Cybercrime Research Articles

Metadata Forensic Analysis as Support for Digital Investigation Process by Utilizing Metadata-Extractor

Abstract — The rapid development of technology in the current era, in addition to providing positive impacts, certainly also has negative impacts. In Indonesia, based on data from the Cyber Crime Directorate (Dittipidsiber) website, the crime rate related to the ITE Law (Information and Electronic Transactions) is increasing day by day. This encourages digital forensic investigators to be able to develop a concept or method that can be adjusted to digital cases, for example cases of digital data manipulation such as photos or documents. Metadata is an information structure that describes, explains, places in a place or makes it easier to find something, use or manage and sources of information. Metadata can also be interpreted as data about data or information about information. One method or approach that can be done in cases of digital files (photos, videos or documents) can be done using forensic metadata analysis. This is because metadata stores information related to a file. By developing a library from java (metadata-extractor) based on open source and developed in the Netbeans 8.0 application, it will make it easier for an investigator or forensic investigator to conduct a forensic metadata approach, which is expected from the results can be used as valid evidence in the digital forensic investigation process. Keywords – Metadata, Digital Forensics, Cyber Crime, Metadata Analysis, Digital Evidence

Yahooism to ritualism: Ideological motivations for cyber fraud in selected Yoruba films

The rapid growth of the internet and increased accessibility to technology have led to a surge in cybercrime, otherwise known as Yahoo Yahoo in the Nigerian context. With its large population and many internet users, Nigeria has become a hub for cybercriminals. This study investigates the ideological motivations and justifications for cyber fraud in Nigeria, particularly focusing on the representation of cybercrime and perpetrators in Yoruba films. From the standpoint of van Dijk’s sociocognitive approach to ideology and the Yoruba ọmọlúàbí ideological phenomenon, this study explores how perpetrators foreground ideological justifications for engaging in Yahoo Yahoo. It essentially tracks the transitioning of the activities of cybercriminals from Yahoo Yahooism to ritualism, as depicted in Yoruba films. Ideologically, Yahoo Yahoo, complemented with ritualism, is discursively constructed in the selected films as the non-political solution to the socio-economic pressures Nigerians face and a weapon to fight back against the colonial exploitation of Africa by the West.

International dialogue on the problem of high-tech crime

The transnational nature of cybercrime and a comparative analysis of hightech crime in Russia and globally confirm the need for more effective measures to combat threats to information security. The development of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of ICTs for criminal purposes demonstrates the desire of the world’s states for international dialog and coordination of actions to combat cyber threats and cybercrime.

Acceptability of a self-help programme to address the use of indecent images of children

The use of indecent images of children (IIOC) is of continued concern and growing prevalence. A multi-agency approach to this online crime is necessary, as it cannot be eradicated by law enforcement alone. Previous research has examined the pathways to offending for this population, and prevention strategies that could be used to deter offending in the first instance, or to stop behaviour once it has begun. The current qualitative study aimed to explore acceptability of a prevention initiative; a self-help focussed service (a website and calls with a professional). Semi-structured interviews with eight individuals who had accessed IIOC and engaged in this self-help focussed service were conducted. Transcripts were analysed using qualitative framework approach, using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) domains as deductive codes. All seven domains of the TFA were identified in the transcripts, indicating the applicability of the framework. Overall, participants reported mixed acceptability of and satisfaction with the self-help programme and calls with practitioners, but high perceived effectiveness in the service supporting them stop their illegal behaviours. The implications of the study are considered in line with improvements that could be made to this existing self-help prevention initiative.

SMART Model: A Robust Approach for Cyber Criminal Identification using Smartphone Data

The SMART (Smartphone Metadata Analysis for Recognizing Threats) model is a novel approach to the identification of prospective cyber criminals by analyzing smartphone data, with a particular emphasis on social media interactions, messages, and call logs. The SMART model, in contrast to conventional methods that depend on a wide variety of features, prioritizes critical parameters to ensure more precise and effective analysis. This model exhibits exceptional adaptability and robustness in a variety of data environments by employing sophisticated feature extraction and classification algorithms. This targeted approach not only improves the precision of threat identification but also offers a practicable solution for real-world cybersecurity applications, where data quality and consistency may vary.

