Cyber-physical Space Research Articles

Metasurface-enabled multifunctional single-frequency sensors without external power

IoT sensors are crucial for visualizing multidimensional and multimodal information and enabling future IT applications/services such as cyber-physical spaces, digital twins, autonomous driving, smart cities and virtual/augmented reality (VR or AR). However, IoT sensors need to be battery-free to realistically manage and maintain the growing number of available sensing devices. Here, we provide a novel sensor design approach that employs metasurfaces to enable multifunctional sensing without requiring an external power source. Importantly, unlike existing metasurface-based sensors, our metasurfaces can sense multiple physical parameters even at a fixed frequency by breaking classic harmonic oscillations in the time domain, making the proposed sensors viable for usage with limited frequency resources. Moreover, we provide a method for predicting physical parameters via the machine learning-based approach of random forest regression. The sensing performance was confirmed by estimating the temperature and light intensity, and excellent determination coefficients larger than 0.96 were achieved. Our study affords new opportunities for sensing multiple physical properties without relying on an external power source or requiring multiple frequencies, which markedly simplifies and facilitates the design of next-generation wireless communication systems.

Economic cyber-physical space: theoretical and methodological genesis and modern trends of formation and development

In this scientific study, the socio-economic and technical and technological features of the new economic and technological paradigm are high lighted. As a result of the analysis of trends in the development of the Industry 4.0 market and digital initiatives adopted in the world, the prerequisites for the formation of an economic cyber-physical space at the national level have been identified, and the relevance of the subject of scientific research has been substantiated. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary development of spatial economics, the research of scientific schools is systematized and theoretical and methodological schemes belonging to representatives of the German, French (continental), Anglo-Saxon and Russian schools of spatial economics are analyzed. As a result, the postulates of the economic cyberphysical space are developed and the author's interpretation of the concept of economic cyber physical space is proposed.

Exploring the Convergence of Cyber–Physical Space: Multidimensional Modeling of Overtourism Interactions

Exploring the Convergence of Cyber–Physical Space: Multidimensional Modeling of Overtourism Interactions

Physics based models for characterization of machining performance – A critical review

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the concept of machinability by considering the dynamic, tribological, and thermo-mechanical interactions encountered at the tool-chip-machined surface interfaces. The paper provides a demonstration of the capabilities and gaps of the physics-based models for the characterization of the machining performance and the prediction of machinability of difficult-to-cut materials, including additively manufactured (AM) materials, nanocrystalline (NC) materials, fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), metal matrix composites reinforced with ceramic hard particles (MMC), and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). The utilization of efficient computation methods for accurate prediction of force, torque, power consumption, cutting temperature, deflection errors, vibration amplitudes, chatter stability, and thermomechanical interactions in the tool-workpiece system is discussed. The development of thermally-activated dissolution-diffusion wear models to describe the chemical reactions at the tool-chip-workpiece contact interfaces is also presented. These predictions are critical for identifying multi-objectives optimal machining conditions. The integration of predictive machining models within the framework of digital twins in cyber-physical spaces, for in-process monitoring and adaptive control, is demonstrated. Future research for developing new models that can characterize the machinability of AM and NC materials, by considering the effects of varying material microstructure and anisotropy, is presented for conventional and micro-machining operations.

Safety and Security Risk Assessments in Cyber Physical Space

As technological advancements continue to bridge the gap between the digital and physical worlds, the integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has become pervasive in critical infrastructure, industrial processes, and daily life. This research paper explores the multifaceted landscape of Cyber-Physical Systems Security, addressing the intricate challenges and emerging threats posed by the convergence of the digital and physical realms. The study investigates the vulnerabilities inherent in CPS, encompassing critical infrastructure systems, industrial control systems, and interconnected smart devices. Additionally, the paper examines contemporary security measures, risk mitigation strategies, and the role of advanced technologies in fortifying Cyber-Physical Systems against malicious cyber threats. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing frameworks and real-world case studies, this research aims to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on safeguarding the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of Cyber-Physical Systems in our interconnected and technology-driven society. The findings of this research are anticipated to inform cybersecurity practitioners, policymakers, and researchers alike, fostering a more resilient and secure foundation for the future of Cyber-Physical Systems.

