Cyber Incivility Research Articles

Hubungan antara Anonimitas dengan Cyber Incivility pada Pengguna Media Sosial Usia Dewasa

The development of information and communication technology through the internet has facilitated the communication process on various platforms. This convenience gives individuals the freedom to express their opinions. Individuals will express their opinions without having to issue negative sentences such as sarcasm, innuendo, and others. This is what is called cyber incivility. The freedom to express opinions on social media is increasingly prevalent because of anonymity. Anonymity is a condition where other people do not know the true identity of the individual. The purpose of this study was conducted to see the relationship between cyber incivility and anonymity. The subjects in this study amounted to 301 respondents obtained from the cluster random sampling method. Based on the results of the product moment test using SPSS, a significance value of 0.000> 0.05 was obtained, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between anonymity and cyber incivility. Based on the results of the independent sample t-test, a significance value of 0.198 > 0.05 is obtained, it can be concluded that there is no difference in cyber incivility based on working and not working.

How online inhibition fuels incivility through moral disengagement

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of moral disengagement in the link between online disinhibition and cyber incivility, against the backdrop of digital technology’s profound impact on human communication and the emergence of online communities. This transformation has highlighted a range of behaviors, including the negative spectrum of cyber incivility, necessitating an exploration of its underlying dynamics. Utilizing a mediation analysis approach, the research examined the interplay among online disinhibition, moral disengagement, and cyber incivility. The participant consisted of 780 Indonesian students, with an average age of 20.3 years, who reported spending 4-7 hours daily on social media. The study was conducted via an online survey distributed to participants. Moral disengagement was assessed using a Moral Disengagement Scale, cyber incivility was measured with a purpose-built scale, and online disinhibition was evaluated using the Online Disinhibition Scale to measure levels of online disinhibition. Findings indicated a significant correlation among the variables, with a substantial portion of participants exhibiting moderate to high levels of online disinhibition, moral disengagement, and cyber incivility. Mediation analysis further revealed that online disinhibition mediated the relationship between moral disengagement and cyber incivility, suggesting that the lowering of inhibitions online facilitates the manifestation of uncivil behavior, influenced by moral disengagement. This study underscores the complex mechanisms driving cyber incivility, highlighting the crucial mediating role of online disinhibition between moral disengagement and cyber incivility. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of digital communication’s impact on behavior, emphasizing the need to address online disinhibition and moral disengagement to mitigate cyber incivility.

Development of the hostility and inclusion in gaming scale (HIGS): A gender-based analysis

Electronic gaming is one of the fastest growing segments of the sports, entertainment, and technology industries. While the electronic nature of the industry offers many advantages, electronic platforms create psychological distance between players and perceived anonymity conducive to cyberbullying and cyber incivility, especially for those who do not identify as cis-gender men/boys. Therefore, there is an increasing need to establish credible and reliable tools to measure cultures of hostility, toxicity, and inclusion in electronic gaming. Consequently, the current study resulted in the development of the first known rigorous quantitative examination of hostility and inclusion in gaming, the HIGS. A five-stage process involving three samples (Sample 1 N = 150, Sample 2 N = 157, Sample 3 N = 246) was utilized. The results of this study led to the development of the HIGS with five distinct factors (gender/genre zoning and access discrimination, hegemonic masculinity, harassment/treatment discrimination, stereotypes and stigmas, and imposter syndrome). Several implications are outlined with a specific focus on how organizations, leagues, and teams can seek to implement the scale to better gauge their culture of inclusion for a variety of groups. The HIGS was designed to be applied across all gaming types and the subsequent results can inform all aspects of gaming policy and decision-making. The full scale is provided within the appendix.