Study of the Role of Digital Literacy in Mitigating the Spread of Online Gambling as a Popular Cyber Crime in Indonesia

The spread of online gambling as a cyber crime has become a major problem in Indonesia. This type of cyber crime has a huge influence on various levels of society, both from a social and economic perspective. This research aims to examine the role of digital literacy in mitigating the spread of online gambling using a literature study approach. This study examines the definition and components of digital literacy and their impact in dealing with the risks associated with online gambling, which is now one of the most popular types of cyber crime in Indonesia. Through a literature review, this article explores existing theory and data on digital literacy and its effectiveness in increasing public awareness and protecting individuals from the risks associated with online gambling. The findings from this research indicate that digital literacy plays a key role in equipping society with the knowledge and skills necessary to recognize the dangers and impacts of online gambling, while also identifying several gaps in the literature that require further attention. The conclusion of this article emphasizes the importance of integrating digital literacy in mitigation strategies and offers recommendations for improving digital literacy programs to combat the spread of online gambling in Indonesia.

Promoting Cyber Ethics Compliance among Teachers in Tanzania: What should be done?

The invention of digital ICT devices is one of the most important developments in the history of humankind, and education can greatly benefit from it. However, cyber ethics violations by teachers have become prevalent and are expected to increase unless measures are taken. This study explored education stakeholders’ perspectives on ways to promote teachers’ compliance with cyber ethics in Tanzania. It employed a qualitative case study design involving three secondary schools and 27 participants selected purposively in Kinondoni Municipality in the Dar es Salaam region. Data were sought through semi-structured interviews and document reviews and subjected to thematic data analysis. The findings indicated that teachers’ compliance with cyber ethics requires training of teachers on the pedagogical uses of technology, the inception of a specific national policy for the responsible use of technology in schools, integration of the cyber ethics aspects of the Teachers’ Code of Conduct, improvement of teachers’ living and working conditions, and promotion of teachers’ awareness of the Cyber Crimes Act of 2015, among others. The study recommends that policymakers and education authorities implement the suggested initiatives to promote cyber ethics compliance among teachers for education excellence in Tanzania, and, possibly, elsewhere.

Analyzing Zero Attacks Identification and Prevention

All systems with software code are susceptible to an attack called “zero day”, which exploits vulnerabilities that are not yet disclosed or known to the public or vendor. Organizations around the world are often left unprotected against these attacks. Cyber criminals follow zero day vulnerabilities closely to commit malicious actions. The goal of this paper is to design a framework utilizing the most efficient methods to detect and contain zero day exploits, propose improvements, and compare current anti-malware tools (AMTs). Analyzing the ability of multiple AMTs to detect zero day malware will assist cyber security professionals in selecting the most compatible for their respective environments and defend against these attacks.

Cybercrime as an industry: examining the organisational structure of Chinese cybercrime

In an age of advancing information technology, widespread internet access has facilitated a rise in profit-driven cybercrime. Empirical research has found that cybercrime is now highly industrialised. Cybercrime operations have evolved into an assembly of various malicious acts, some of which do not require advanced technical abilities. While extensive research on cybercrime has been conducted globally, there is a lack of detailed investigation into the cybercrime landscape in China, despite it being a vast economic entity with a significant number of cybercrime incidents. Drawing on interviews and secondary data from China collected between 2020 and 2022, this paper seeks to address this gap by offering a comprehensive examination of Chinese cybercrime. It explores the degree of industrialisation within Chinese cybercrime and discusses its impact on the work performed by Chinese cybercriminals. Echoing findings from previous studies on the industrialisation of cybercrime, the current study reveals an elaborate industry built around cyber fraud, populated by various market players working on diverse tasks to support the successful operation of cyber fraud. The research also uncovers the existence of cybercriminal firms that closely mimic the structural and operational approaches of legitimate companies. Similar to how the Industrial Revolution reshaped traditional manufacturing, the industrialisation of cybercrime has transformed it into an assembly line operation, where each cybercriminal carries out basic, tedious, and repetitive tasks on a daily basis.

Restoring @bajuyuli Business Image on Instagram Social Media in Facing the Threat of Cyber Crime Phishing

This research has a background regarding phishing and business image. This study aims to find out the recovery of business image by the @bajuyuli team and to find out the efforts to prevent cyber crime phishing by the @bajuyuli team. This research uses qualitative data analysis methods and techniques. The technique for determining informants in this study uses the purposive sampling technique. The purposive sampling technique is a method of selecting samples based on the desired goal by the researcher. With this technique, the researcher used three informants consisting of, @bajuyuli business owners, Instagram @bajuyuli admins, and customer @bajuyuli. The results of the research emphasized the importance of transparency, data security, and the role of Public Relations in overcoming crises and strengthening business reputations in the digital world. Efforts to combat such attacks require quick and effective recovery measures, as well as increased cybersecurity awareness among business owners and teams. This research provides insight into the importance of protecting business image from cyber attacks.