ЗАХИСТ ДЕЯКИХ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ В ЕПОХУ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ В УКРАЇНІ

Digitization is the process of creating an all-encompassing cyber-physical space through total digitization with the aim of increasing efficiency, effectiveness, quality and reducing the cost of economic, social and personal activities. Digitization has both many advantages and great threats to basic values in the field of human rights. The most important digital rights of a citizen are currently considered to be the right to confidentiality, anonymity, and depersonalization of already digitized personal information. A very serious violation of human rights in the conditions of digitalization is the leakage of personal data. One of the problems associated with the violation of human rights is the so-called “digital divide”, that is, unequal access to technology and the deepening of the technological gap between countries and within countries. In the financial sphere, the issue of electronic money cannot be ignored. The introduction of the electronic money system has many advantages: mobility; automation of monetary transactions; lack of human factor; absence of production costs; ease of use. However, the gradual phasing out of cash in many countries poses a serious threat to the financial system, as too much reliance on digital payment systems can leave you vulnerable to catastrophic failures in the event of cyber-attacks or power outages. Cash has two of the most important qualities that are always in demand, namely: stability in the event of a power outage or during cyber-attacks; this is the most democratic (free from state and corporate control) payment method. The current legislation in Ukraine regarding the protection of human rights in the context of digitalization is imperfect and needs to be revised. Key words: digitalization, human rights, privacy, anonymity, digital rights, digital divide, electronic money.

Advantages and challenges of digitalization of the Ukrainian economy

The essential characteristics, primary goals, and tasks of the Ukrainian economy's digitalization are studied. It has been established that digitization is the saturation of the physical world with electronic digital devices, means, and systems and the establishment of electronic communication exchange between them; in fact, the general, interaction of the virtual and physical is realized, that is, a cyber-physical space is created. The main goals of digitization are the digital transformation of the existing economy, the creation of new sectors of the economy, and the transformation of spheres of life into new, more efficient, and modern ones. This growth will only be possible if ideas, actions, initiatives, and plans related to digitization are integrated into national, regional, and sectoral development strategies and plans. The principles of the digital economy, which acquire features of an avant-garde character, are allocated, improved, and characterized. The types of digital economies, their four evolutions, the challenges of each stage of digitalization, and their impact on Ukraine's economy are indicated. It is well-founded that Ukraine has all the conditions for the so-called digital leap and the transition to a higher level of technological development, namely: ability to produce and use information, communication and digital technologies, and availability of professionals. This is evidenced by the statistics of real successes of Ukrainian IT companies on the international market, the purchase of appropriate equipment and technologies, and the dissemination of technologies among citizens and enterprises. This is evidenced by the gradual recovery of domestic demand for technologies, market "success stories" in various spheres of life and economy, creation of local representative offices of equipment manufacturers, distribution of high-tech equipment, a sufficient level of system integration of technical products and services - from design to complex implementation of various technologies, software, and hardware; а culture of creativity and the ability to generate ideas, as evidenced by high ratings. The key directions of the initial stage of the formation of the digital economy are clarified. Challenges in the field of digital economy and strengths and weaknesses are identified in digitalization. Proposals were made to strengthen the strengths and overcome the challenges of digitalizing the economy at the international and national levels. Keywords: digitalization; digital technologies; digital economy; digital society; digital development.