How does cyber incivility affect work withdrawal? The mediating role of basic need satisfaction and burnout and moderating role of conscientiousness

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of cyber incivility on adverse work outcomes of work withdrawal and turnover intention. Specifically, we draw on self-determination theory and conservation of resources theory to examine the mediating roles of basic need satisfaction and burnout in the relationship between cyber incivility and work outcomes.Design/methodology/approachWe used Mplus 7.4 software with a maximum likelihood robust (MLR) estimator to test the structural equation modeling. We followed Anderson and Gerbing’s guidelines to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results based on time-lagged data from 685 full-time workers in the United States provide support for the hypotheses that cyber incivility is indirectly associated with work withdrawal and turnover intention through basic need satisfaction and burnout. We also found that for individuals with high conscientiousness, the negative direct effect of cyber incivility on basic need satisfaction and the positive indirect effects of cyber incivility on work withdrawal and turnover intention through basic need satisfaction and burnout are stronger than for individuals with lower conscientiousness.Originality/valueOur research revealed that when employees experience cyber incivility, they enter a defensive mode to protect their already stretched resources from unfulfilled basic need satisfaction. Specifically, experiencing cyber incivility interferes with meeting basic need satisfaction and leads to burnout, which, in turn, triggers defensive work withdrawal and turnover intention.

Work-related cyber mistreatment from guardians, members of the public, and pupils in the context of educational work – From incivility to aggression

This study explores the nature of work-related cyber mistreatment from guardians, pupils, and members of the public as experienced by educational workers. Thematic analysis of data collected by semi-structured interviews with 31 teachers and principals resulted in two overarching themes; directly addressed cyber mistreatment in email and unwanted negative exposure on social media. The data spans over different types of cyber mistreatment, ranging from cyber incivility to cyberaggression. Educational workers typically feel powerless when exposed to mistreatment, and require support to manage these complex, novel, and distressing situations.

Exploring Cyber Incivility Characteristics Among Malaysian Employees in Service Industry

Exploring Cyber Incivility Characteristics Among Malaysian Employees in Service Industry

Sustainable Cyber Incivility and Service Innovation: Does Transformational Leadership Matter?

In recent years, there has been an upswing in the research on cyber incivility and its impact on individuals and organizations. Despite its negative consequences, cyber incivility has become increasingly common in the workplace as an increasing number of employees use technology to communicate. This study investigated the impact of cyber incivility on the service innovation of Jordanian hotel workers and the mediating effects of leadership change. A comprehensive survey involving employees of Jordanian hotels was conducted, and responses were subjected to structural equation modeling analysis using Smart PLS 4.0 software. The analysis reveals that cyber incivility has a significant negative direct impact on service innovation, while transformational leadership demonstrates a positive and significant direct effect on service innovation. Additionally, the mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between cyber incivility and service innovation is negative and significant (β = −.171, ρ = 0.000), emphasizing its crucial contribution to mitigating the adverse effects of cyber incivility on service innovation in the hotel industry. These findings have important implications for hotel managers seeking to improve their employees’ service innovation and mitigate the negative effects of cyber incivility.

Unravelling the mysteries of cyber incivility: a systematic review and research agenda

PurposeThe current digital work environment promoting a “constant-on” culture is a hotbed for cyber incivility. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand its mechanisms. This study aims to shed light on the triggers, sources and impact of rude behaviours in cyberspace. The authors also present the boundary conditions that exacerbate or alleviate the effects of such negative experiences.Design/methodology/approachThrough a systematic literature review based on predefined search protocols, the authors synthesised the current knowledge on cyber incivility and identified 21 peer-reviewed research articles.FindingsThe findings reveal the different sources of cyber incivility, its personal, relational and organisational antecedents and consequences, and its personal and situational boundary conditions that curb or enhance the negative impact.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors unravel the main future research avenues based on the review findings by systemising knowledge on cyber incivility. Managerial efforts in the form of interventions and mitigation are also discussed to help combat this grieving issue in the workplace.Originality/valueThis paper presents the first systematic review of the cyber incivility literature and identifies new avenues for future research. Scholars can expand upon the findings of this study to fill gaps and move the incivility in cyberspace forward. It also offers practical insights on mitigating the advancement of such behaviours in organisations.

Holding on to your memories: Factors influencing social media hoarding behaviour

Utilising the Dual Factor theory, this study aims to investigate the factors that enable and inhibit social media hoarding behaviour. Furthermore, we looked into the impact of discarding difficulty as a mediator and how the mediating effects of discarding difficulty are moderated by dispositional greed. Online questionnaires were employed to gather data from a total of 295 participants. We employed structural equation modelling and the PROCESS Macro to validate and examine the hypotheses. The findings indicate that perceived low price has a positive impact, whereas cyber incivility has a negative impact on social media hoarding behaviour. Discarding difficulty mediates the association between perceived low price, perceived convenience, cyber incivility, and social media hoarding. Mediated-moderation analysis shows that dispositional greed also significantly moderates the mediating effects of discarding difficulty. The contributions of this study enhance the existing body of knowledge on digital hoarding and offer practical implications for social media marketers and policymakers to address issues like cyber incivility, which significantly impact social media hoarding.