Worry about online fraud and older adults: Avoidant and protective responses

Given that cyber-enabled fraud makes up the vast majority of digital crime suffered by older adults, the impact of victimisation on this demographic group is of academic and practical relevance. This article examines the relationship between cyber fraud victimisation, worry about cyber fraud, and online avoidant behaviours and protective responses in older adults. The data come from the 2019 Special Eurobarometer 499, and the sample is made up of 6,257 Internet users aged 60 years and above. In addition to suffering cyber-enabled fraud, we also analyse various factors, such as the respondent's sex and knowledge of risks, which have been found to be associated with fear or worry about crime in other contexts. Our findings show that the respondent's sex and having experienced prior victimisation of oneself or family and friends is related to greater worry about online fraud. Moreover, we find that fraud victimisation of friends and family, knowledge of risks, and perceived self-efficacy are associated with dysfunctional avoidant behaviours and the adoption of functional security measures. We discuss the results in relation to gendered fear of crime socialisation and in terms of interventions with older adults that aim to respond to victimisation and to combat the digital divide.

Pattern Analysis of Cyber Crime Incidents to Predict Occurrence and Selection of The Best Technology to Prevent IT

Cybercrime has become a significant global threat, affecting individuals, organizations, and governments alike. This research paper focuses on the pattern analysis of cyber crime incidents and aims to develop a predictive model to forecast its occurrence while selecting the most effective technology for prevention. Through an extensive literature review, we analyze existing research on cybercrime patterns, predictive modeling, and technologies for prevention. The study identifies the gaps in the current literature, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach that combines data-driven analysis with advanced cybersecurity technologies. The research methodology encompasses data collection from diverse sources, followed by rigorous data preprocessing and cleaning to ensure data quality. Machine learning algorithms and statistical methods are utilized for developing the predictive model. Evaluation metrics are employed to measure the model's performance and its ability to predict cybercrime incidents accurately. The pattern analysis of cybercrime incidents reveals various attack vectors, target sectors, and geographical distributions, providing crucial insights into the modus operandi of cybercriminals. This analysis forms the basis for building the predictive model, which can assist law enforcement agencies and cybersecurity professionals in anticipating and preventing cybercrime effectively. The findings of this research contribute significantly to the field of cybercrime prevention. The developed predictive model enhances early warning capabilities, enabling proactive measures against cyber threats. Additionally, the technology selection framework assists organizations in making informed decisions regarding cybersecurity investments.

Understanding Digital Forensic Tools: Their Features, Applicability and Key Short Comings. A Compendium

The Paper provides a comprehensive overview of various digital forensic investigation tools. The paper outlines the significance of digital forensics in collecting and preserving evidence for computer crimes and cybersecurity incidents. It discusses several prominent tools, including Encase Professional, Magnet Axiom, Passware Kit Forensic, Falcon Neo, Tableau USB Write Blocker, FTK Imager, and Autopsy, detailing their features, applications, and shortcomings. Key features highlighted include data acquisition methods, advanced file analysis capabilities, and reporting functionalities. The paper also addresses the potential limitations of these tools, such as issues with user authentication, performance under load, and chain of custody concerns. By examining these tools' strengths and weaknesses, the document aims to provide insights into their applicability in various investigative contexts and emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate tools for effective digital evidence management.

Cyber Crime in India: A Study on Effectiveness of Cyber Laws in Deterring and Punishing Offenders

Cyber Crime in India: A Study on Effectiveness of Cyber Laws in Deterring and Punishing Offenders

Cyber Frauds in India - An Investigation of Technological & Psychological Perspectives

Cyber Frauds in India - An Investigation of Technological & Psychological Perspectives

PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL: A (IN)EFICÁCIA DA LEGISLAÇÃO BRASILEIRA NO COMBATE AO CRIME DE ESTELIONATO VIRTUAL

With technological advances in the globalized world, the practice of cybercrimes has intensified, among which the so-called virtual fraud stands out, the topic of which will be discussed in this article. Given this context, the present problem arises: to analyze what are the challenges and strategies to combat the crime of virtual fraud and what are its effects on the legal world to protect users on the internet? Thus, this article aims to understand the relevance of the discussion on cyber fraud, with regard to its effectiveness in Brazilian legislation in the virtual environment. The general objective will be to analyze the new classification brought by Law No. 14,155, of 2021, which inserted the crime of electronic fraud, within which the crime of cyber fraud fits. The specific objectives focus on the analysis of the differences between the crimes of fraud and virtual fraud (cyber fraud). Regarding the methodology, using the deductive and descriptive method, based on theoretical foundations found in bibliographic research, such as public documents, books, scientific articles and internet data. The research results indicated that current laws are not sufficient to address and curb the problem of cyber fraud.

