper, we propose a learning-based data management scheme where the implementation is layered between sensors attached to physical attributes and domain-specific applications, thereby mitigating the data uncertainty between them. To do so, we present a sensor data management framework, namely D2WIN, which adopts reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to manage the data quality for CPS applications and autonomous systems. To deal with the scale issue incurred by many physical attributes and sensor streams when adopting RL, we propose an action embedding strategy that exploits their distance-based similarity in the physical space coordination. We introduce two embedding methods, i.e., a user-defined function and a generative model, for different conditions. Through experiments, we demonstrate that the D2WIN framework with the action embedding outperforms several known heuristics in terms of achievable data quality under certain resource restrictions. We also test the framework with an autonomous driving simulator, clearly showing its benefit. For example, with only 30% of updates selectively applied by the learned policy, the driving agent maintains its performance about 96.2%, as compared to the ideal condition with full updates.

Correction to: Cyber-physical production systems architecture based on multi-agent’s design pattern—comparison of selected approaches mapping four agent patterns

Correction to: Cyber-physical production systems architecture based on multi-agent’s design pattern—comparison of selected approaches mapping four agent patterns

A Cyber-Physical System-Based Velocity-Profile Prediction Method and Case Study of Application in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

Benefitting from the advances in sensor nets, wireless communication, and embedded systems, the cyber-physical system (CPS) has been implemented in many practical areas. The cyber world and the physical world in CPS are closely linked and merged, guaranteeing the reliable and efficient performance of the physical world. The service-oriented CPS has been the hot research and development. In this paper, we present a novel velocity-profile prediction method based on the specific CPS architecture. Three main efforts have been made. First, a CPS architecture which is appropriate for velocity-profile prediction is built. Second, the hybrid velocity-profile prediction (HVPP) method is developed based on the exclusive CPS architecture. The HVPP method accomplishes the velocity-profile prediction by cooperatively employing different control units in CPS. Third, a case study in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is performed to evaluate the effect of CPS-based service in the real application. Results of the case study demonstrate that the HVPP method can improve the fuel economy of PHEV significantly.

Low-Complexity Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems Model Identification

We propose a low complexity architecture for cyber-physical system (CPS) model identification based on multiple-model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithms. The complexity reduction is achieved by reducing the number of multiplications in the filter banks of the MMAE algorithm present in the cyber component of the CPS. The architecture has been implemented using FPGA for 16, 32, 64 filter banks as part of position and velocity estimations of autonomous auto-mobile application. It has been found up to 78% reduction in multiplications is possible, which translates to the reduction of 39% lookup tables, 13% FFs, 27% DSPs, and 43% power reduction when compared with the conventional architecture (without multiplications reduction) at 100MHz operating frequency. Furthermore, the proposed architecture is able to identify accurate model of auto-mobile application just within 510 ns, in the presence of external disturbances and abrupt changes.