Impact of social Media usage on technostress and cyber incivility

Social media has become omnipresent in our personal and work lives; it is addictive and distracting. Its distractive nature can have adverse effects on an individual's behavior. To provide more insight into how technology influences various aspects of our social lives, this article draws on Social Exchange and Cognitive Theories as well as the Transactional Theory of Stress to investigate the potential impact of social media usage on technostress and cyber incivility, and the mediating role of technostress. The study adopted Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) on survey data obtained from (n = 324) lawyers. Results revealed that social media usage is a strong predictor for both technostress and cyber incivility of others (observed by the lawyers). Technostress also emerges as a key predictor for cyber incivility, and technostress mediates the link between social media usage and cyber incivility. The take home message for managers in the legal sector is the necessity of promoting awareness of excessive and uncontrolled usage of social media, as greater level of awareness will help to desensitize lawyers’ susceptibility to technostress and perception of cyber incivility of others. Implications for theory and practice alongside limitations are discussed.

Scylla and Charybdis: The relationships between supervisor active and passive cyber incivility with job stress, work engagement, and turnover intentions

Cyber incivility (CI) is a prevalent form of workplace mistreatment with deleterious consequences for individuals and organisations. Although research has established a clear distinction between active and passive forms of CI, a nuanced understanding of how these affect employee attitudes and behaviours is lacking. The absence of such studies potentially misleads researchers and practitioners into assuming identical effects. To elucidate this distinction, we draw from the job demands–resources theory and explore the relationship between supervisor-initiated active and passive CI exhibited through digital communication tools and employees’ work engagement and turnover intentions. Furthermore, we test the mediating role of job stress and the moderating role of psychological resilience. Based on a cross-sectional survey of 346 working professionals, we find that both active and passive CI are negatively related to work engagement indirectly, through job stress. In addition, both forms of CI are positively associated with turnover intentions directly, as well as indirectly through job stress. Psychological resilience does not significantly moderate any of these relationships.

Workplace Harassment, Cyber Incivility, and Climate in Academic Medicine

The culture of academic medicine may foster mistreatment that disproportionately affects individuals who have been marginalized within a given society (minoritized groups) and compromises workforce vitality. Existing research has been limited by a lack of comprehensive, validated measures, low response rates, and narrow samples as well as comparisons limited to the binary gender categories of male or female assigned at birth (cisgender). To evaluate academic medical culture, faculty mental health, and their relationship. A total of 830 faculty members in the US received National Institutes of Health career development awards from 2006-2009, remained in academia, and responded to a 2021 survey that had a response rate of 64%. Experiences were compared by gender, race and ethnicity (using the categories of Asian, underrepresented in medicine [defined as race and ethnicity other than Asian or non-Hispanic White], and White), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) status. Multivariable models were used to explore associations between experiences of culture (climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility) with mental health. Minoritized identity based on gender, race and ethnicity, and LGBTQ+ status. Three aspects of culture were measured as the primary outcomes: organizational climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility using previously developed instruments. The 5-item Mental Health Inventory (scored from 0 to 100 points with higher values indicating better mental health) was used to evaluate the secondary outcome of mental health. Of the 830 faculty members, there were 422 men, 385 women, 2 in nonbinary gender category, and 21 who did not identify gender; there were 169 Asian respondents, 66 respondents underrepresented in medicine, 572 White respondents, and 23 respondents who did not report their race and ethnicity; and there were 774 respondents who identified as cisgender and heterosexual, 31 as having LGBTQ+ status, and 25 who did not identify status. Women rated general climate (5-point scale) more negatively than men (mean, 3.68 [95% CI, 3.59-3.77] vs 3.96 [95% CI, 3.88-4.04], respectively, P < .001). Diversity climate ratings differed significantly by gender (mean, 3.72 [95% CI, 3.64-3.80] for women vs 4.16 [95% CI, 4.09-4.23] for men, P < .001) and by race and ethnicity (mean, 4.0 [95% CI, 3.88-4.12] for Asian respondents, 3.71 [95% CI, 3.50-3.92] for respondents underrepresented in medicine, and 3.96 [95% CI, 3.90-4.02] for White respondents, P = .04). Women were more likely than men to report experiencing gender harassment (sexist remarks and crude behaviors) (71.9% [95% CI, 67.1%-76.4%] vs 44.9% [95% CI, 40.1%-49.8%], respectively, P < .001). Respondents with LGBTQ+ status were more likely to report experiencing sexual harassment than cisgender and heterosexual respondents when using social media professionally (13.3% [95% CI, 1.7%-40.5%] vs 2.5% [95% CI, 1.2%-4.6%], respectively, P = .01). Each of the 3 aspects of culture and gender were significantly associated with the secondary outcome of mental health in the multivariable analysis. High rates of sexual harassment, cyber incivility, and negative organizational climate exist in academic medicine, disproportionately affecting minoritized groups and affecting mental health. Ongoing efforts to transform culture are necessary.