The method of protecting information resources based on the semiotic model of cyberspace

The subject of research in the article is the processes of ensuring the protection of information resources in the cyber-physical space. The goal is to develop a model for implementing a method of information protection in cyber-physical space. The development is based on a semiotic model of cyberspace. The task is to develop effective strategies for protecting information resources and managing cyber security in cyberspace, taking into account social and perceptual aspects. Used methods: methods of analytical modeling and fuzzy logic. The following results were obtained. It is shown that the complex, multifaceted presentation of information in the network requires a complex approach with the separation of mixed content of information into interconnected levels. A semiotic approach is proposed, which allows for a more in-depth analysis of the interaction between people and technologies, which is especially important for understanding and managing complex information security systems. A six-level model of cyberspace was developed with a method of assessing the level of security for each of the levels of the developed model, and an integral indicator of potential threats to the owners of network information resources was proposed. The developed model was verified. The developed semiotic model of cyberspace and the integrated indicator of potential threats make it possible to improve the monitoring and management of cyber security of the owners of network information resources by taking into account various factors, including taking into account social and perceptual aspects, which is a key factor for the development of effective strategies for the protection of information resources in cyberspace.

TO THE ISSUE OF DIGITIZATION OF THE SERVICE SECTOR IN UKRAINE

It is shown that information technologies create conditions for penetration and active interaction of virtual and physical space, that is, they create a digital cyber-physical space. It has been determined that universal coverage of health services is impossible without the support of eHealth. At the same time, the issue of minimizing potential risks by improving security and privacy functions will require special attention. This approach encompasses system quality, positive information dissemination, and risk mitigation to build user confidence and encourage widespread adoption of eHealth programs. The purpose of the article is to analyze and formulate proposals for the active involvement of information technologies and digital services in the field of health care in Ukraine. A meaningful analysis of the current state and development trends of the electronic healthcare system, as the basis of the digital healthcare ecosystem of Ukraine, was conducted. It creates key services and contains basic data about the health of Ukrainians. A questionnaire survey of respondents was conducted regarding the attitude and willingness of Ukrainians to use electronic health care services in terms of their age distribution and their distribution by gender, according to the time spent on communicating on the Internet and experience using the e-Healthy system, as well as the level of awareness of e-Health. On the basis of processing the results of the survey, as well as interviewing industry experts, information models were developed regarding the level of trust and readiness to use electronic healthcare services. It was determined that a key task for Ukraine in the context of promoting e-Healthy systems is to inform the population about the content, specifics and benefits of its use. Another challenge for the state is the formation of public trust in such services. Keywords: information technologies, digitalization, service sector, digital medicine, digital marketing

A METHOD OF PROTECTING INFORMATION IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SPACE

The subject of the study is the processes of ensuring the reliability and security of information in cyber-physical space. The objective is to develop recommendations for the implementation of a method of information security in cyber-physical space. The development is based on the technology of ultra-wideband signals circulating in wireless communication channels. The task is to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the airborne wireless mobile communication network, which is the main component of cyberspace and its most vulnerable link to destructive influences. Methods used: methods of analytical modelling and time-position pulse coding. The following results were obtained. It is shown that in order to ensure high quality of wireless network operation, it is necessary to expand its bandwidth, which is limited by the physical resource of the radio frequency spectrum. It is proposed to overcome this contradiction by applying the technology of ultra-wideband signals, the base of which is much larger than one. In this case, the information signal is emitted without a carrier frequency simultaneously in the entire frequency band, provided that the signal level is lower than the noise level. The method of positional-time coding is used, in which each information bit is encoded by hundreds of ultra-short chip pulses arriving in a certain sequence. In such wireless communication systems, the use of autocorrelation reception of modulated ultra-wideband signals is proposed. A comparative analysis has shown that the wireless network with the best reliability and noise immunity is the one where the time separation of the reference and information signals is applied. During the first half of the bit interval, the switch closes the transmitter output directly to the ultra-wideband signal generator, forming a reference signal. In the middle of the bit interval, the switcher switches the output to one of two possible positions depending on the signal "zero" or "one", forming the information part of the signal. Conclusions. Systems with autocorrelation reception and separate transmission of reference and information signals provide a high level of structural