Biometric Steganography Using Mid Position Value Technique

Abstract: Biometric data, is prone to attacks and threats from cyber criminals to conduct identity theft, and its economic value makes it a product that can be traded in underground marketplaces such as the dark web. Securing it is the need of the hour. Sensitive data is subsequently in danger throughout a biometric identification system, and therefore the security measures implemented to guard this data must cover all contingencies. A steganographic approach is proposed as a solution to this. Biometrics are hidden inside other biometrics for safe storage and secure transmission. Steganography is a process of hiding data in a transmission medium. The main objectives while hiding data are its undetectability, robustness against image processing and other attacks, which steganography can easily achieve. This project focuses on a process of hiding an image in another image by using mid position value(mpv) technique. Here we have to choose the secret biometric on which Arnold transform will be applied resulting in a scrambled version of the secret biometric. This will be embedded into the cover image resulting in a stego image. Lastly, the hidden secret biometric will be decoded from this stego image, which will first result in a scrambled secret biometric. Inverse Arnold Transform will be applied on this to finally result in the decoded secret biometric.

Post–crises capability development – the silver lining: learning from e-tailers’ adaptation to greater protection needs

Purpose This study draws lessons from e-tailer adaptations to the enhanced protection needs of employees and customers and capability development, during events such as social distancing causing crises (SDCC) and provides a conceptual framework. Design/methodology/approach A grounded theory-based approach has been used wherein 130 news articles and 48 journal papers were analyzed to understand the real-world measures and impact. Findings E-tailers adapt to provide their workforce an environment that caters to their increased need for physical and mental well-being and take measures for customers health protection. They also take initiatives toward mitigation of the high incidence of cyber fraud faced by the vulnerable customers. In the process, they develop several capabilities during and post-crises. Research limitations/implications The study focuses only on the impact of COVID-19 on e-tailing. This is a limitation and other industries and crises may be studied in the future. Practical implications The study holds significant potential for future research as the three research propositions offered can enable hypothesis generation for larger quantitative studies. The adaptation to the enhanced protection needs of employees and customers result in the development of several capabilities such as a more equitable work environment, a more loyal, productive and adaptable workforce, increased customer retention and acquisition and a better image. Hence this study has several organizational development practical implications as it provides managers lessons to survive and thrive from future crises. Originality/value Few studies have investigated e-tailers adaptations for enhanced protection needs of employees and customers and its impact during and after SDCC. This empirical study extends a body of literature which is scarce.

To Study on Cyber Crime Burgeoning in India and Crucial Actions Need for Every Cybercrime Victim

India is facing a great deal of challenges due to the rapid digitalization and broad adoption of technology in many different areas. One such concern is cybercrime. In this paper explores the nature, scope, and impact of cybercrime in the Indian context. The rising ubiquity of internet usage has rendered people, companies, and governmental organizations more susceptible to a range of cyber threats, such as identity theft, financial fraud, data breaches, and cyber harassment. Despite developments in cyber security protection, the lack of awareness and poor regulatory frameworks has aggravated the situation. To address these issues, the Indian government has put in place a number of efforts, including the National Cyber Security Policy and the Information Technology Act, 2000. But enforcement is still patchy, and a lot of crimes go unreported or ignored. The problem has been made worse by insufficient regulatory frameworks and a lack of knowledge, even in spite of advances in cyber security measures. But enforcement is still patchy, and a lot of crimes go unreported or ignored. This research paper emphasizes India's cybercrime victims have several legal options, the need for a multimodal strategy that includes improved cyber security infrastructure, better legislative frameworks and greater public awareness in order to tackle cybercrime. In light of the transnational character of cyber threats, it also highlights the significance of international cooperation. In the end, a thorough plan is necessary to protect India's digital environment and guarantee the security and safety of its people in a world that is becoming more interconnected by the day

Are cyber-investigators resilient in the face of adversity? An inductive qualitative analysis exploring investigators' perceptions regarding the challenges and successes in online crime police investigations

Are cyber-investigators resilient in the face of adversity? An inductive qualitative analysis exploring investigators' perceptions regarding the challenges and successes in online crime police investigations