Effects of two-dimensional cyber incivility on employee well-being from a self-determination perspective.

The research attempts to explore the effects of two-dimensional cyber incivility on employee well-being. Based on self-determination theory and regulatory focus theory, we conducted two studies to examine the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and the moderating role of promotion focus between cyber incivility and emotional exhaustion. The results demonstrated that both active and passive cyber incivility predicted increased emotional exhaustion, with intrinsic motivation serving as a key mediator. There was no consistent conclusion of promotion focus's moderating role. High promotion focus might aggravate the negative effect of passive cyber incivility on intrinsic motivation. The present article provides deeper step towards understanding of cyber incivility, which also helps in the development of intervention strategies to lessen or avoid the negative impact of work-related stressful events on employee well-being.

Patient and Family Perpetrated Cyber-Incivility and Cyber-Aggression Within Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

Verbal violence may manifest in written form as cyber incivility within patient portal communications. As a form of digital technology, patient portal messages create a physical and emotional distance leading the sender to be disinhibited and disassociated from the recipient nurse. Written patient portal messages may contain uncivil language deemed verbally violent when the content escalates beyond professional standards. When these messages are encountered as part of patient care, they may lead to nurses' psychological distress. Although cyber-incivility has been studied within social media and business, little is known about cyber-incivility within healthcare. The purpose of the study was to define cyber-incivility as it manifests within healthcare compared to business, determine sender demographics, and quantify the impact on nurses. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to analyze portal communications. Nurses forwarded aggressive messages to leadership and quantified their level of distress after receiving the message. Sender demographics were tracked, and content was analyzed using Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis. Of the 31 included messages, senders were of varying ages, genders, and marital statuses. Messages rarely related to medications and rarely contained expletives. The most distressing messages were ad hominem, demanding, accusatory, or contained threats. These messages illustrated how healthcare cyber-incivility manifested and deviated from appropriate professional standards to become a form of verbal workplace violence. Message content also identified antecedents; related to unmet expectations, patient accountability, or difficulty navigating healthcare. Written incivil/uncivil/aggressive patient portal messages contained personal attacks and professionally degrading content, which were distressing to nurses. A healthcare-specific framework was created and provided context to understand the difficult and aggressive messages nurses received while providing digital patient care. Awareness of cyber-incivility within healthcare allows for better support of nurses who are exposed to this form of workplace violence and is foundational to future intervention development.

Why and for whom cyber incivility affects task performance? Exploring the intrapersonal processes and a personal boundary condition

Why and for whom cyber incivility affects task performance? Exploring the intrapersonal processes and a personal boundary condition

A theoretical model of selective cyber incivility: Exploring the roles of perceived informality and perceived distance

AbstractWe develop and advance a theoretical model which proposes the antecedents of selective cyber incivility may be distinct from the predictors of face‐to‐face (F2F) incivility. Specifically, our model proposes the physical separation of the perpetrator from the target and lack of sociocultural norms in written cyber communications enhances a perpetrator's sense of perceived informality and perceived distance from the target. Drawing from the attributional ambiguity theory, we further explicate the ways in which selective cyber incivility may be more detrimental to employee outcomes than selective F2F incivility. In doing so, we argue that feelings of distress and rumination are further exacerbated in the case of selective cyber incivility given that it has higher levels of situational and contextual ambiguity than F2F communications. Finally, we posit that targets may be able to draw from their psychological capital and social support to buffer the detrimental impact of incivility experiences on important work‐ and health‐related outcomes. We present our conceptual model in the form of testable propositions to guide future research in this important domain.