Meta-model-based shop-floor digital twin architecture, modeling and application

Digital twin is regarded as the virtual counterpart of physical entities, which can mirror the physical behavior and performance. Digital twin technology provides strong support for the achievement of cyber-physical system and intelligent manufacturing. Many investigations have been carried out for the digital twin of specific products. However, there are less researches on digital twin in the shop-floor domain, and there is a lack of model-driven digital twin comprehensive architecture. The modeling approach to the full lifecycle of digital twin is not considered enough. This paper proposes a meta-model-based shop-floor digital twin construction approach and a comprehensive architecture. A meta-model based on RAMI 4.0 is constructed, which provide a novel idea for the description of manufacturing resources and their status. The proposed shop-floor digital twin architecture consists of three key implementation elements: the meta-model construction, data modeling (including data interaction between cyber-physical spaces) and constructing different integration level models of shop-floor digital twin based on iteration feedback between the demands and models. The proposed approach is validated through a case study of the fischer learning factory 4.0.

Health care system in terms of digitalization and reforming financing

The article is devoted to issues of the digital economy, which is its own trend in modern economics and management. The path to the digital economy is through the internal market of production, use and consumption of information, communication and digital technologies. The digital economy is based on information and communication and digital technologies, the rapid development and spread of which already affect the traditional (physical-analog) economy today, transforming it from one that consumes resources to one that creates resources. It is data that is the key resource of the digital economy, it is generated and provides electronic communication interaction due to the functioning of electronic and digital devices, means and systems.
 It has been proven that the digital economy is mediated by digitization, which means saturating the physical world with electronic-digital devices, means, systems and establishing electronic- communication exchange between them, which in fact provides an integral interaction of the virtual and physical, that is, creates a cyber-physical space.
 The provisions of the Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine in the area of healthcare and medicine are analyzed. Supported the position that an element of the development of digital medicine is the introduction of a telesystem for providing remote medical services to citizens and supporting the work of doctors, especially in rural areas.
 The concept «health care» is considered through the prism of a system of measures aimed at preserving and restoring physiological and psychological functions, optimal working capacity and social activity of a person with maximum biological provision of the individual length of his life.
 The set of such concepts as «electronic health care system» and «electronic health care» are considered.
 It is argued that the budgetary financing of the health care sector should take into account expenses for the purchase of equipment, software, technical support, etc. Part of the relevant expenses can be covered not by the expense of budget funds, but by the expense of various types of grants, fundraising funds.

Implicit IoT authentication using on-phone ANN models and breathing data

The expansionist nature of the Internet of Things (IoT) with smart sensing has integrated smart technology into the fabric of daily life. From digital health check-ups and personal property access to financial transactions are conveniently performed with the help of smart technologies, such as smart wearables. Therefore, the security of these devices and the entire IoT-connected cyber–physical space accessible through smart wearables has become a burning question. While the current knowledge-based security approaches (e.g., pattern locks, passwords, or PINs) cause a recall burden to the user, conventional one-time biometric-based methods are not adaptable to the tiny wearables. Therefore, this work presents an implicit IoT authentication utilizing breathing patterns to verify a user through continuous microphone sensing. The core piece of this work is the Breathing data-driven TensorFlow Lite framework-supported on-phone authentication application (i.e., BTL Auth app), which consists of an audio processing pipeline (to perform filtering and feature computation) and an artificial neural network model to verify the target user. From our detailed analysis of sequential and non-sequential neural networks trained with static and dynamic audio features, we can achieve an average accuracy of up to .93 when authenticating a user from breathing patterns. Finally, the BTL Auth app needs around 64 KB of memory and 5 s to verify the user.

Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0

Connectivity, digitization, and emerging Industry 4.0 technology such as AI, automation, robotics, IoT, and cyber-physical space have transformed social relations, the means of production, and the world of labor. The construction industry has also been transformed by Industry 4.0 technologies, mainly through Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based digitization. This revolution in the construction industry has been called Construction 4.0 and is based on the use of innovative technologies that promote digitalization and automation of design, construction, and management processes. Furthermore, the workforce for the construction industry in the context of Construction 4.0 must have adequate skills for this new scenario. Previous literature reviews have analyzed the idea of transitioning the construction industry to Construction 4.0 and implementing specific technologies in the industry. However, there has been limited exploration of the skills necessary for the Construction 4.0 workforce. This article aims to address this gap by identifying the technologies and skills that have been scientifically researched and applied in the construction industry, specifically related to the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Construction 4.0. Utilizing a scoping literature review in the Scopus database, this study seeks to identify: (i) emergent C4.0 technologies in the AEC industry; and (ii) which skills or competencies are demanded when using these technologies. All of our bibliographical searches are inserted and restricted to the concept of Construction 4.0. A total of 108 articles related to technologies and 15 related to skills in the Construction 4.0 context were selected for analysis. Twenty-one technologies were identified and grouped into five sets according to their similarities and applications: AI-assisted technologies, Advanced manufacture, Smart tools, Digital simulation/Visualization, and Data acquisition/detection. The skills were identified and grouped into soft and hard skills. However, the findings point out that the new skills needed by the workforce are described in a dispersed way, without a central theme of research in the context of Construction 4.0. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the transformations towards Construction 4.0 and provide data for industry and universities to respond appropriately to the new demands of the construction industry.

Counter-terrorism in cyber–physical spaces: Best practices and technologies from the state of the art

The demand for protection and security of physical spaces and urban areas increased with the escalation of terroristic attacks in recent years. We envision with the proposed cyber–physical systems and spaces, a city that would indeed become a smarter urbanistic object, proactively providing alerts and being protective against any threat. This survey intend to provide a systematic multivocal literature survey comprised of an updated, comprehensive and timely overview of state of the art in counter-terrorism cyber–physical systems, hence aimed at the protection of cyber–physical spaces. Hence, provide guidelines to law enforcement agencies and practitioners providing a description of technologies and best practices for the protection of public spaces. We analyzed 112 papers collected from different online sources, both from the academic field and from websites and blogs ranging from 2004 till mid-2022. (a) There is no one single bullet-proof solution available for the protection of public spaces. (b) From our analysis we found three major active fields for the protection of public spaces: Information Technologies, Architectural approaches, Organizational field. (c) While the academic suggest best practices and methodologies for the protection of urban areas, the market did not provide any type of implementation of such suggested approaches, which shows a lack of fertilization between academia and industry. The overall analysis has led us to state that there is no one single solution available, conversely, multiple methods and techniques can be put in place to guarantee safety and security in public spaces. The techniques range from architectural design to rethink the design of public spaces keeping security into account in continuity, to emerging technologies such as AI and predictive surveillance.

Challenges and Opportunities of Biometric User Authentication in the Age of IoT: A Survey

While the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as smartwatches, provide a range of services from managing financial transactions to monitoring smart homes, these devices often lead to gateways for malicious access to a user’s cyber-physical space. Biometric-based authentications are becoming popular to secure IoT devices and provide other services. However, when to use what type of biometrics remains challenging due to various factors, including sensing and computing requirements, user interaction requirements, stability over time, and application scenarios, among others. Unlike soft biometrics, e.g., gait, traditional biometrics, e.g., iris, are more stable over time but require active user input and robust sensing and computing, which limits their continuous adaptability to secure a user’s cyber-physical space. Additionally, the integration of new sensors to IoT devices brings opportunistic data types that can individually or in combination with other common biometrics to identify a user. There is a dearth of knowledge about the limitations and applications of new opportunistic biometrics and their combinations with existing biometrics obtained from single or multiple IoT-connected devices. Therefore, this article thoroughly discusses different biometrics that can be implemented on IoT devices to understand the potential of biometric authentications better.

National cyber-physical ecosystem: Theoretical and methodological aspects

At the present stage of social development, the need has been identified for the formation and development of the theory and methodology of the economic and organizational foundations of the formation of the national cyberphysical ecosystem as a result of the digital transformation of the branches of the national economy in the cyber-physical space. The scientific publication presents the results of the study of the genesis of the theory of ecosystems, cyberphysical systems, digital ecosystems. The object of the study is the national cyberphysical ecosystem, which is considered as an integral part of the cyberphysical space. The relevance of the scientific problems of the theory and methodology of the formation of the national cyberphysical ecosystem is revealed. The subject of the study is the formation of new organizational and economic object-object, subject-object and subject-subject relations of multiple relations. The definition of the concept of «national cyberphysical ecosystem» is developed, the directions of formation of the national cyberphysical ecosystem are proposed.

Cyberology: Cyber–Physical–Social-Thinking Spaces-Based Discipline and Interdiscipline Hierarchy for Metaverse (General Cyberspace)

It is well known that the metaverse, also named general cyberspace (GC), is virtual-real fusion spaces, consisting of a virtual space, namely, cyberspace and virtual-real spaces, namely, cyber-enabled physical, social, and thinking (cyber-enabled) spaces. This article discusses the open issues of the metaverse in terms of science and technology and proposes a new discipline and interdiscipline hierarchy for the metaverse (GC), namely, cyberology first. Then, it explores various relevant standards of discipline classification and a discipline and interdiscipline hierarchy based on physical, social, and thinking spaces, and investigates the cyberspace and cyber-enabled spaces. On the basis of the above research, this article enriches the contents of cyberology in two terms: 1) the disciplines in cyberspace and 2) the interdisciplines in cyber-enabled spaces. Finally, this article gives predictions of cyberology on the future development of the metaverse from the aspects of cyber–physical space, cyber–social space and cyber-thinking space.

A Deep Learning-based Fast Fake News Detection Model for Cyber-Physical Social Services

With the prevalence of social network service in cyber-Physical space, flow of various fake news has been a rough issue for operators of social service. Although many theoretical outcomes have been produced in recent years, they are generally challenged by processing speed of semantic modeling. To solve this issue, this paper presents a deep learning-based fast fake news detection model for cyber-physical social services. Taking Chinese text as the objective, each character in Chinese text is directly adopted as the basic processing unit. Considering the fact that the news are generally short texts and can be remarkably featured by some keywords, convolution-based neural computing framework is adopted to extract feature representation for news texts. Such design is able to ensure both processing speed and detection ability in scenes of Chinese short texts. At last, some experiments are conducted for evaluation on a real-world dataset collected from a Chinese social media. The results show that the proposal possesses lower training time cost as well as higher classification accuracy compared with baseline methods.

Model-Based Systems Engineering Cybersecurity for Space Systems

As industries in various sectors increasingly adopt model-based systems engineering (MBSE) for system lifecycle design and development, engineers can manage and describe systems of higher complexity than ever before. This is especially true for the field of space systems; while past missions have developed using document-based planning, it is only in the last several years that NASA and other organizations in the space industry have begun using MBSE. One crucial factor of space systems development that is often overlooked is cybersecurity. As space systems become more complex and cyberphysical in nature, cybersecurity requirements become more difficult to capture, especially through document-based methods; a need for a means by which to continuously verify and validate systems cybersecurity for cyberphysical space missions arises. By expanding upon a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework for cyber resiliency, this work proposes a methodology that uses MBSE traceability functionality to demonstrate adequate cybersecurity for cyberphysical space systems using SysML requirements modeling capabilities. Key goals, objectives, and strategic principles leading to achieving cybersecurity at all levels of the system’s architectural hierarchy are presented. Recommendations for the future of space cybersecurity include the addition of the space sector to the Department of Homeland Security Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency’s list of critical infrastructure sectors to improve standardization and control of space cyberinfrastructure.