Why and for Whom Cyber Incivility Affects Task Performance? The Intrapersonal Processes and Boundary

Although cyber incivility (i.e., an interpersonal workplace stressor displayed through uncivil behaviors manifested in online working communication) occurs every day in the workplace, inadequate attention has been paid to its daily influence on employees’ performance. To address this limitation, we conducted a daily diary study to determine the intrapersonal processes and a personal boundary condition of the within-individual relationship between cyber incivility and task performance. Results based on data collected from 112 full-time employees with 866 observations suggest that daily cyber incivility has a time-lagged effect on employees’ task performance the following day, and this effect was found to be transmitted by induced negative affect of the following day and poor sleep quality the previous night. In addition, we found that employees with high self-leadership suffer less from cyber incivility, specifically, the positive effect of cyber incivility on negative affect is weaker for self-leaders.

That’s So Rude! Perceptions of Eating and Drinking During Virtual Meetings

The increased prevalence of virtual work in light of the COIVD-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the amount of time that employees are spending in virtual meetings. This shift has blurred the lines of home and work, catapulting workers into uncharted territory with regards to proper etiquette. In this study, we aim to better understand the impact that engaging in certain behaviors during virtual meetings may have on perception formation of colleagues and referent others, as well as on subsequent outcomes. Drawing on signaling and attribution theories, we propose a model where observable consumption in virtual meetings (eating/drinking during a meeting versus not eat/drinking) signaled rudeness to coworkers and subsequently led to negative behavioral attributions. The results of an experimental vignette methodology (EVM) with a between-person design using 419 individuals partially supported our model, with supplemental analyses suggesting that coworkers’ knowledge of an employee’s health concern that requires eating or drinking influences perceptions of rudeness and cyber incivility. Our study provides key insights for organizations and managers as we move towards the “new normal” of remote work.

Adaptation and Validation of Cyber Incivility Scale in Indonesian Language and Culture with Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This research, divided into two studies, aimed to modify and adapt the cyber incivility scale compiled by Lim and Teo (2009) in the Indonesian language and culture. Study 1, namely the process of translating the items and testing their suitability, involved six translators, three expert reviewers, and 10 participants for cognitive debriefing purposes. Meanwhile, Study 2 involved 232 workers in Indonesia who occupied structural leadership positions. At this stage, a trial of the cyber incivility scale was carried out. The scale was adapted with confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS version 22. The entire adaptation process referred to the procedures of the 2016 International Test Commission (ITC) Guidelines for Test Adaptation. The CFA results showed that the cyber incivility scale measurement model fitted with Lim and Teo's (2009) cyber incivility construct. Overall, this research showed that the Indonesian version of the cyber incivility scale is valid and reliable, thus applicable to measure the cyber incivility in the context of the perpetrator in Indonesia.

Is cyber anxiety signaling useful? An examination of leader’s emotional and behavioral reactions

Considerable research has investigated the effects of workplace anxiety. However, the question of how leaders respond to followers who signal their workplace anxiety via information and communication technologies (ICTs) is still unclear. Drawing upon the transactional model of stress, we tested leaders’ emotional and behavioral reactions to cyber anxiety signaling using an experimental study and a multi-wave field study. Results showed that leaders experienced both empathy and anger when receiving cyber anxiety signaling from followers. Empathic emotion then motivated leaders to engage in more cyber supportive behavior, whereas anger increased cyber incivility. The moderating effects of psychological power were also supported. Leaders with high levels of psychological power would experience increased empathic emotion and reduced anger toward followers who signal their workplace anxiety. These findings demonstrate the costs and benefits of cyber anxiety signaling and explain the utility of this strategy that employees may use to gain support from leaders.